内镜引导下气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的研究

本文旨在评价内镜引导下气囊扩张对贲门失弛缓症的治疗价值。64例贲门失弛缓症病人接受气囊扩张治疗。扩张治疗前26人(40.6％)不能进某些固体食物,38人(59.3％)只能进半流质,1人(0.01％)只能进流质者。每周气囊扩张食管下段及贲门部一次,4次为一疗程。第一次气囊扩张治疗后,54人(84.4％)吞咽困难症状消失,第二次气囊扩后64人(100％)吞咽困难症状消失。本研究表明,内镜引导下气囊扩张法是治疗贲门失弛缓症的一种有效方法。     

Fluoroscopically guided balloon dilatation for the treatment of achalasia: long‐term outcomes

To report the immediate and long‐term outcomes following the fluoroscopically guided balloon dilatations performed in our department for the treatment of achalasia. We reviewed retrospectively all patients that underwent a fluoroscopically guided balloon dilatation because of achalasia in our department between April 2007 and September 2010. The follow‐up was performed by interviews and/or investigation of the patient's medical and imaging records. The primary endpoints of the study were technical success, clinical success, major complication rates, and repeat dilatation rates because of recurrence of clinical symptomatology. Secondary endpoints were the rate of minor complications and the dilatation‐free interval. Various parameters that could affect the clinical outcome were also analyzed. Thirty‐nine consecutive patients (20 female) with a mean age 44 ± 17 years underwent 69 dilatations, while 10/39 (25.6%) patients had a history of a previous laparoscopic myotomy. The most common symptom was dysphagia (64/69, 92.7%), while regurgitation and/or retrosternal pain were present in 12/39 (30.7%) and 9/39 (23%) of the cases, respectively. Technical success was achieved in 98.5% (68/69). There were no procedure‐related major complications. The mean balloon diameter used was 30 ± 3.9 mm, and the mean period of follow‐up was 27.7 ± 16.0 months. Excellent or good initial responses were noted in 54/66 cases (81.8%). A repeated dilatation to deal with recurrence of symptoms was performed in 69.4% of the cases (25/36). In the majority of the cases, two dilatations were needed in order to achieve long‐term relief from symptoms. A dilatation‐free interval of 4 years was observed in 26.4%. Clinical success was achieved in 30/36 patients (83.3%). Subgroup analysis did not detect significantly different recurrence rates in patients with and without previous laparoscopic myotomy (50% vs. 69% respectively), those of young age (75% < 21 years vs. 68.8% > 21 years), and male gender (71.4% male vs. 55.0% females). The high redilatation rate was attributed to the utilization of smaller balloons by less experienced operators. Fluoroscopically guided balloon dilatation is a safe and effective method for the treatment of achalasia. Young age and prior Heller's laparoscopic myotomy were not associated with increased rates of recurrence rate or clinical failure.     

Intraoperative distensibility measurement during laparoscopic Heller's myotomy for achalasia may reduce the myotomy length without compromising patient outcome

