OCTA与ICGA检查在CNV和PCV中的影像对比分析

目的:对比观察脉络膜新生血管(CNV)与息肉状脉络膜血管病变(PCV)在吲哚菁绿血管造影(ICGA)与光学相干断层扫描血管成像(OCTA)中的特征性表现,探讨二者的区别和优缺点。方法:回顾分析2018-09/2020-04在河北省眼科医院确诊的CNV患者26例34眼和PCV患者19例19眼的影像学资料,CNV患者中湿性年龄相关性黄斑变性(w-ARMD)20例28眼,慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(CCSC)继发CNV 6例6眼。所有患者均行OCTA、荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)+ICGA检查,分析其特征性改变。结果:w-ARMD患者28眼OCTA检查示,除2眼因出血较多未见明显异常外,余26眼均可显示CNV形态,呈现效果形态更加锐利、立体,且能够分辨出CNV所在的解剖层面,其中11眼OCTA检查不仅能够很好地显示出CNV的形态、大小、范围,而且对于CNV中的滋养血管、新生血管及吻合支也都能较好地分辨。CCSC继发CNV患者6眼OCTA发现了FFA+ICGA未发现的CNV形态。PCV患者19眼OCTA检查异常脉络膜分支血管网(BVN)显示优于ICGA,但OCTA图像上末端囊袋样扩张(p...     

相干光断层扫描诊断息肉样脉络膜血管病变的研究进展

息肉样脉络膜血管病变(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,PCV)表现为眼底后极部脉络膜异常分支血管网末端局限性膨隆,呈息肉状改变,伴复发性出血,并有浆液性或出血性色素上皮脱离.自发现以来,吲哚青绿血管造影(indocyanine green angiography,ICGA)被认为是诊断PCV的金标准.随着相干光断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)成像技术的不断发展,从时域-OCT中特征性的“双层征”到在谱域-OCT中可清晰呈现的异常血管网和息肉状改变,再到穿透性更强的OCT血管造影技术中扩张的脉络膜血管和息肉状结构反射信号的改变,逐步为PCV的非侵入性诊断提供更多可靠依据.     

息肉样脉络膜血管病变的疗效及其形态学评价方法的研究进展

息肉样脉络膜血管病变(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,PCV)是以息肉样血管病灶伴分支状血管网为特征的脉络膜血管异常疾病,具有迁延复发、容易出血的特性,目前治疗仍具有挑战性.简单、灵敏、可靠的检查技术对于制定和调整治疗方案、提高疗效是重要的.新近出现的相干光血管造影技术形象地显示PCV治疗前后病变形态变化,并在监测复发方面相比传统OCT技术具有更灵敏的优越性.     

息肉状脉络膜血管病变的现状和进展

息肉状脉络膜血管病变(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,PCV)是一种发病原因和发病机制不明的疾病,一些研究表明其可能与某些基因有关。PCV眼底镜下表现常与渗出型年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)相似,通过吲哚青绿血管造影(indocyanine green angiography,ICGA)及光学相干断层扫描(optic coherence tomography,OCT)等影像学检查可予以鉴别。目前主要通过眼底镜下特征性的橘红色息肉状损害和ICGA下见血管网边缘息肉状血管损害对PCV进行诊断。主要的治疗方法包括光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy,PDT)、抗血管生成药物及联合疗法等。我们从历史、流行病学、病理学、发病机制、基因、临床表现、影像学、诊断及治疗等方面对其进行综述,并提出了对PCV的研究方向的讨论和展望。     

OCTA和ICGA在息肉样脉络膜血管病变中的应用对比

目的:观察光学相干断层扫描血管成像(OCTA)与吲哚青绿血管造影(ICGA)在息肉样脉络膜血管病变(PCV)中的图像特征.方法:选取2016-01/12在我院治疗的PCV患者21例21眼,所有患眼均行ICGA检查,检查完后1h行OCTA检查.观察OCTA和ICGA图像特征情况.结果:ICGA检查可见8眼有脉络膜异常分支血管网(BVN),息肉样病变10眼,BVN合并息肉样病变2眼,无明显异常表现1眼;ICGA检查表现为BVN者8眼,在OCTA检查中均可见病变位置、范围及形态与ICGA相似的BVN表现;ICGA检查表现为息肉样病变者10眼,OCTA检查均表现为强信号亮点;ICGA检查表现为BVN合并息肉样病变者2眼,OCTA检查均可见BVN和对应部位的强信号亮点;ICGA检查无明显异常表现者1眼,在OCTA检查中同样无异常表现.结论:PCV病变位置和形态在OCTA和ICGA中具有相似性,在ICGA检查受限的PCV中,OCTA或许在诊断中能发挥一定作用.     

