升麻不同炮制品对脾气虚动物胃肠功能的影响

目的:观察升麻不同炮制品对脾气虚小鼠和脾气虚大鼠胃肠功能的影响。方法:采用三因素复合法复制脾气虚实验动物模型,造模成功后,将动物随机分成空白组、脾气虚模型组、生升麻组、蜜升麻组和蜜麸升麻组,给药14 d后测定小鼠胃残留率和小肠推进率、大鼠血清胃泌素(GAS)含量和血浆胃动素(MTL)含量。结果:与脾气虚模型组比较,升麻生品及炮制品皆能显著降低小鼠胃残留率,生品组、蜜升麻组、蜜麸升麻组的胃残留率分别为(57.87±9.01)%,(52.01±8.76)%,(49.49±7.88)%;并显著增加肠推进率,生品组、蜜升麻组、蜜麸升麻组小肠推进率分别为(38.89±9.06)%,(43.27±8.97)%,(44.03±9.76)%。模型组给药干预后能显著提高大鼠血清GAS含量,生品组、蜜升麻组、蜜麸升麻组的GAS质量浓度分别为(59.36±8.17),(64.53±9.02),(72.93±10.00)ng·L-1;极显著提高血浆MTL含量,生品组、蜜升麻组、蜜麸升麻组的MTL质量浓度分别为(330.12±19.37),(340.24±18.98),(343.76±21.03)ng·L-1。蜜麸升麻组的各项指标最接近空白组。结论:升麻生品和炮制品均能促进脾气虚动物胃肠功能的恢复,且樟帮特色蜜麸升麻的治疗作用优于生升麻和蜜升麻。     

三个不同品种升麻抗炎作用及药效物质基础研究

目的：进行三个不同品种升麻水提物抗炎药效学评价,初步分析升麻的抗炎物质基础。方法：各组小鼠分别灌胃给药（不同剂量三个品种升麻水提物、阳性药物地塞米松）或生理盐水后,以二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀、角叉菜胶致小鼠足趾肿胀,检测各组小鼠耳肿胀抑制率、致炎后各时段足肿胀率,酶联免疫吸附法测量足趾组织渗出液中的一氧化氮（NO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及前列腺素E2（PEG2）含量,进行抗炎活性评价。采用HPLC进行三个品种升麻水提物中总酚酸含量的测定,探讨升麻的抗炎物质基础。结果：三个品种的升麻对二甲苯所致小鼠耳肿胀和角叉菜胶所致小鼠足肿胀均有一定的抑制作用,高剂量组与模型组比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05,P<0.01）;三个品种升麻可不同程度降低角叉菜胶所致小鼠足肿胀炎症足趾中PEG2和NO的含量,提高SOD的活性。经过HPLC测得兴安升麻、大三叶升麻和升麻中总酚酸的含量分别为6.3mg/kg、5.50mg/kg、4.3mg/kg。结论：三种升麻都具有一定的抗炎活性,其中大三叶升麻 > 升麻 > 兴安升麻,与总酚酸类成分的含量不具有相关性。     

正交法优选升麻最佳蜜制工艺

升麻为常用中药,具有发表透疹、清热解毒、升举阳气等功能,2005年版《中国药典》收载其原植物有大三叶升麻C im icifuga heracleifoliaKom·、兴安升麻C·dahuricaMaxim·和升麻C·foetidaL·3种。升麻炮制方法在古代有蜜制、酒制、醋制、黄精汁制、盐炒、土炒等多种方法,现代临床主要使用生片和蜜制片。传统方法蜜制升麻多用蜜水拌炒法,但由于炒制法温度难以控制,不能保证工艺的可重复性和饮片质量的稳定性,当温度过高时易造成....     

