The effect of weaning diet on the subsequent colonic metabolism of dietary fibre in the adult rat.

The effect of the weaning diet on the subsequent colonic metabolism of bran and pectin in the adult rat has been investigated. Feeding a fibre-reduced diet on its own or supplemented with bran (WB) and pectin (P) from weaning (fibre-reduced (weaning)) was compared with introducing the same diet to age-matched rats reared on a standard laboratory diet from weaning (fibre-reduced (6 weeks)). The effects of the diets on colonic metabolism were measured by wet and dry caecal contents and stool weights, caecal sac weight, and caecal and faecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Final body-weights were greater for fibre-reduced (6 weeks) and fibre-reduced (6 weeks) + P groups, but not fibre-reduced (6 weeks) + WB, than those of the fibre-reduced (weaning) rats. Rats fed on fibre-reduced (6 weeks) diet had a higher total caecal SCFA content than fibre-reduced (weaning) control rats. Fibre-reduced (weaning) + P-fed rats had a threefold higher caecal concentration of both propionate and butyrate than the matched fibre-reduced (6 weeks) + P group. Fibre-reduced (weaning) + WB animals had a significantly higher butyrate caecal concentration compared with their matched fibre-reduced (6 weeks) + WB group. Fibre-reduced (weaning) + P-fed rats had a lower faecal output than the fibre-reduced (6 weeks) + P rats. There was no difference in faecal output in rats fed on either fibre-reduced (6 weeks) + WB or fibre-reduced (weaning) + WB. The faecal concentration of SCFA was in general higher in the rats fed on fibre-reduced (weaning) alone, + P, or + WB than in those fed on fibre-reduced (6 weeks) alone, + P or + WB. Faecal output of total and individual SCFA was increased on the fibre-reduced (weaned) + WB diet compared with fibre-reduced (6 weeks) + WB-fed animals. The diet at weaning may be important in determining the pathways of caecal bacterial metabolism in the adult rat. In studying the effect of a dietary fibre on caecal metabolism and faecal output, when the diet is changed appears to be important.     

Metabolic responses to prolonged fasting and subsequent refeeding in the pig

Metabolic responses associated with prolonged fasting and subsequent refeeding of pigs were investigated. Fasting for 14 or 28 days produced significant increases in serum levels of alanine, aspartic and glutamic acid in the three branched-chain amino acids. Glycine, serine and lysine levels were elevated after 28 days of fasting while the levels of histidine, methionine, threonine and phenylalanine were reduced. Fasting markedly stimulated hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis and the activity of the urea cycle enzymes. Fatty acid synthesis and glucose oxidation were virtually abolished in hepatic and adipose tissue in pigs subjected to a 14- or 28-day fast. After the first day of refeeding, the levels of amino acids returned to the control values. The activity of the hepatic urea cycle enzymes, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase remained elevated after the first day of refeeding but returned to the control levels thereafter. The activity of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase and acetyl CoA carboxylase were slightly enhanced in pigs refed for 4 and 8 days. The activity of these enzymes in adipose tissue was enhanced 8 days after refeeding. Hepatic synthesis of fatty acids from glucose was slightly stimulated in refed pigs on days 4 and 8 but returned to control values on day 16. Refeeding did not enhance glucose incorporation into fatty acids in adipose tissue above the values observed in fed controls.     

The effect of lifestyle modification on physical fitness and work ability in different workstyles

It is generally considered that physical fitness is affected by daily life activities including leisure time activity and working time activity. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different levels of physical activity at work on physical fitness, analyze the effects of 12-week lifestyle modification outside of working hours on physical fitness, work satisfaction and subjective symptoms, and to consider the role of lifestyle modification in occupational health. Lifestyle modification, consisting of aerobic exercise and diet counseling, was conducted for 12 weeks. The data before and after the intervention from 49 male workers were obtained. Physical fitness such as exercise endurance, flexibility, agility, balance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and muscular power was measured before and after the intervention. The subjects were asked to fill out questionnaires about their work activities, subjective complaints, and work satisfaction. Subjects were divided into active work group (n = 14) and sedentary work group (n = 35) for analysis according to their work activities. As for differences in physical fitness due to different levels of physical activity, the active work group had superior exercise endurance and balance compared to the sedentary work group. In addition, the sedentary work group tended to experience greater fatigue than the active work group. In the active work group, flexibility and muscular strength were significantly increased with lifestyle modification and, in the sedentary work group, exercise endurance, flexibility and muscular endurance were significantly improved while balance also showed a tendency to improve. In the sedentary work group, lifestyle modification resulted in reduced fatigue and stiff neck as well as an increased work satisfaction. In the active work group, no change was observed in complaints or work satisfaction, but improved physical fitness led to a reduction in subjective complaints and an increase in work satisfaction. The level of physical activity at work contributes to the physical fitness of the worker and the addition of aerobic exercise in the worker's leisure time improves physical fitness and thereby contributes to increased work ability regardless of differences in the level of physical activity at work.     

