HPLC法测定复方氨酚苯海拉明片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量

目的：采用高效液相法同时测定复方氨酚苯海拉明片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量。方法：采用C18柱，以甲醇-水（24：76）为流动相，检测波长为215nm。结果：对乙酰氨基酚与咖啡因的平均回收率分别为100．5％与98．8％，RSD分别为0．16与0．31（n=6）。对乙酰氨基酚与咖啡因分别在2．4～9．6μg和0．24～0．96μg范围内，进样量与峰面积值呈良好的线性关系。结论：方法简便、快速、结果准确。     

HPLC法测定复方氨酚烷胺胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量

目的：采用高效液相法同时测定复方氨酚烷胺胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量。方法：以C18化学键合硅胶为固定相,以甲醇：水（40：60）为流动相,检测波长216nm进行测定。结果：平均加样回收率对乙酰氨基酚为99．4％,RSD=0．49（n=9）,咖啡因为99．1％,RSD=1．88％（n=9）。对乙酰氨基酚在2．20—27．48μg范围内,咖啡因在126．4～1580μg范围内,进样量与峰面积值呈良好的线性关系。结论：方法简便、快速,结果准确。     

HPLC法测定复方对乙酰氨基酚片中三种成分的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定复方对乙酰氨基酚片中对乙酰氨基酚、乙酰水杨酸和咖啡因的含量。方法：采用Elitec,8色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相为1％醋酸溶液（用三乙胺调节pH至3．7）-甲醇（65：35）;检测波长272nm;流速1．0ml·min^-1。结果：对乙酰氨基酚、乙酰水杨酸和咖啡因的线性范围分别为0．19～2．92μg（r=0．9994）,0．34～5．23μg（r=0．9999）,0．04～0．61μg（r=0．9999）。平均回收率分别99．8％（RSD=0．6％）,100．2％（RSD=0．9％）,101．5％（RSD=0．6％）（n=6）。结论：本方法快速、简便、准确,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定Vc银翘片中维生素C和对乙酰氨基酚的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法同法测定Vc银翘片中维生素C和对乙酰氨基酚的含量。方法：采用C18拄，以乙腈-0．05mol／LKH2PO4溶液-三乙胺-H2PO4（10：90：0．02：0．03）为流动相，检测波长249nm。结果：维生素C的浓度在10～160μg／ml范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9999，对乙酰氨基酚的浓度在20～320μg／ml范围内线性关系良好，r=0.9997。平均回收率：维生素C 98．6％，RSD=1．2％（n=5）；对乙酰氨基酚99．7％，RSD％=0．8％（n=5）。结论：本方法测定Vc银翘片中维生素C和对乙酰氨基酚的含量准确，方便快捷，且分离效果好。     

HPLC法同时测定复方氨酚苯海拉明片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量

目的:建立同时测定复方氨酚苯海拉明片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量的高效液相色谱法。方法:采用Hypersil ODS2色谱柱(200 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),流动相:0．01 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调节pH至2．6-甲醇(7∶3);检测波长:273 nm。结果:对乙酰氨基酚的线性范围为39．1～117．0μg·ml-1(r=0．999 9)、咖啡因的线性范围为4．0-12．0μg·ml-1 (r=0．999 8);对乙酰氨基酚平均回收率为99．3％(n=9),RSD=1．5％;咖啡因平均回收率为100．1％(n=9),RSD=1．9％。结论:本法简便,准确,重现性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制及评价。     

小儿氨酚烷胺颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量的测定

目的建立测定小儿氨酚烷胺颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量的高效液相色谱（HPLC）法。方法用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂,以用三乙胺调pH至3．0的0．025mol／L磷酸溶液-乙腈（85：15）为流动相,检测波长为271nm,进样量为20μL。结果对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的线性范围分别为120～2000μg／mL（r=0．9999）和2．4～200μg／mL（r=0．9999）。对乙酰氨基酚的平均回收率为100．33％,RSD=0．56％（n=5）;咖啡因的平均回收率为102．59％,RSD=1．75％（n=5）。结论该法简单、快速、准确、稳定、重现性好;     

HPLC法测定复方氨酚苯海拉明片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量

目的：建立复方氨酚苯海拉明片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的HPLC测定方法。方法：采用迪马C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,以甲醇-0.05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-三乙胺（25：75：0．2）为流动相,检测波长为273m。结果：对乙酰氨基酚线性范围为0．63—6．28μg,平均回收率为100．1％,RSD=0．7％（n=5）;咖啡因线性范围为0．06—0．61μg,平均回收率为98．3％,RSD=0．3％（n=5）。结论：该方法重复性好,结果准确,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

酚氨咖敏颗粒含量测定方法的改进

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量。方法：色谱柱：Kromasil C18（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）;流动相：1％醋酸溶液（用三乙胺调pH为3．5）-甲醇-乙腈（65：10：25）;流速：1．0ml·min^-1;检测波长：273nm;柱温：30℃。结果：对乙酰氨基酚的线性范围为12．3～123．2μg·ml^-1（r=0．9996）,平均回收率为98．65％,R．如为0．31％（n=5）;咖啡因的线性范围为2．44～24．42μg·ml^-1（r=0．9998）,平均回收率为99．15％,RSD为0．15％（n：5）;氨基比林的线性范围为8．23～82．34μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为98．40％,RSD为0．39％（n=5）。结论：方法简单可行,可用于酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定小儿感冒冲剂中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量

目的:建立同时测定小儿速效感冒冲剂中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量的高效液相色谱方法.方法:采用HypersilODS C18柱(5μm,250 mm×4.6 mm),流动相为甲醇∶水(30∶70),检测波长为280 nm,峰面积外标法.结果:对乙酰氨基酚在10.08～100.80μg·ml-1,咖啡因在0.592～5.920μg·ml-1浓度范围内线性关系良好;对乙酰氨基酚回收率为98.9%,RSD为0.58%(n=6),咖啡因回收率为100.15%,RSD为2.52%(n=6).结论:该方法具有操作简便、结果准确等优点.     

HPLC法测定新复方大青叶片中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、没食子酸的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定新复方大青叶片中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、没食子酸的方法。方法采用 Phenomenex Luan C18柱（250mm ×4．6mm,5μm）色谱柱,以0．1％磷酸溶液－乙腈（80∶20）为流动相,流速为1．0mL? min －1,检测波长为210nm。结果对乙酰氨基酚在38．02～380．25μg范围内,呈良好的线性关系（r＝0．9998）,平均回收率为99．92％,RSD为0．28％（n＝9）;咖啡因在3．838～38．375μg范围内,呈良好的线性关系（ r＝0．9999）,平均回收率为99．67％, RSD 为0．18％（ n ＝9）;没食子酸在1．08～10．8μg 范围内,呈良好的线性关系,（ r ＝0．9999）,平均回收率为98．34％,RSD为0．60％（n＝9）。结论本方法准确、重复性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.