不同炮制方法对手掌参抗疲劳和抗氧化活性的影响

目的:探讨不同炮制方法对手掌参抗疲劳和抗氧化活性的影响。方法:利用羊奶炮制法、冷浸炮制法和蜜制炮制法来制备手掌参样品。通过小鼠的游泳实验和吊网实验来考察三种炮制品不同剂量的抗疲劳作用。利用药物对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的清除作用来考察三种炮制品不同浓度的抗氧化活性。结果:与空白对照组相比,服用三种炮制品不同剂量的小鼠,其游泳时间和悬网时间均明显延长,且呈现出剂量依赖性。服用三种炮制品不同浓度的小鼠,其对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基均有清除作用,且呈现出浓度依赖性。同时无论是延长作用还是清除作用,其作用效果均稍有不同,顺序为羊奶炮制品大于蜜制炮制品大于冷浸炮制品。除了冷浸泡制品以外,羊奶泡制品和蜜制炮制品的作用效果与空白对照组比均具有显著的差异。结论:手掌参有良好的抗疲劳和抗氧化活性,且羊奶炮制法可以很好的保留手掌参的药效成分。     

浅析升麻"升阳"之性

升麻隶属毛茛科,包括兴安升麻、西升麻、单穗升麻、南川升麻、小升麻以及总状升麻等主要品种,主产于辽宁、黑龙江、湖南及山西等地,其根茎入药,夏秋两季采挖,晒干切片。兴安升麻是我国特有品种,已载入《中国药典》,在我国有悠久的药用历史。具有清热解毒、升举阳气、发表透疹的     

升麻蜜制工艺的优化

目的优化升麻蜜制工艺。方法以加水量、炒制温度、炒制时间为影响因素,异阿魏酸含有量、外观性状得分的综合评分为评价指标,响应面法优化蜜制工艺。结果最佳条件为将0.3倍量开水稀释后的炼蜜加到饮片中拌匀(每100 kg饮片用25 kg炼蜜),闷透,置于锅内,炒制温度110℃,炒制时间20 min,取出,放凉,综合评分99.12。结论该方法简便可行,可用于蜜制升麻。     

升麻常见伪品的性状鉴别

升麻，始载于《名医别录》，是一味常用中药。李时珍日：“其叶似麻，其性上升，故名。”它具有发表透疹、清热解毒、升阳举陷的功能。主要含有：p谷甾醇、升麻醇、升麻醇木糖苷、去羟北升醇等化学成分。《中国药典》(2000版)对其来源定为毛茛科植物大三叶升麻Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom.,兴安升麻Cimicifuga dahurica(Turcz.) Maxim，或升麻Cimicifuga foetida L.的干燥根茎。但因升麻在各地有很多异物同名品，加之历代本草对其记载又不统一，故升麻的品种较混乱，有些品种虽有升麻之名，但与正品升麻无论是在植物基原方面或是在功效主治方面均有不同。为便于基层中药工作者及时，方便的鉴别升麻之真伪，现将其正品及常见的伪品野升麻、南升麻、白升麻、腺毛马兰等主要性状特点分述如下。     

五味子炮制品镇静催眠作用研究

目的:研究比较五味子生品和炮制品(酒制、醋制)的镇静催眠作用。方法:采用镇静催眠实验观察五味子协助戊巴比妥钠延长小鼠镇静催眠时间。结果:五味子生品及五味子炮制品经灌胃给药,可显著延长戊巴比妥钠对小鼠镇静催眠作用时间。且五味子生品以0.25mL/10g和粉碎的五味子生品以0.25mL/10g剂量灌胃给药延长戊巴比妥钠的对小鼠镇静催眠作用时间是对照组的2倍;酒制五味子以0.25mL/10g和醋制五味子以0.25mL/10g剂量灌胃给药延长戊巴比妥钠对小鼠镇静催眠作用时间是对照组的3倍。结论:五味子生品和炮制品均有镇静、催眠作用。且炮制品(酒制、醋制)效果强于生品,其中酒制优于醋制。     