Our study aimed to assess whether intraoperative esophagogastric junction (EGJ) distensibility measurement using the EndoFLIP EF325 catheter (Crospon Ltd., Galway, Ireland) could potentially be used to guide laparoscopic Heller's myotomy (LHM), potentially modifying the operation outcome and comparing this clinically to our previous technique of gastroscopic assessment. Following a full diagnostic assessment with manometry and endoscopy patients with achalasia were divided into two groups. A retrospective cohort of patients operated on between 2007 and 2010 had a gastroscopy‐guided LHM (G‐LHM) with a standardized myotomy of 8 cm on the esophagus and 3 cm on the stomach. From 2010, patients were prospectively studied with an EndoFLIP‐guided LHM (E‐LHM). The length of the myotomy was dictated by intraoperative distensibility monitoring of the EGJ. All patients with achalasia recorded Urbach quality of life scoring preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. A further group of normal laparoscopic control patients (E‐LC) without any esophageal pathology also underwent intraoperative EGJ distensibility monitoring. Thirty‐eight patients took part, 15 in the E‐LC group, 8 in G‐LHM group and 15 in the E‐LHM group. We revealed that patients with achalasia in the E‐LHM group had a significantly smaller EGJ cross‐sectional area and distensibility than the E‐LC group. Myotomy and fundoplication increased the distensibility of the EGJ to a value greater than normal control patients. Patients in the G‐LHM group had a standard myotomy of 11 cm; patients in the E‐LHM group had a variable length myotomy of 6 cm (IQR 5.0–6.0). In both G‐LHM and E‐LHM groups, there was a significant improvement in patient's quality of life with no significant difference between the groups. Our study has shown that the EndoFLIP system was effective at measuring distensibility changes during LHM. LHM significantly increases the distensibility of the EGJ and also significantly improves patient symptoms. E‐LHM may reduce the overall myotomy length, and this does not appear to compromise the clinical outcome.     

主动球囊扩张术治疗卒中后环咽肌失弛缓所致吞咽障碍的效果

目的探讨主动球囊扩张术对卒中后环咽肌失弛缓所致吞咽障碍的效果。方法前瞻性连续纳入38例诊断明确并经头部CT/MRI证实,经数字化吞咽造影检查(VFSS)证实为环咽肌失弛缓的清醒卒中患者。按照随机数字表法将患者随机分成观察组和对照组各19例。观察组给予主动球囊扩张术及常规吞咽康复治疗,对照组仅给予常规吞咽康复治疗。治疗终点为恢复经口进食或治疗已满4周(每周治疗7次)。于治疗前和治疗4周后采用DSA设备下的数字化VFSS、功能性经口摄食评估(FOIS)及VFSS评估食管上括约肌开放程度及吞咽障碍程度。结果 (1)食管上括约肌完全开放比例比较:经主动球囊扩张术及常规吞咽康复治疗4周后,对照组及观察组患者食管上括约肌完全开放的患者比例分别为10/19、16/19,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.39,P=0.04)。(2)FOIS评分比较:对照组和观察组患者治疗后FOIS评分与治疗前比较[分别为4(3,6)分比2(1,3)分,6(5,7)分比2(1,3)分],差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为3.75、3.85,均P0.01);观察组患者治疗后FOIS评分与对照组治疗后比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=2.19,P=0.03)。治疗效果比较:对照组显效8例,有效11例,观察组显效15例,有效4例,两组治疗后效果差异有统计学意义(χ~2=5.40,P=0.45)。(3)VFSS评分比较:对照组和观察组患者治疗后VFSS评分与治疗前比较[分别为4(3,8)分比2(1,4)分,8(7,9)分比1(0,3)分],差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为3.65、3.86,均P0.01);两组治疗后比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=3.28,P=0.01)。VFSS各分项比较:对照组和观察组口腔期、咽期、误咽程度治疗后与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义(对照组Z值分别为2.64、3.29、3.35,均P0.01;观察组Z值分别为2.44、3.99、3.87,均P0.05);治疗后组间比较,口腔期两组差异无统计学意义(Z=0.14,P=0.89),咽期和误咽程度差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为4,51、3.29,均P0.01)。治疗效果比较:对照组有效9例,治愈3例;观察组有效8例,治愈10例;治疗后效果差异有统计学意义(χ~2=5.70,P=0.042)。结论主动球囊扩张术对卒中后环咽肌失弛缓所致吞咽障碍疗效显著。     

Peroral endoscopic myotomy for the treatment of esophageal achalasia: systematic review and pooled analysis

