葛根素对胰岛素抵抗大鼠脂肪组织中糖原合成酶激酶3β表达的影响

目的探讨葛根素对高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗大鼠脂肪组织中糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK-3β)表达的影响。方法30只SPF级雄性Wister大鼠随机分为2组,正常对照组10只,常规饲料喂养,模型组20只,高脂饲料喂养;4周后模型形成,模型组随机分为2组(胰岛素抵抗组、葛根素干预组,每组10只),继以高脂饲料喂养,葛根素干预组同时给予葛根素注射液100mg·kg-1·d-1腹腔注射。干预6周后,用Western-blot方法检测各组大鼠附睾脂肪组织中GSK-3β的表达,分析对比各组的表达差异;定期检测大鼠体重、空腹血糖及血浆胰岛素、血甘油三酯和胆固醇,并计算胰岛素敏感指数。结果高脂饲料喂养4周后,与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠体重(BW)、空腹血糖(FPG)、胰岛素(FINS)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),胰岛素敏感指数ISI显著下降(P<0.01),胰岛素抵抗模型诱导成功;葛根素干预6周后,与胰岛素抵抗组大鼠比较,脂肪组织中GSK-3β的表达显著下降(P<0.05),和正常对照组比较,无显著差异。结论葛根素显著下调脂肪组织GSK-3β的表达,并且可能参与其改善胰岛素抵抗的机制。     

葛根素对胰岛素抵抗大鼠脂肪组织中蛋白激酶B表达的影响

目的 :在高脂饮食诱导胰岛素抵抗的基础上 ,观察葛根素对胰岛素抵抗大鼠脂肪组织中蛋白激酶B蛋白 (PKB)表达的影响。方法 :选取雄性Wistar大鼠 30只 ,随机分为正常对照组 10只 ,给予基础饲料 ;模型组 2 0只 ,给予高脂饲料。模型组大鼠给予高脂喂养 4周后 ,随机分为 2组 :胰岛素抵抗组 ,继续高脂饮食 ;葛根素治疗组 ,继续高脂饮食同时 ,腹腔注射葛根素注射液 (10 0mg·kg-1·d-1)。干预 6周后 ,蛋白印迹法检测大鼠脂肪组织中胰岛素刺激PKB的蛋白表达含量。结果 :4周后 ,高脂喂养鼠的体重、空腹血糖、胰岛素、甘油三脂、胆固醇及胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA IR)明显升高 ,胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)显著下降 ,出现了胰岛素抵抗。葛根素治疗 6周 ,大鼠的血糖、胰岛素及HOMA IR下降 ,ISI显著升高。胰岛素抵抗组大鼠脂肪组织中PKB的表达明显减少 ,较对照组下降了 2 3.5 % (P <0 .0 1)。葛根素治疗 6周后 ,大鼠PKB蛋白表达明显升高 ,较胰岛素抵抗组增加了 18.7% (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :葛根素明显改善胰岛素抵抗 ,可能与增加脂肪组织中PKB蛋白表达有关     

葛根素对胰岛素抵抗大鼠脂肪细胞葡萄糖转运蛋白4的影响

目的 :探讨葛根素对高糖高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗大鼠脂肪细胞葡萄糖转运蛋白 4 (GLUT4 )表达水平及其转位机制的影响。方法 :实验大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组和葛根素组 ,每组 10只。模型组和葛根素组大鼠喂以高糖高脂饲料 ,4周后葛根素组大鼠予以葛根素 10 0mg·kg-1·d-1腹腔注射。以Westernblot法检测各组大鼠脂肪细胞GLUT4的含量 ,定期检测实验大鼠的体质量、血甘油三酯和胆固醇、空腹血糖及血浆胰岛素水平 ,并计算胰岛素敏感指数。结果 :模型组大鼠脂肪细胞内膜GLUT4含量较正常组减少 38.72 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ,细胞外膜减少2 1.91% (P <0 .0 5 )。给予葛根素治疗 6周后 ,大鼠脂肪细胞内膜GLUT4的含量与模型组相比无明显变化 ,而细胞外膜GLUT4含量增加 2 1.4 6 % (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :葛根素可提高胰岛素抵抗大鼠脂肪细胞GLUT4蛋白表达水平 ,且能够改善其转位机制 ,从而加强葡萄糖的摄取和利用。     