兴安升麻地上部分及地下部分治疗子宫脱垂的对比研究

[目的] 通过兴安升麻地上部分与地下部分在中药配方中治疗子宫脱垂效果对比,进一步探讨兴安升麻地上部分药理学作用。[方法] 将轻度子宫脱垂患者随机分为两组:兴安升麻地上部分配伍中药治疗组和兴安升麻地下部分配伍中药治疗组,疗程为6个月,观察患者治疗前后盆底肌力恢复情况及子宫脱垂的情况,评定近期疗效。[结果] 两组间治疗效果比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论] 兴安升麻地上部分配伍中药治疗组治疗效果与兴安升麻地下部分配伍中药治疗组治疗效果无差异,说明兴安生麻地上部分资源值得进一步利用开发。     

升麻炮制历史沿革及研究进展＊

升麻炮制历史悠久，炮制方法多样，历代本草中记载有净制、切制、酒制、盐制、醋制、黄精汁制、姜汁制、炒黄、蒸制、焙等11种炮制方法，江西樟帮、建昌帮亦有蜜麸炒、蜜糠炒等特色炮制方法，目前主要沿用净制、切制、蜜炙及炒炭方法。本文系统查阅古今医药文献，梳理升麻的炮制历史沿革，探究古法炮制意图，并归纳在工艺、成分、药理等方面升麻炮制的研究现状，提出建立“性状-成分-药效”关联的升麻炮制工艺多维评价指标体系，以最终构建“原理-工艺-标准”三位一体的升麻炮制研究模式，以期为进一步规范升麻炮制工艺、制定饮片质量标准、阐释炮制科学内涵提供科学参考。     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the leaf essential oil of Laurus nobilis Linn

The leaf essential oil of Laurus nobilis Linn. (Lauraceae) has been evaluated for antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in mice and rats. The essential oil exhibited: (1) a significant analgesic effect in tail-flick and formalin tests; (2) a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect in the formalin-induced edema and (3) a moderate sedative effect at the anti-inflammatory doses. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of the essential oil was comparable to reference analgesics and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs: morphine and piroxicam. Present results make the essential oil worthy of further investigations.     

Antinociceptive and free radical scavenging activities of alkaloids isolated from Lindera angustifolia Chen

Lindera angustifolia Chen is a folk medicine used for the treatment of contusions-induced swelling, rheumatic pains and bellyache in south and the middle part of China. Phytochemical studies showed that aporphine and benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids are the characteristic constituents of this plant. In this study, we evaluated the antinociceptive and free radical scavenging properties of six aporphine and two benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids isolated from the root of Lindera angustifolia. All alkaloids except magnocurarine exhibited remarkable radical scavenging effects (36-90% scavenging at 25-100microg/ml) in DPPH radical scavenging test, among them norisocorydine showed the hightest activity (SC(50): 14.1microg/ml). Antinociceptive activities were tested by using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin test at dose of 20mg/kg. Norisocorydine exhibited the highest antinociceptive ability with 83.5% writhing inhibition. Boldine, norboldine showed significant antinociceptive activity with 76.3% and 74.6% writhing inhibition respectively. Indomethacin was used as positive control, which showed 67.8% writhing inhibition at dose of 10mg/kg. Most of the compounds, except N-ethoxycarbonyllaurotetanine and magnocurarine, could significantly inhibit the phase I reaction (P<0.01), and all of them inhibited the phase II reaction (P<0.001) in the formalin tests (indomethacin and morphine were used as positive drugs). The antinociceptive effects exhibited a structure-activity relationship similar to that of the free radical scavenging activities. Above results suggested that the alkaloids from the root of Lindera angustifolia possess both free radical scavenging and antinociceptive activities, and the antinociceptive activity seems to be related to the free radical scavenging effect.     