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a novel approach to performing esophageal myotomy for the treatment of achalasia. This review aims to assess subjective and objective metrics of achalasia treatment efficacy, perioperative adverse events and the incidence of postoperative gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients treated with POEM. Secondary aims include a pooled analysis comparison of the clinical outcomes and procedural safety of POEM versus laparoscopic Heller's myotomy (LHM). A systematic review of the literature, up to and including January 15, 2015, was conducted for studies reporting POEM outcomes. Studies comparing POEM to LHM were also included for the purpose of pooled analysis. Outcomes from 1122 POEM patients, from 22 studies, are reported in this systematic review. Minor operative adverse events included capno/pneumo‐peritoneum (30.6%), capno/pneumo‐thorax (11.0%) and subcutaneous emphysema (31.6%). Major operative adverse events included mediastinal leak (0.3%), postoperative bleeding (1.1%) and a single mortality (0.09%). There was an improvement in lower esophageal sphincter pressure and timed barium esophagram column height of 66% and 80% post‐POEM, respectively. Symptom improvement was demonstrated with a pre‐ and post‐POEM Eckardt score ± standard deviation of 6.8 ± 1.0 and 1.2 ± 0.6, respectively. Pre‐ and post‐POEM endoscopy showed esophagitis in 0% and 19% of patients, respectively. The median (interquartile range) points scored for study quality was 15 (14–16) out of total of 32. Pooled analysis of three comparative studies between LHM and POEM showed similar results for adverse events, perforation rate, operative time and a nonsignificant trend toward a reduced length of hospital stay in the POEM group. In conclusion, POEM is a safe and effective treatment for achalasia, showing significant improvements in objective metrics and achalasia‐related symptoms. Randomized comparative studies of LHM and POEM are required to determine the most effective treatment modality for achalasia.     

单纯经内镜乳头大球囊扩张治疗胆总管大结石的疗效及预后研究

目的 评估单纯经内镜乳头大球囊扩张（EPLBD）治疗胆总管大结石的疗效及预后。方法 山西省人民医院2016年8月至2017年11月收治的153例胆总管大结石（结石直径>1.0 cm）患者按随机数字表法随机分为两组：EPLBD组（n=83例）和经内镜乳头小切开联合大球囊扩张（ESLBD）组（n=70例）,比较两组患者的取石成功率,术中碎石率,术后近期并发症发生率及远期结石复发率。结果 EPLBD组和ESLBD组在总的、一次性结石取尽率方面差异无统计学意义[95.2%（79/83）比97.1%（68/70）,χ2=0.388,P=0.533;92.8%（77/83）比90.0%（63/70）,χ2=0.375,P=0.540]。EPLBD组碎石使用率与ESLBD组比较差异无统计学意义[25.3%（21/83）比35.7%（25/70）,χ2=1.958,P=0.162]。两组近期并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义[43.4%（36/83）比40.0%（28/70）,χ2=0.178,P=0.673];两组均无术后穿孔病例。EPLBD组随访时间（22.7±4.3）个月,ESLBD组为（20.8±6.3）个月,两组胆总管结石累积复发率差异有统计学意义[2.4%（2/83）比15.7%（11/70）,P=0.003]。结论 EPLBD治疗胆总管大结石在取石成功率、碎石使用率、近期并发症发生率方面与ESLBD相当,远期结石复发率低于后者。单纯EPLBD治疗胆总管大结石安全有效。     

内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开术联合球囊扩张术治疗胆管结石的疗效观察

目的 探讨内镜下乳头括约肌小切开术（smallendoscopicsphincterotomy,SEST）联合球囊扩张术（endo—scopicpapillaryballoondilatation,EPBD）治疗胆管结石的远期疗效和并发症。方法选择青岛市海慈医疗集团消化内科2009年3月至2011年12月住院治疗的127例结石直径〉10mm的胆管结石患者,随机分为4组,SEST＋EPBD组33例,先行乳头括约肌小切开（切开范围小于乳头肌三分之一）,然后球囊扩张,再碎石取石;EPBD＋SEST组32例,先行球囊扩张术,再行乳头括约肌小切开,再碎石取石;EST组32例,仅行十二指肠乳头括约肌大切开（切开范围大于乳头肌三分之二）取石;EPBD组30例,仅行球囊扩张碎石取石。比较4组的疗效和并发症发生率。结果SEST＋EPBD组术后结石取净率为93．93％（31／33）,EPBD＋SEST组为93．75％（30／32）,EST组为96．77％（30／31）,EPBD组为66．67％（20／30）,EPBD组与其他三组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;SEST＋EPBD组和EPBD＋SEST组均无远期并发症发生,EST组远期并发症发生率为16．67％,EPBD组为3．57％,EST组与其他三组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论SEST与EPBD联合治疗胆管结石安全有效,可有效降低经内镜治疗胆管结石的远期并发症发生率,提高胆管结石患者术后的生活质量。     