En-face optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and management of age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging modality providing high-resolution images of the central retina that has completely transformed the field of ophthalmology. While traditional OCT has produced longitudinal cross-sectional images, advancements in data processing have led to the development of en-face OCT, which produces transverse images of retinal and choroidal layers at any specified depth. This offers additional benefit on top of longitudinal cross-sections because it provides an extensive overview of pathological structures in a single image. The aim of this review was to discuss the utility of en-face OCT in the diagnosis and management of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). En-face imaging of the inner segment/outer segment junction of retinal photoreceptors has been shown to be a useful indicator of visual acuity and a predictor of the extent of progression of geographic atrophy. En-face OCT has also enabled high-resolution analysis and quantification of pathological structures such as reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) and choroidal neovascularization, which have the potential to become useful markers for disease monitoring. En-face Doppler OCT enables subtle changes in the choroidal vasculature to be detected in eyes with RPD and AMD, which has significantly advanced our understanding of their pathogenesis. En-face Doppler OCT has also been shown to be useful for detecting the polypoid lesions and branching vascular networks diagnostic of PCV. It may therefore serve as a noninvasive alternative to fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography for the diagnosis of PCV and other forms of the exudative macular disease.     

Imaging of choroidal hemodynamics in eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy using laser speckle phenomenon

PURPOSE: To compare the images of choroidal vasculature obtained by laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) and indocyanine green angiography (IA), and to evaluate the imaging of choroidal hemodynamics in eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) using LSFG. METHODS: We performed IA and wide-field LSFG, which measures the index of blood velocity (mean square blur rate; MBR) in 25 eyes with PCV. We constructed an MBR map of the sequential MBR images (600 x 280 pixels) from four or five pulsations during measurement (4.5 s). A grayscale composite map of a still image was obtained by averaging the cumulative sum of the MBR map. We compared the angiographic images of the grayscale composite map to IA results and evaluated the choroidal hemodynamics of 25 eyes with PCV in the MBR map. RESULTS: The choroidal vasculature on the grayscale map had a resolution similar to the IA results. The grayscale map detected branching network vessels in 20 (80%) of the 25 eyes and polypoidal lesions in 11 (44%) eyes. The MBR map showed that the pulsations of the branching network vessels and polypoidal lesions were synchronized with the cardiac rhythm. The fluctuation rates of the PCV lesions during one pulsation ranged from 8.3% to 26.7% (mean, 13.6%) and from 7.3% to 24.6% (mean, 15.9%) for the intact choroid. The MBR map showed the watershed zone and highest signal intensity in the macula. CONCLUSIONS: Using an MBR map, wide-field LSFG revealed the pulsating choroidal hemodynamics of the posterior fundus. A grayscale composite map showed the fine choroidal vasculature whose resolution was comparable to that of IA. The branching network vessels of PCV showed that pulsation was synchronized with the choroidal vessels. Wide-field LSFG showed the highest choroidal blood flow in the macular area and the presence of a watershed zone.     

Incidence and clinical patterns of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Korean patients

Purpose To determine the incidence, demographic features, and clinical characteristics of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) in Korean patients. Methods A retrospective review was undertaken of 392 eyes of 321 symptomatic patients suspected of having exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) after their first visit to a tertiary hospital between February 2002 and May 2006. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). Results Of the 321 patients (392 eyes), 79 (98 eyes, 24.6%) were diagnosed with PCV. The mean PCV patient age was 64.6 ± 7.6 years. PCV was more common in men (78.5%), and was usually unilateral (75.9%). In terms of PCV clinical manifestation, 52% of patients showed an exudative pattern, 34.7%, a hemorrhagic pattern, and 13.3%, an extensive hemorrhagic pattern. The mean visual acuity at presentation was 0.231 ± 0.256. Classification was based on ICGA findings; 52% of patients showed relatively large aneurismal dilations, 25.5% showed atypical vessel deformations, and 22.5% showed dense clusters of numerous small hyperfluorescent dots. Conclusions The incidence of PCV in Korean exudative AMD patients was relatively high compared with that in other ethnic groups. As in other Asian patient populations, PCV occurred more commonly in men and was predominantly unilateral.     

Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy examined with en face optical coherence tomography

BACKGROUND: To study the morphologic features of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) with the use of en face optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively 57 eyes of 57 patients with PCV. The macular region was examined with OCT en face planes scanned at different sequential depths, following which detailed scanning was performed of arbitrarily selected longitudinal planes. RESULTS: In 48 of the cases (84.2%), en face OCT allowed us to detect round protrusions of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that corresponded to the polypoidal lesions seen on indocyanine green angiography (ICGA); the branching vascular networks seen on ICGA often induced slight elevation of the overlying RPE, which typically assumed a geographical shape. In 30 cases (52.6%), branching vascular networks were detected as elevations of the RPE. With en face OCT, serous pigment epithelial detachments, most of which were seen as round protrusions of the RPE, were often accompanied by adjacent smaller round protrusions of the RPE, consistent with polypoidal lesions. These protrusions of the RPE were often fused and typically appeared as a 'snowman'. Subsequent longitudinal examination revealed the polypoidal lesions to be sharp protrusions of the RPE with moderate inner reflectivity. Consistent with the location of the branching vascular network, a highly reflective line was seen often just beneath the slightly elevated reflective line of RPE. CONCLUSIONS: En face examination using OCT has an advantage in screening lesions of PCV and in examination of the detailed relationship of each component of these lesions.     

息肉状脉络膜血管病变并发玻璃体积血的机制研究

息肉状脉络膜血管病变（ｐｏｌｙｐｏｉｄａｌｃｈｏｒｏｉｄａｌｖａｓｃｕｌｏｐａｔｈｙ,ＰＣＶ）曾被称为“特发性息肉状脉络膜血管病变”,是一种多发的反复发作性浆液性视网膜神经上皮和色素上皮脱离伴脉络膜息肉样血管异常。ＰＣＶ被分为两型:渗出型和出血型,其中出血型容易发生玻璃体积血。近年来,随着吲哚青绿血管造影与光学相干断层扫描技术在眼科的普遍应用,国内外对该病的研究逐渐深入。本文结合国内外研究的最新进展,对ＰＣＶ合并玻璃体积血的流行病学、发病机制、诊断以及经玻璃体切除术治疗后眼底、眼底荧光素血管造影及吲哚青绿血管造影的改变进行了综述。     

光动力疗法联合抗血管内皮生长因子治疗息肉状脉络膜血管病变的效果:基于光学相干断层扫描血管成像（OCTA）的观察

目的　利用光学相干断层扫描血管成像（optical coherence tomography angiography，OCTA）及频域光学相干断层扫描（optical cohorence tomography，OCT）评估息肉状脉络膜血管病变（polypoid choroidal vasculopathy，PCV）光动力疗法（photodynamic therapy，PDT）联合抗血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor，VEGF）治疗后疗效。方法　回顾性分析PCV患者46例48眼的临床资料，患眼均行荧光素眼底血管造影（fundus fluorescein angiography，FFA）、吲哚菁绿血管造影（indocyanine green angiography，ICGA）、OCT及OCTA检查，所有患者按照常规剂量先行PDT治疗，3~5 d内再联合抗VEGF治疗，随访3~24个月。分析并比较PCV治疗前后视力、中央视网膜厚度（central retinal thickness，CRT）的变化，以及治疗前后OCTA上息肉病灶、异常分支血管网（branching vascular network，BVN）的变化。结果　治疗后3个月、6个月、12个月、24个月患眼视力均提高，CRT均下降。治疗前最佳矫正视力为（0.50±0.40）logMAR，治疗后24个月为（0.44±0.37）logMAR，差异有统计学意义（t=4.452，P＜0.05）。治疗前CRT为（601.89±183.88）μm，治疗后24个月CRT厚度为（457.54±207.80）μm，差异有统计学意义（t=5.968，P＜0.05）。治疗前48眼中OCTA上息肉病灶检出率70.8%，ICGA上息肉病灶检出率100.0%；34眼联合OCTA检查治疗后3个月、6个月、12个月、24个月息肉病灶完全消退率分别为79.4%、78.8%、75.8%和83.3%。治疗前14眼在OCTA检查中未发现息肉病灶，在联合治疗后复查OCT，治疗后3个月、6个月、12个月、24个月指状突起消退率分别为71.4%、76.9%、75.0%、87.5%。患者联合治疗OCTA上BVN的面积治疗前为（0.916±0.215）mm²，治疗后3个月、6个月、12个月及24个月分别为（0.823±0.286）mm²、（0.909±0.312）mm²、（1.121±0.389）mm²和（1.672±0.230）mm²。结论　典型的PCV病变在PDT联合抗VEGF治疗后能安全有效地显著改善和稳定患者的视力、降低CRT、促进息肉病灶消退。无创、快速和可重复的OCTA联合OCT可作为联合治疗后评价PCV病情有用的随诊技术。     