医务人员工作能力及影响因素的研究

目的调查医务人员工作能力水平和分布特征,探讨影响医务人员工作能力的因素。方法使用工作能力指数(WAI)表和职业紧张(OSI-R)量表对716名医务人员和325名高校教师(对照组)进行调查研究;应用多元Logistic回归模型来评价医务人员背景因素和职业紧张因素对工作能力的影响。结果医务人员的工作能力总得分(38.8±4.2)比对照组(40.3±3.9)低。单项分析显示,医务人员主观的工作能力评价、目前工作对能力的需求以及心理状态三项得分都较对照组低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);两组人员工作能力优、好、中和差分类构成的差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.05)。背景资料中,医院等级是影响医务人员工作能力的一个因素(OR=2.023);职业紧张中的职业任务过重(OR=1.362)、任务不适(OR=2.230)、业务紧张反应(OR=1.356)、躯体紧张反应(OR=1.778)和理性处事(OR=0.303)亦是影响医务人员工作能力的主要因素。结论职业紧张和医院等级是影响医务人员工作能力的主要因素;降低职业紧张和增强医院整体实力是提高医务人员工作能力的关键。     

The effect of a previous attack of A1 influenza on susceptibility to A2 virus during the 1957 outbreak

The author reports on the effect of a previous attack of influenza caused by virus A1 on susceptibility to virus A2 in the light of analyses made of the rate of sickness from influenza and acute catarrhs of the respiratory tract in a ball-bearing factory in the USSR in 1957. There were spring and summer rises in sickness and an autumn epidemic.In the summer rise, caused by A2 virus, the sickness rate for those who had been ill in the spring (with A1 influenza) was about half (4.7%) that for those who had not been affected in the spring (10.5%), but this was clearly an unstable and short-lived immunity as by the time of the autumn A2 epidemic the rate for those sick in the spring rose to 21.1% although this was still 1.6 times lower than that for those who had not been ill either in the spring or in the summer.Vaccination with a polyvalent vaccine (A, A1 and B strains) was partially effective in the summer epidemic, but slightly less so than seroprophylaxis with the same strains conducted in October. This also seems to indicate the working of the same phenomenon of partial immunity derived from an old variety of influenza virus of the same serological type as that causing an outbreak not long beforehand.     

流产经历对再次妊娠时分娩结局的影响

目的分析流产经历对女性再次妊娠时分娩结局的影响。方法基于天津市妇幼卫生信息系统建立的母婴健康队列研究,收集2009年1月-2010年12月在天津市内六区和滨海新区建档并分娩的36 647对母婴的相关信息。结果共有11 551名(31.52%)孕妇有流产经历,其中1次流产经历8 528名(23.27%),2次及以上流产经历3 023名(8.25%)。相对于没有流产经历的女性,流产次数越多,分娩时剖宫产率越高,婴儿巨大儿、大于胎龄儿、死胎/死产/7 d内死亡的比例越高,小于胎龄儿、过期产的比例越低(Ptrend0.05)。调整孕妇年龄、受教育年限、是否吸烟、是否有过生育史、孕早期首次产检时体重指数(BMI)、孕24~28周时血压、孕24~28周时妊娠期糖尿病筛查值(GCT)、胎龄及新生儿性别后,Logistic回归分析显示,相对于无流产经历的女性,有流产经历的女性剖宫产[OR(95%置信区间)=1.23(1.17~1.29)]、巨大儿[OR(95%置信区间)=1.22(1.13~1.31)]、大于胎龄儿[OR(95%置信区间)=1.21(1.14~1.29)]风险增高,小于胎龄儿[OR(95%置信区间)=0.82(0.6~-0.98)]风险降低。结论有流产经历的女性再次妊娠时选择剖宫产的可能性增加,巨大儿、大于胎龄儿的风险增高,而小于胎龄儿的风险降低。     

Studies of the effect of diet on saliva secretion and caries development: the effect of fasting on saliva composition of female subjects

In the present investigation 11 females of normal constitution were subjected to a standardized fasting diet for 8 days. Three subjects dropped out early during the experimental period. Saliva and blood samples were collected before, during and after the fasting period. Serum analyses were made of some parameters often studied during undernutrition. As expected, values for creatinine and uric acid were increased. Secretion rate, pH, buffer capacity, electrolytes, total protein, carbohydrates, some antibacterial substances, the amount of Streptococcus mutans, total streptococci, and lactobacilli were determined in the saliva samples. The rate of plaque formation was also estimated. The effect of fasting on the measured parameters varied greatly among the individuals. Fasting caused a significant decrease in secretion rate, concentration of phosphate and sialic acid in stimulated whole saliva. There was no significant increase in concentration of any substance measured. The decrease of the ratio of sialic acid to protein indicates a disturbance of glycoprotein synthesis. In resting saliva the activity of a bacteria-aggregating glycoprotein appeared to be unchanged, whereas the decreases in thiocyanate concentration and lysozyme activity were statistically significant. Lactoperoxidase activities did not change significantly. The amount of IgA, IgG, IgM as well as the microbial counts showed no changes. The rate of plaque formation increased during fasting.     