The comparisons of different therapeutic modalities for idiopathic achalasia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Background: Current guidelines recommend per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) and laparoscopic Heller''s myotomy (LHM) as first-line treatment of idiopathic achalasia, but the optimum choice between different endoscopic and surgical modalities remains inconclusive. We conducted a network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of 8 treatments for idiopathic achalasia.Materials and methods: Three major bibliographic databases were reviewed for enrollment of randomized controlled trials between January 2000 and June 2021. We included adults with idiopathic achalasia and compared two or more of eight interventions including botulinum toxin injection (BTI), pneumatic dilation (PD), BTI + PD, LHM without fundoplication, LHM followed with Dor or Toupet fundoplication, and POEM using either the anterior or posterior approach. Our focus was on clinical success rate, postsurgical acid reflux, and moderate-to-severe adverse events.Results: Twenty-four studies involved a total of 1987 participants for analysis. When compared with PD, POEM with anterior approach, POEM with posterior approach, LHM + Toupet, and LHM + Dor were all significantly superior to the other regimens in short-term efficacy, with POEM with anterior approach and LHM + Dor showing better improvement in mid-term efficacy. BTI showed a significantly lower efficacy than PD in both periods. Regarding safety, only LHM without fundoplication was significantly associated with higher acid reflux than PD, while LHM + Toupet, LHM without fundoplication, and LHM + Dor showed a non-significant increase in moderate-to-severe adverse events.Conclusions: For idiopathic achalasia, we suggest that POEM with an anterior or posterior approach and LHM with Dor or Toupet fundoplication be initially recommended. On the contrary, both LHM without fundoplication and BTI are not recommended as definitive therapy.     

经口内镜下肌切开术对贲门失弛缓症患者生活质量的影响

[目的]探讨经口内镜下肌切开术(POEM)对贲门失弛缓症患者(AC)生活质量的影响。[方法]选取47例接受POEM的AC患者作为研究对象,于术前以及术后1个月、6个月和12个月使用AC疾病特异性生活质量问卷、Eckardt评分系统和食管测压对患者进行评估。[结果]AC患者POEM后疾病特异性生活质量、Eckardt评分均较术前显著改善(P0.01),食管下括约肌静息压力显著下降(P0.05)。术前和术后疾病特异性生活质量均与Eckardt评分呈正相关。[结论]POEM能有效改善AC患者生活质量,控制症状对提高患者生活质量具有积极意义。     

Comparison of endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation and endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones

Endoscopic treatment for bile duct stones is low-invasive and currently considered as the first choice of the treatment. For the treatment of bile duct stones, papillary treatment is necessary, and the treatments used at the time are broadly classified into two types; endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation where bile duct closing part is dilated with a balloon and endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST) where bile duct closing part is incised. Both procedures have advantages and disadvantages. Golden standard is EST, however, there are patients with difficulty for EST, thus we must select the procedure based on understanding of the characteristics of the procedure, and patient backgrounds.     