罗格列酮对糖耐量受损大鼠血清脂联素和肝脏脂联素受体表达的影响

目的探讨罗格列酮对糖耐量受损大鼠血清脂联素和肝脏脂联素受体-1表达的影响。方法60只Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为对照组(普通饲料喂养)和高脂组(高脂饲料喂养)。每周记录体质量变化,每2周作1次糖耐量试验;用HOMA胰岛素抵抗指数评价胰岛素抵抗程度,用反转录聚合酶链反应和蛋白印迹法分别测定脂联素受体1 mRNA和蛋白在肝脏的表达,成模后用罗格列酮干预4周。结果①12周时高脂组有18只大鼠成模,其2 h血糖均值达到了糖耐量受损的诊断标准,空腹血糖高于对照组(P<0.05),但未达到空腹血糖受损的诊断标准;②成模组大鼠体质量明显增加,空腹胰岛素和HOMA-IR指数高于对照组(P<0.05);③罗格列酮干预4周后血清脂联素水平较模型组升高(P<0.05),肝脏组织脂联素受体1 mRNA和蛋白的表达与模型组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论脂联素表达的下降在高脂饮食导致的胰岛素抵抗的发生中起着重要作用,罗格列酮可升高血清脂联素水平,但不影响肝脏脂联素受体-1的表达。     

罗格列酮对代谢综合征大鼠瘦素和TNF-α的影响

目的:通过观察代谢综合征大鼠血清瘦素和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的变化,研究胰岛素抵抗与瘦素和TNF-α的关系.罗格列酮干预前后血清瘦素和TNF-α的变化,进一步探讨罗格列酮对胰岛素抵抗的影响.方法:将SD大鼠随机分为2组,即普通饲料喂养组和高糖高脂喂养组.12周后分别测血糖、血脂、血清胰岛素的水平,用稳态模型的胰岛素抵抗指数(Homa-IR)判断胰岛素抵抗的程度,另取大鼠腹内脂肪组织,用免疫组化的方法观测脂肪细胞中瘦素表达的情况.将造模成功的高糖高脂喂养组大鼠再随机分为2组,继续高糖高脂喂养的同时其中一组用罗格列酮灌胃(3 mg·d-1·kg-1),4周后,观测两组血清中瘦素和TNF-α水平的变化.结果:12周后高糖高脂喂养组各项指标均高于普通饲料喂养组(P<0.01),胰岛素抵抗指数与普通饲养组相比有显著升高(P<0.05),血清瘦素和TNF-α与普通饲养组相比也有明显升高[(0.15±0.05):(0.41±0.23),P相似文献   

葛根素对胰岛素抵抗大鼠骨骼肌中蛋白激酶B表达影响

目的　建立胰岛素抵抗模型。观察葛根素注射液对模型大鼠骨骼肌丝氨酸 /苏氨酸蛋白激酶B(PKB/Akt)表达的影响。方法　选取 3 0只SD大鼠 ,随机设为正常对照组和模型组。应用高脂饮食制备胰岛素抵抗大鼠模型。并在 8wk后将其分为葛根素组 (腹腔注射葛根素注射液 10 0mg·kg- 1·d- 1)及病理对照组。实验结束时采用Western Blotting免疫印迹法检测葛根素组骨骼肌中PKB的表达水平。结果　 (1)高脂饮食喂养后 8wk ,模型组出现腹型肥胖 ,高血糖、高胰岛素血症 ,胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA IR)升高 ,胰岛素敏感指数 (ISI)下降 (P <0 0 1) ,表现为胰岛素抵抗 ;(2 )葛根素治疗后 4wk与病理对照组相比 :空腹血糖、胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数降低 ,胰岛素敏感指数上升 ,内脏脂肪重量及占体重百分比下降 ,骨骼肌中PKB表达水平提高 (P <0 0 1)。结论　葛根素可增加PKB表达并改善胰岛素抵抗 ,该作用可能与其增强胰岛素生物效应 ,减弱脂毒性对胰岛素信号通路抑制等机制有关     

PI3KP85α在高脂高糖喂养妊娠期大鼠肝脏中的表达及其与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 探讨高糖高脂喂养妊娠大鼠肝脏组织磷脂酰肌醇3激酶p85α(PI3KP85α)mRNA的表达及其对妊娠期胰岛素抵抗的影响.方法 健康6周龄雌性SD大鼠40只,分为4组:高糖高脂饮食-孕鼠组(SFP)、高糖高脂饮食-未孕组(SFV)、普通饮食组-孕鼠组(NP)及普通饮食组-未孕鼠(NV),每组各10只.SFP、NV组大鼠与雄性大鼠配对受孕,在妊娠第20天禁食水12小时后测空腹血糖和胰岛素水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数;应用RT-PCR测定肝脏组织PI3KP85αmRNA的表达.结果 SFP组胰岛素抵抗指数(11.29±0.28)肝脏组织PI3KP85αmRNA的表达量(1.04±0.16)明显高于其他组,差异有统计学意义(F=38.67,P<0.01;F=36.70,P<0.01);SFV组P13KP85αmRNA的表达与胰岛素抵抗指数呈正相关(F=0.81,P<0.01).结论 高糖高脂喂养妊娠大鼠,肝脏组织PI3KP85αmRNA明显升高,P13KP85α的高表达可能是导致妊娠期胰岛素抵抗进而发生妊娠期糖尿病的原因之一.     