Retaining the ability to work-associated factors at work

BACKGROUND: Prevention of work-related sickness absence has traditionally dealt with reduction of exposures to known risk factors. However, there is reason to believe that there are also factors at work that act as health supportive. This study aimed to identify workplace factors predicting retained work ability. METHODS: The present prospective cohort study included the follow-up of 6337 randomly chosen, gainfully employed Swedish women and men for 1 year. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses odds ratios (ORs) together with 95% confidence interval were calculated in order to estimate the strength of the associations between different factors reported in a baseline questionnaire, and retained work ability was defined as not being on long-term sick leave (> 14 days) during the follow-up. RESULTS: Work-related factors significantly associated with retained work ability were as follows: reporting the work as physically non-strenuous (women: OR 1.6; men: OR 2.1), working at a workplace where there are no plans to close down (w: OR 2.3) and feeling recuperated and full of energy (w : = R1.5), and often being in the mood for work (m : 1.4). Significant associations with retained work ability were also found for age, socioeconomic level, household composition, employment sector, and previous sick leave patterns. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight some factors at work, but also some in the personal sphere that are influential for retained work ability, regardless of sick leave patterns prior to the study period. Identifying such factors can provide valuable knowledge for workplace health promotion.     

商场职工工作能力与生活方式和心理状态关系的探讨

目的　通过对部分商业职工的调查分析,探索生活方式与心理状态对工作能力的影响。方法　采用工作能力指数表对研究对象进行询问调查。结果　有业余爱好与进行体育锻炼者的工作能力指数较高,尤以每周体育锻炼２ 次者的工作能力指数高于性格内向者。结论　生活方式和心理状态均与工作能力有关。适当的体育锻炼和业余爱好以及良好的心理健康状况,均能十分明显地促进工作能力的提高,此外,心理特征也与工作能力有一定关系。     

Reversal of the promotional effect of high-fat diet on mammary tumorigenesis by subsequent lowering of dietary fat

Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene at 50 days of age to induce mammary tumors, and beginning one week later were fed a high-fat, semipurified diet containing 20% sunflowerseed oil to promote tumor development. After another 7 weeks, when one third of the rats had palpable mammary tumors, the rats were randomly assigned to five groups of 31 animals each, with the same number of tumor-bearers in each group. One group was continued on the high-fat diet, another was given a fat-free diet, and the three remaining groups were fed diets containing 10% lard, butter, or coconut oil, respectively. During the next 29 weeks, rats fed the diets containing 0% or 10% fat developed significantly fewer tumors than those continued on the 20% fat diet. The diets containing 10% fat suppressed tumorigenesis at least as effectively as the fat-free diet. Rats fed the 10% butter and 10% lard diets had growth rates comparable to those fed the 20% sunflowerseed-oil diet throughout, and evidence of essential fatty acid deficiency was seen only in rats on the fat-free diet. These results provide additional evidence that high-fat diets promote development of mammary cancer and suggest that reducing the level of dietary fat might help to prevent the development and recurrence of breast cancer in humans.     

孕前肥胖及孕期合理饮食对妊娠结局的影响

目的:探讨孕前肥胖及孕期合理饮食对妊娠结局的影响。方法:选择2007年1月~2008年12月在该院就诊并分娩的孕妇727例,分为3组,调查妊娠结局。结果:孕前肥胖孕妇妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病发生率、总产程延长率、剖宫产率、巨大儿发生率均显著高于正常体重者。孕期合理饮食后,孕前肥胖孕妇孕期体重增长、妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病发生率、总产程延长率、剖宫产率、巨大儿发生率均显著低于未予饮食指导者。结论:孕前肥胖是造成不良妊娠结局的重要因素,孕期合理饮食有助于控制孕期体重过度增长并降低不良妊娠结局发生率。     