Evaluation of the response to treatment in patients with idiopathic achalasia by the timed barium esophagogram: results from a randomized clinical trial

To choose which treatment would be most effective for the individual patient with newly diagnosed achalasia is difficult for the tending physician. A diagnostic tool that would allow prediction of the symptomatic and functional response after treatment for achalasia is therefore needed. The timed barium esophagogram (TBE) is a method that allows objective assessment of esophageal emptying, but the value of TBE in the clinical management of achalasia remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was first, to assess the ability of TBE to predict symptoms and treatment failure during post‐treatment follow‐up. Second, to determine whether esophageal emptying as assessed by TBE differs after treatment with pneumatic dilatation or laparoscopic myotomy. Fifty‐one patients with newly diagnosed achalasia were prospectively randomized to pneumatic dilatation (n = 26) or laparoscopic myotomy (n = 25). Evaluation with TBE was performed before (n = 46) and after treatment (n = 43). The median interval between treatment and post‐treatment TBE was 6 months, and the median follow‐up time after the post‐treatment TBE was 18 months. Following therapeutic intervention, TBE parameters did not differ significantly between treatment groups. However, significant correlations were found between the height of the barium column at 1 min and the symptom scores at the end of follow up for ‘dysphagia for liquids’ (P < 0.05, rho = 0.47), ‘chest pain’ (P < 0.05, rho = 0.42), and the ‘Watson dysphagia score’ (P < 0.05, rho = 0.46). Patients with less than 50% improvement in this TBE‐parameter (height at 1 min) post‐treatment had a 40% risk of treatment failure during follow‐up. In summary, pneumatic balloon dilatation and laparoscopic myotomy similarly affected esophageal function as assessed by TBE‐emptying. Lack of improvement in barium‐column height post‐treatment was associated with an increased risk of treatment failure which should motivate close surveillance in order to detect symptomatic recurrence at an early stage.     

Technique of laparoscopic cholecystectomy combined with percutaneous papillary balloon dilatation under general anesthesia for cholecystocholedocholithiasis

Since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), the treatment of cholecystocholedocholithiasis has become a controversial issue among surgeons and endoscopists all over the world. We evaluated the effectiveness of LC combined with percutaneous papillary balloon dilatation (PPBD) under general anesthesia in the treatment of cholecystocholedocholithiasis in 22 patients. All stones in the bile duct were successfully evacuated into the duodenum in all patients. The PPBD was feasible in all patients under general anesthesia. The mean postoperative stay was 9 days. The overall length hospital stay and the duration of PTBD were 19 ± 7 days and 16 ± 8 days, respectively. There were no deaths nor major complications, although a transient hyperamylasemia was found in 10 patients (45%). Cholecystocholedocholithiasis was able to be treated by means of LC combined with PPBD under general anesthesia without laparotomy, sphincterotomy or choledochotomy. This technique can be a choice for the treatment that enables a patient to avoid any discomfort arisen as a result of papillary dilatation.     

Comparison between endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation and endoscopic sphincterotomy for the treatment of common bile duct stones

Background This study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic outcome and early postoperative complications, especially pancreatitis, of endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) and endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) in patients with common bile duct stones in our department. Methods One hundred eighty patients with common bile duct stones were randomized to undergo EPBD or EST. An 8-mm dilatation balloon was used for EPBD. Modified Cotton's criteria, in which relatively mild pancreatitis is also included as a complication, were used to determine the incidence of postoperative complications. Results The rate of complete removal of stones was significantly higher in the EST group (95.6%) than in the EPBD group (86.6%); for stones less than 10 mm in diameter, however, the rate with EPBD (93.8%) was almost equivalent to that with EST (98.1%). According to modified Cotton's criteria, the incidence of postoperative pancreatitis was significantly higher in the EPBD group (16.7%) than in the EST group (6.7%). Bleeding was encountered in one patient (1.1%) in the EST group, but in none in the EPBD group. No fatal complication occurred in either the EPBD or the EST group. Conclusions Although EPBD appears to be comparable to EST for removal of small common bile duct stones, mild postoperative pancreatitis is more likely to occur with EPBD than with EST.     