吡格列酮改善高脂饮食导致的大鼠肝脏胰岛素抵抗

目的：观察大鼠肝脏中氧化应激以及胰岛素抵抗的发生并探讨吡咯列酮对高脂饮食导致的大鼠肝脏胰岛素抵抗的改善作用。方法：取4周龄雄性SD大鼠,实验分为4组：对照组,高脂组,吡咯列酮组、吡咯列酮＋高脂组。喂养12周后,称体重后断尾法留取空腹血标本,取血测定空腹血糖浓度、血清胰岛素,并计算胰岛素敏感指数;糖原检测试剂盒检测肝脏组织中糖原含量;DHE染色观察肝脏组织中的活性氧自由基水平。结果：正常大鼠的胰岛素敏感指数为-3.47±0.39,高脂饲料喂养12周后,大鼠空腹血糖水平上升,而胰岛素敏感指数降低为-6.29±0.54,吡咯列酮能降低血糖,增加胰岛素敏感指数为-4.54±0.33。蒽酮法的检测结果显示高脂饲料喂养大鼠肝组织糖原含量显著降低到（13.6±2.7）mg/g,吡咯列酮能促进肝脏糖原合成[（19.62±2.88）mg/g]。DHE染色显示肝组织活性氧自由基水平显著增加,吡咯列酮能降低氧化应激水平。结论：高脂饲料喂养SD大鼠胰岛素敏感指数降低,肝组织中活性氧自由基水平显著增加,糖原含量显著降低,吡咯列酮改善高脂饮食导致的大鼠肝脏胰岛素抵抗。     

葛根素对高脂饮食大鼠胰岛素敏感性的影响

目的观察葛根素(puerarin,pue)对高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)大鼠胰岛素敏感性的影响。方法以尾静脉注射小剂量链脲菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)和高脂饲料喂养诱导IR大鼠模型,给药治疗8wk后,采用改良的高血浆胰岛素-正常血糖钳夹技术,评价葛根素对大鼠胰岛素敏感性的影响。结果高脂饲料喂养诱导IR大鼠基础血糖值(BBG)、基础血浆胰岛素(BINS)、稳态血浆胰岛素(SINS)均较正常组明显增高,而葛根素治疗组BBG、BINS、SINS较IR模型组均明显降低;高血浆胰岛素-正常血糖钳夹试验中60~120min的平均葡萄糖输注率(GIR60-120),IR模型组明显低于正常组,而葛根素高、中剂量组较IR模型组升高。结论葛根素可降低实验性IR大鼠的血糖和血浆INS水平,改善机体对胰岛素的敏感性。     

高糖、高脂诱导大鼠肝脏胰岛素抵抗评价

目的:比较高糖、高脂等不同饮食诱导大鼠肝脏胰岛素抵抗模型的差异.方法:SD大鼠分成4组,分别给予普通、高糖、高脂、高糖高脂饲料,12周后检测各组空腹血糖水平、葡萄糖耐量、空腹血清胰岛素水平(FI)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、肝糖原含量及肝脏葡萄糖转运体2(GLUT2)、葡萄糖转运体4(GLUT4)表达水平.结果:口服糖耐量试验中,高脂组、高糖高脂组血糖曲线下面积分别为(91.6±5.5)和(106.1±4.6)mmol·min·L-1,较对照组明显增大(P<0.05或0.001).高脂组的FI与HOMA-IR分别为(20.2±0.9) μIU·L-1和(5.1±0.3),高糖高脂组则分别为(31.4±2.0) μIU·L-1 和(8.2±0.7),均较对照组显著升高(P<0.05或0.001).高糖高脂组的肝糖原含量为(1.3±0.0) mg·g-1,也较对照组显著增多(P<0.01).高脂组和高糖高脂组的GLUT2表达分别为(75.8±4.0)%和(60.0±4.5)%,均比对照组明显降低(P<0.05或0.001);高糖、高脂、高糖高脂组的GLUT4表达分别为(60.6±5.2)%,(72.3±3.8)%,(57.1±2.9)%,同样较对照组显著降低(P<0.001).结论:高糖结合高脂饮食更适合胰岛素抵抗模型的制备.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.