息肉状脉络膜血管病变的光相干断层扫描血管成像检查特征

目的观察息肉状脉络膜血管病变(PCV)息肉病灶和脉络膜分支血管网(BVN)的光相干断层扫描血管成像(OCTA)特征。方法采用系列病例观察研究设计,收集2016年5月至2017年4月在北京协和医院就诊的未经治疗的PCV患者42例45眼,其中男26例27眼,女16例18眼;平均年龄为(68.59±8.52)岁。所有患眼均行荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)、吲哚菁绿血管造影(ICGA)和OCTA检查,观察息肉和BVN的OCTA影像特征,并计算其OCTA的检出率。结果所有PCV患者ICGA图像上均可观察到明确的高荧光息肉病灶,其中38眼的ICGA图像上可观察到BVN结构。OCTA图像显示息肉为点状、环状、团簇状或结节状高反射信号,共检测出45眼中35眼的息肉病灶信号,检出率为77.8%。OCTA能清晰显示38眼的BVN血管结构,检出率为100.0%。结论OCTA能无创地显示PCV的息肉病灶和BVN结构,结合en face图像和B扫描图像能实现对病灶的定位。     

Indocyanine green angiographic findings in idiopathic choroidal neovascularization

Purpose. Evaluation of choroidal alterations associated with idiopathic choroidal neovascularization (ICNV) and the possible relation between this affection and Multifocal Choroidopathies (MC). Methods. The authors analysed, using high definition videoangiography, the choroidal findings in 21 consecutive patients affected by ICNV (7 males and 14 females; 19–46 years; mean age: 31.8 years); with a follow-up at 5–30 months (mean 13 months). Moreover, a retrospective study of 20 cases of ICNV (11 males and 9 females; age: 17–39 years; mean age: 29.3 years), with a follow-up at 6–11 years (mean 8.9), was performed. Results. In 7 eyes, the indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) showed choroidal hypofluorescent spots similar to those observed in MC (in 3 cases even in the fellow unaffected eye), in 2 of them the regression of the spots was observed after steroid therapy. In 2 eyes, the ICGA revealed hyperfluorescent spots; in one of them the complete regression of the spots after oral cyprofloxacine was observed. In 6 patients (10 eyes), choroidal permeability alterations could be visualized (in 4 cases even in the unaffected eye). Conclusions. The indocyanine green angiographic findings (hypo and hyperfluorescent spots, choroidal permeability alterations) could support the theory of Gass which considers that ICNV is not idiopathic but secondary to a widespread choroidal inflammatory disease. The similarity of the ICGA alterations in ICNV and MC, the observation that cases of ICNV would become MC in the follow-up, could allow the hypothesis of a close connection between these two affections.     

息肉状脉络膜血管病变的分型研究

目的:依据吲哚菁绿血管造影(indocyanine green angiography,ICGA)显示的息肉状脉络膜血管病变(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,PCV)的形态进行分型,结合光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)及临床特征,探讨各型的特点,为PCV的治疗和预后评价提供依据。方法:回顾性分析在宁夏眼科医院就诊的33例PCV患者。所有病例均经过OCT和荧光素眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)与ICGA等全面检查后确诊。根据ICGA的表现进行分型,同时对各亚型的病变特征进行比较。结果:共收集到33例54眼PCV患者,单眼12例,双眼21例;男20例,女13例;年龄42～86(平均70.63±9.42)岁。45眼病变部位位于黄斑区,占83%。根据ICGA的表现分为:息肉状扩张型(20眼,37%)、异常分支血管网型(16眼,30%)、经典型(18眼,33%)。27眼(50%)出现视网膜色素上皮脱离(pigment epithelial detachment,PED),其中分支血管网型及经典型出现PED的比例相对较高,分别为11眼(68.8%)和12眼(66.7%)。23眼(43%)出现视网膜神经上皮层脱离,其中分支血管网型10眼(62.5%)和经典型9眼(50.0%)易出现神经上皮脱离。31眼(57%)表现为活动型病变,其中分支血管网型和经典型常见,分别为13眼(81.3%)和13眼(72%)。10眼(19%)出现纤维机化膜,其中分支血管网型及经典型多见,分别为7眼(43.8%)和2眼(11.1%)。37眼(69%)有滋养血管的存在,其中分支血管网型和经典型分别为81%和94%。结论:分支血管网型及经典型易出现视网膜色素上皮脱离及视网膜神经上皮层脱离,多表现为活动型病变,存在滋养血管。而息肉型较少出现视网膜色素上皮脱离和神经上皮脱离,多表现为静止型,大多无滋养血管。异常分支血管网型易出现纤维机化膜。     