乳头括约肌小切开联合内镜下乳头球囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石患者疗效对比分析*

目的 探讨不同方案治疗胆总管结石患者的临床疗效。方法 2010年2月~2016年3 月我院诊治的122例胆总管结石患者,采用随机数字表法分为联合组61例和对照组61例,分别采用乳头括约肌小切开联合内镜下柱状球囊扩张术或者内镜下括约肌切开术治疗,比较两组疗效和并发症发生情况。结果 在61例联合组患者中,57例（93.4%）,在61例对照组患者中, 56例（91.8%）患者成功取石（P>0.05）;两组近期并发症发生率无显著性相差（P>0.05）,术后6个月,两组患者结石复发率和反流性胆管炎发生率也无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论 采用乳头括约肌小切开联合柱状球囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石患者,对于较大的结石取石更有效,更方便。     

内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合大球囊扩张治疗老年胆总管多发巨大结石的效果及安全性分析

目的评估经内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开(m EST)联合内镜下乳头大球囊扩张术(EPLBD)在老年患者胆总管多发巨大结石治疗中的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2012年1月-2016年12月安康市中心医院因胆总管多发大结石在内镜中心行ERCP治疗的患者229例,根据患者结石大小及胆总管形态选择手术方式。所有纳入病例按照内镜手术方式不同分为m EST+EPLBD组(治疗组)与EST组(对照组),观察2组首次取石成功率,机械碎石使用率,取石时间及并发症发生率。计量资料组间比较采用t检验,计数资料组间比较采用χ~2检验。结果治疗组(136例)与对照组(93例)比较,2组在一次取石成功率上差异无统计学意义(91.17%vs 87.10%,χ~2=0.980,P>0.05);而在取石时间及机械碎石使用率方面比较差异有统计学意义[(18.2±4.3)min vs(37.4±6.7)min,χ~2=37.1526,P<0.01;6.71%vs 40.00%,t=24.411,P<0.01]。2组在胰腺炎(2.94%vs 6.45%)、出血发生率(2.21%vs 2.15%)方面比较差异无统计学意义(χ~2值分别为1.630、0.001,P值均>0.05),无穿孔及感染等并发症的发生。结论 m EST+EPLBD治疗老年胆总管多发巨大结石,疗效确切,可有效缩短取石时间,有效减少机械碎石的使用率,从而减少结石复发几率,同时该方法不增加ERCP术后并发症,是一种安全、有效的老年胆总管巨大多发结石微创治疗方法。     

Influence of psychopathological changes on quality of life after laparoscopic fundoplication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux

There are references in medical literature to the influence of psychopathological changes and their negative impact on the results of laparoscopic fundoplication. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of psychological changes, as assessed by the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), on patients undergoing surgery for gastroesophageal reflux.
This is a prospective study in a series of 103 consecutive patients (62 males and 41 females with a mean age of 40 years) undergoing laparoscopic fundoplication. In addition to functional studies, patients completed the SF-36, Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index, and GHQ-28 before surgery. Functional tests and questionnaires were repeated 6 months after surgery. Patients were also questioned about their degree of satisfaction. Postoperative results of patients with a normal GHQ-28 and patients showing psychopathological changes as defined by the GHQ-28 questionnaire before surgery were compared.
Overall, all patients experienced an improvement in their quality of life. Forty-one patients showed a pathological result in the preoperative GHQ-28 questionnaire. No differences were found in functional results and degree of satisfaction with surgery between patients with normal and pathological results in the preoperative GHQ-28 questionnaire. However, patients with a pathological result in the preoperative GHQ-28 had poorer results in all domains of the postoperative Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index and SF36 quality of life questionnaires as compared to patients with a normal preoperative GHQ-28 questionnaire.
Patients with pathological results in the preoperative GHQ-28 had poorer results in terms of postoperative quality of life despite having normal postoperative physiological studies; this decreased quality of life did not have an impact on the degree of satisfaction with surgery performed. The GHQ-28 does not therefore appear to serve as a predictor of postoperative satisfaction.