Study on the antinociceptive effects of Thymus broussonetii Boiss extracts in mice and rats

In Morocco, Thymus broussonetii is widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of a variety of diseases including gastroenteric and bronchopulmonary disorders and to relieve dolorous process. The antinociceptive effect of the aqueous, butanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of this species was examined in rats and mice using chemical and thermal models. The results obtained showed that aqueous and butanolic extracts exerted an antinociceptive activity in the two phases of formalin (50-300 mg/kg), tail immersion and writhing tests. Whereas, the ethyl acetate extract reduced the nociceptive response only in the second phase of formalin (100-300 mg/kg) and writhing tests. The aqueous extract, which is the most effective, contains active analgesic principles acting both centrally and peripherally. Furthermore, this antinociceptive effect has been avoided by naloxone at a dose of 1mg/kg in the first phase of formalin and hot plate tests indicating that this extract acts partly through an opioid-mediated mechanism. The present results demonstrated that Thymus broussonetii contains active constituents which possess antinociceptive activity justifying its popular use to relieve some pains.     

Analgesic activity of Ugni molinae (murtilla) in mice models of acute pain

Leaf extracts of Ugni molinae Turcz. (Myrtaceae) are used in Chilean folk medicine as analgesic and anti-inflammatory. The antinociceptive effect of dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA) and methanol (ME) leaf extracts was assessed by intraperitoneal, oral and topical administration in writhing, tail flick, and tail formalin tests in mice. The extracts showed a dose-dependent antinociceptive activity in all the assays under different administration routes. The ED(50) values for the different tests for the DCM, EA, ME extract and reference drug (ibuprofen) were as follows. Writhing test in acetic acid (i.p. administration): 0.21, 0.37, 1.37 and 0.85mg/kg, respectively; tail flick test (oral administration): 199, 189, 120 and 45.9mg/kg. The EC(50) values for tail flick test were (topical administration): 2.0, 0.35, 1.4 and 8.2% (w/v), respectively; and the topical analgesic effects were (formalin assay) 75.5, 77.5, 31.6 and 76.5%, respectively. Ugni molinae extracts produce antinociception in chemical and thermal pain models through a mechanism partially linked to either lipooxygenase and/or cyclooxygenase via the arachidonic acid cascade and/or opioid receptors. Flavonoid glycosides and triterpenoids have been isolated from the plant and can be associated with the observed effect. Our results corroborate the analgesic effects of Ugni molinae, and justify its traditional use for treating pain.     

Evaluation of antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities of the essential oil (EO) of Ocimum micranthum Willd. from Northeastern Brazil

The EO of Ocimum micranthum was studied for a possible analgesic effect on the acetic acid induced writhing and formalin test in mice and antioedema activities on the carrageenan and dextran induced paw oedema in rats. The EO demonstrated antinociceptive effects, and pretreatment with naloxone did not reverse the antinociception, indicating that the opioid system is not involved. On the other hand, pretreatment with L-arginine (L-arg) reversed the antinociception, suggesting involvement of the nitric oxide (NO) system. The EO did not present an antioedematogenic effect in the carrageenan and dextran models.     

Antinociceptive,anticonvulsant and antibacterial effects of the essential oil from the flower heads of Egletes viscosa L

The essential oil from flower heads of Egletes viscosaL. was investigated for possible antinociceptive, anticonvulsant effects in mice and for antibacterial efficacy against resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. It was found to possess a significant dose-dependent analgesic activity as assessed by acetic acid writhing and formalin tests and also an anticonvulsant activity against convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol in mice. The plant oil displayed good antibacterial activity against resistant strains of S. aureus with the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 0.625 to 2.5 μL/mL. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Antinociceptive activity of Buddleja globosa (matico) in several models of pain