息肉状脉络膜血管病变的吲哚菁绿眼底血管造影分型研究

目的 分析黄斑区息肉状脉络膜血管病变(PCV)在吲哚菁绿眼底血管造影(ICGA)中的不同渗漏亚型及临床特点.方法 对经荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)及ICGA确诊为PCV的137例144只患眼进行ICGA渗漏状态的分型及各型临床特点的分析.结果 在144只PCV患眼的ICGA中,110只眼出现晚期染料渗漏(渗漏型,76%).渗漏型又可分为三个亚型:息肉灶渗漏型(47只眼,42.7%)、异常分支状脉络膜血管渗漏型(14只眼,12.7%)和混合渗漏型(49只眼,44.5%).其他34只眼显示出晚期病灶的消退和(或)呈冲刷现象(消退型,24%).在渗漏型中,色素上皮脱离(PED)、最佳矫正视力(BCVA)<0.1及陈旧性视网膜下出血的比例分别为56.4%(62只眼),19.1%(21只眼)和4.6%(5只眼);消退型相应比例分别为8.8%(3只眼)、50%(17只眼)和38.2%(13只眼)(P<0.001),同时消退型的病程显著长于渗漏型(P<0.001).结论 在ICGA中可以观察PCV病灶的晚期渗漏及消退现象,其中以渗漏型居多.混合性渗漏是渗漏型中最常见的亚型.渗漏型多表现PED,较好的BCVA以及较短的病程,而消退型则更易表现视网膜下陈旧性出血、较差的BCVA以及较长的病程.这可能提示前者为活动性病灶或处于疾病的早期阶段,而后者则为静止性病灶或处于疾病的晚期阶段.     

息肉样脉络膜血管病变的诊断及治疗

息肉样脉络膜血管病变(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,PCV)特征是后极部视网膜下桔红色息肉样病变,伴有出血性和浆液性视网膜色素上皮及神经上皮脱离.荧光素眼底血管造影无特征性表现,吲哚青绿血管造影能显示分支血管组成的脉络膜血管网和血管末端息肉样或动脉瘤样扩张.OCT表现为视网膜色素上皮及脉络膜毛细血管高反射层呈陡峭的穹窿状隆起,其下见中等反射或结节状改变.本病应与湿性年龄相关性黄斑变性和某些长期不愈的中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变进行鉴别.尽管PCV的治疗仍缺乏通用的方案,光动力疗法结合玻璃体内注射血管内皮生长因子抑制剂可改善或稳定患者视力.     

慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变与息肉样脉络膜血管病变多模式影像学特征的比较

目的比较慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(chronic central serous chorioretinopathy,CCSC)与息肉样脉络膜血管病变(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,PCV)的多模式影像学差异。方法回顾性分析CCSC组11例11眼患者及PCV组21例21眼患者的临床资料。所有患者均行最佳矫正视力、黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度测量及荧光素眼底血管造影、吲哚菁绿血管造影、光学相干断层扫描血管成像(optical coherence tomography angiography,OCTA)和频域光学相干断层扫描多模式影像学检查,并对检查结果进行统计学分析。结果 CCSC组患者最佳矫正视力为0.33±0.11,显著高于PCV组(0.21±0.13),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CCSC组患者黄斑中心凹下脉络膜厚度为(368.20±51.65)μm,PCV组为(342.28±37.18)μm,两组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。荧光素眼底血管造影检查结果显示,CCSC组和PCV组均为斑点状高荧光表现,CCSC组患眼可伴...