Taste of a 24-h diet and its effect on subsequent food preferences and satiety

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of taste of a 24-h diet on subsequent food preferences (food choice and intake of specific food categories) and satiety. We used a crossover design, consisting of a 24-h fully controlled dietary intervention, during which 39 healthy subjects consumed diets that were predominantly sweet tasting, savory tasting, or a mixture. The diets were similar in energy content, macronutrient composition, and number of different products used. Following the intervention an ad libitum lunch buffet was offered the next day, consisting of food items differing in taste (sweet/savory) and protein content (low/high) and intake was measured. The results showed that the taste of the diet significantly altered preference for food according to their taste properties (p<0.0001); after the savory diet, intake of sweet foods was higher than of savory foods. After the sweet diet, savory foods tended to be preferred (p=0.07). No interaction was seen between the taste of the diet and food preference according to their protein content (p=0.67). No differences in total energy intake (kJ) at the ad libitum lunch buffet were observed (p=0.58). It appears that in healthy subjects, taste of a 24-h diet largely affects subsequent food preferences in terms of sensory appetite, whereby savory taste exerts the strongest modulating effect. Taste of a 24-h diet has no effect on macronutrient appetite.     

接毒作业者工作能力影响因素分析

目的调查接触毒物作业工人工作能力现状,分析影响其工作能力的因素。方法应用综合性工作能力指数表(CWAI),对接触毒物作业的417名工人进行现况调查。结果多因素logistic分析显示年龄和个人防护用品使用情况是影响工人工作能力的主要危险因素。结论应针对性地增加工人职业卫生知识,保护和促进中年工人的工作能力,从而全面提高接毒作业人群的综合性工作能力。     

腰靠厚度与计算机操作人员腰部肌肉疲劳的关系

目的 探讨腰靠厚度与计算机操作人员腰部肌肉疲劳的相关性,以确定适宜的腰靠厚度缓解计算机操作人员的肌肉疲劳.方法 选择20名健康在校大学生作为被测试者,在腰靠厚度分别为4、7、10 cm时,用肌电仪检测被测试者进行计算机操作时腰部肌肉肌电活动,应用主观问卷调查被测试者使用不同厚度腰靠时的主观舒适度及出现疲劳的时间.结果 在3种腰靠厚度条件下,1h作业均会导致腰竖脊肌肌电中值频率(MF)降低,出现肌肉疲劳;靠垫厚度为7 cm时,人体主观感觉疲劳出现时间最晚[(45.0±10.8) min],人体感觉最舒适.结论 腰靠厚度为7 cm有利于缓解腰部肌肉疲劳.1h计算机操作可导致肌肉疲劳,应安排工间休息.     

The impact on work ability of ileal conduit urinary diversion

The purpose of the study was to investigate to what extent ileal conduit urinary diversion influenced patients' capacity to work. Sixty-sex urostomy patients were interviewed. Forty-seven of those were employed before surgery. Sixteen of 47 patients (34%) made permanent changes in their working conditions immediately after surgery, i.e. they did not resume work or they changed from full-time to part-time work. The working conditions changed in similar ways for another 15 patients who initially had been able to resume. Bladder cancer patients were more likely to work less than patients with incontinence/bladder dysfunction. Nineteen patients obtained disability pension either immediately after surgery or later. Eight of those considered stoma related problems, mainly leakage, as the main reason for inability to work. Diagnosis, gender, and type of work did not seem to affect the frequency of disability pension.     

The association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and fasting indices of glucose homoeostasis: the ATTICA Study

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association between adherence to Mediterranean diet and fasting indices of glucose homoeostasis, in a Greek adult population. METHODS: During 2001-2002 we randomly enrolled 1514 men and 1528 women (18-89 years old) without history of CVD, from the Attica area. Diabetes mellitus (type 2) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were defined according to the established ADA criteria. Insulin resistance was evaluated by HOMA-IR. Dietary habits were assessed through a validated food frequency questionnaire and a diet score (range 0-55) was developed (higher values means greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of diabetes type 2 was 7.9% in men and 6.0% in women (P = 0.05). Mean diet score was 26.3 +/- 6.8 in normoglycemic, 25.7 +/- 6.4 in IFG and 22.2 +/- 5.8 in diabetic subjects (p < 0.001). In normoglycemic subjects who were in the upper tertile of the diet score we observed 7% lower glucose (p < 0.05), 5% lower insulin (p < 0.05) and 15% lower HOMA-IR (p < 0.01) levels compared to subjects in the lower tertile of the diet score. Additionally, in diabetic/IFG participants who where in the upper tertile of the diet score we observed 15% lower glucose (p < 0.05), 15% lower insulin (p < 0.05) and 27% lower HOMA-IR (p < 0.01) levels compared to those in the lower tertile. However, multiple regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, physical activity, smoking status, and presence of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, confirmed the previous associations in normoglycemic, but not in diabetic/IFG people. CONCLUSION: An inverse association was observed between adherence to Mediterranean diet and indices of glucose homeostasis, only in normoglycemic people.