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Leaf extracts of Buddleja globosa (Buddlejaceae) are used in Chilean folk medicine for wound healing. The anti-inflammatory (topic and per os), analgesic (per os) effects and the antioxidant activity of Buddleja globosa were for the first time reported by us. AIM OF THE STUDY: Assess the antinociceptive activity of the methanol sequential and global extracts using complementary chemical and thermal models of pain, characterize pharmacologically the antinociception induced, evaluate seasonal influence to support Buddleja globosa medicinal use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Global methanol, sequential methanol and ethanol (leaves collected in autumn and summer) extracts were evaluated for oral and topic analgesia in tail flick, formalin and writhing models, verbascoside and 7-O-luteolin glucoside were assayed in tail flick and writhing. Ibuprofen was used as reference. For characterization of induced antinociception, naltrexone, naltrindole, tropisetron, nor-binaltorphimine, prazosin, yohimbine, atropine, and N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester were used as antagonists and inhibitors drugs. RESULTS: Seasonal influence was observed since autumn extract resulted less active. Extracts showed a dose-dependent antinociceptive activity in all assays, the highest effects were obtained for the formalin and writhing test. Verbascoside was more active than ibuprofen in the writhing test (67.6% and 50.0% at equimolar doses) and showed similar effects in the tail flick (topic and oral) near 25% at equivalent doses - ED25 or EC25 - to ibuprofen. Luteolin 7-O-glucoside was slightly more active in the tail flick test and nearly half active than verbascoside in the writhing assay. Effectiveness was higher for the sequential than for global alcoholic extracts, and can be increased by selective blocking of opioid receptors. Global methanol extract seems modulated only by naltrexone. CONCLUSIONS: Analgesic effect of Buddleja globosa is here demonstrated validating its use in traditional medicine. Season influence is important to be considered.     

Evaluation of the analgesic effect of alkaloid extract of Peganum harmala L.: possible mechanisms involved

The seeds of Peganum harmala L. (Pgh) (Zygophyllaceae) have been used in Moroccan traditional medicine for treatment of a various diseases and to relieve dolorous process. The major objective of this paper was to investigate the mechanism of the analgesia induced by alkaloid extract of Peganum harmala. In the present work, the antinociceptive action was assayed in several experimental models in mice: writhing, formalin, and hot plate tests. The alkaloid extract (12.5 and 25mg/kg) and in a dose-dependent manner significantly reduced the nociception by acetic acid intraperitoneal injection (p<0.001). In the formalin test, the extract also significantly reduced the painful stimulus in both phases of the test (p<0.001). Treatment with the extract when given by (i.p. or i.c.v.) or with morphine (10mg/kg, i.p.) produced a significant increase of the reaction time in hot plate test. These result showed that the alkaloid extract of Pgh contains active analgesic principles acting both centrally and peripherally. Furthermore, this antinociceptive effect has been avoided by naloxone at a dose of 1mg/kg in the first phase of formalin and hot plate tests indicating that this extract act partly through an opioid-mediated mechanism. In conclusion, the alkaloid extract of Peganum harmala seems to have both central and peripheral antinociceptive activities which may be mediated by opioid receptors.     

Inhibitory effects of cimicifugae rhizoma extracts on histamine, bradykinin and COX-2 mediated inflammatory actions

Rhizoma Cimicifugae (RC) has been used traditionally to treat pain and inflammation in Korea. The present study was conducted to gain insights into the mechanism of action regarding analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of RC extracts. RC was first extracted with methanol. The methanol extract (A) was fractionated to an ether-soluble fraction (B) and a water-soluble fraction (C). Fraction C was fractionated to a butanol-soluble fraction (D) and a water-soluble fraction (E). Each fraction (100 mg/kg, i.p.) was tested for analgesic and antiinflammatory activities. Administration of fractions A and D caused dramatic analgesic effects based on acetic acid writhing and tail-flick assays. However, fraction E had an analgesic effect only based on the acetic acid writhing assay. Fractions A, D and E exerted antiinflammatory effects on the rat paw oedema assay. The fractions A, D, E had an inhibitory action on the bradykinin/histamine-mediated contractions of guinea-pig ileum. In addition, fractions A, D and E had the ability to inhibit the production of LPS-induced 6-keto-PGF1alpha production in macrophage cultures. Taken together, these results provide scientific evidence that RC extracts exert analgesic and antiinflammatory effects by inhibiting bradykinin/histamine mediated actions and inhibiting 6-keto-PGF1alpha induction.