混合现实技术在肺结节术前讨论及术中应用的研究

目的介绍混合现实技术在肺结节术前和术中的应用。方法以1例两肺多发结节的49岁女性患者最终行单孔胸腔镜下左肺下叶背段切除及左肺上叶楔形切除术为例。利用Mimics医学图像后处理软件,根据患者术前胸部CT影像DICOM数据重建患者肺部影像。将三维重建的影像数据导入HoloLens眼镜,在混合现实技术辅助下进行术前讨论制定手术方式、和患者进行术前谈话,同时在术中利用混合现实技术实时导航辅助手术。结果混合现实技术清晰预显示血管、气管、病灶等重要解剖结构以及相互位置关系。在混合现实技术辅助下手术进行顺利,总手术时间49 min,精准背段切除时间27 min,术中出血量约39 mL。患者术后恢复良好顺利出院。结论混合现实技术在肺结节术前及术中有一定的应用价值,该技术的不断成熟和在临床工作中进一步应用将为胸外科发展带来新方向的同时也提供更广阔的前景。     

术前CT定位在电视胸腔镜手术治疗肺部小结节中的应用

目的探讨术前CT定位、术中染料结扎夹标记肺结节表面胸膜的方法在电视胸腔镜下肺小结节切除术中的应用价值。方法选取2015年8月至2018年5月在本院胸外科治疗的89例患者,98枚肺小结节,术前CT在体表定位肺部小结节,术中在胸腔镜辅助下,以亚甲蓝结扎夹标记肺结节表面胸膜,完成镜下楔形切除术。结果 98枚结节按此方法成功定位85枚(87%),13枚结节因其位于纵隔面无法按此方法完成定位,术中无并发症发生,定位成功后行VATS肺楔形切除术,无中转开胸手术,术中均取得明确病理诊断。结论术前CT定位,染料结扎夹标记肺结节表面胸膜的定位方法,简单有效,准确率高,安全性好,是肺部小结节微创术前理想的定位方法。     

计算机导航技术在肺内小结节定位中的应用

目的探讨计算机图象导航技术（IGS）在术中定位孤立性肺结节（solitary pulmonary nodule,SPN）的临床应用价值。方法术前对患者进行体表标记,使用吸气末屏气技术行CT扫描。手术时将CT扫描数据传输到计算机辅助导航系统,建立两者三维坐标系的重叠,利用体表标记物进行注册,固定有万能适配器的穿刺针在导航仪的指引下穿刺到小结节注入亚甲蓝进行定位,并用胸腔镜切除肺部小结节。结果本组患者的所有结节均被准确定位,无手术并发症发生。结论计算机辅助导航系统可在术中对肺部小结节进行准确定位。     

肺小结节定位研究进展

随着CT技术的发展和体检的普及,肺部小结节的检出率不断提高。其中部分肺小结节不能排除恶性肿瘤的可能,治疗首选手术切除。因此,如何在术中对肺小结节精确定位、并在最大限度保护肺功能的前提下精准切除结节,是胸外科医师面临的重要课题。目前,肺部小结节术前辅助定位的核心是置入标志物,临床常用的定位方法主要有带钩金属丝定位法、微弹簧圈定位法、亚甲蓝穿刺注射定位法以及生物胶定位法等。本文简要综述现有定位方法的发展现状、适用范围及优缺点等,为临床应用及后续研究提供参考。     

医用胶标记在肺部小结节胸腔镜手术前定位的应用

目的探讨CT引导下肺穿刺注射医用胶在肺部小结节(small pulmonary nodule,SPN)胸腔镜手术前定位的可行性和临床价值。方法 21例21个肺内孤立性结节病灶,术前均行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺注射医用胶定位标记,术中先行肺楔形切除术切除病灶并根据病理结果决定进一步手术方案。结果术前CT引导下经皮肺穿刺注射医用胶定位成功率100%(21/21)。穿刺定位后出现刺激性咳嗽6例(28.6%),无症状气胸5例(23.8%),无出血、血胸。术中均能准确定位后行肺楔形切除术,病理证实为肺癌15例,良性病变6例。结论胸腔镜术前CT引导下经皮肺穿刺注射医用胶定位SPN快速、安全,值得临床推广使用。     

CT引导下用Hook针定位肺部小结节在胸腔镜术前的应用价值

目的探讨肺部小结节胸腔镜术前通过CT引导用Hook针进行定位的意义。方法对2015年1月至2016年8月本院的63例肺部小结节拟行胸腔镜下肺楔形切除术,并且术前均行Hook针CT引导下定位的临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结临床应用中操作要点和经验,探讨Hook针CT引导下定位术的指征和规范。结果本组46位患者共63枚肺部小结节均顺利定位,1位患者出现定位针脱落,但仍依据穿刺后肺内灶状出血完成肺楔形切除术。46例患者中19例出现不同程度气胸,但均无须处理。术后病理结果显示恶性结节49枚,良性结节14枚(其中错构瘤1枚,炎性病变13枚)。腺癌49枚(其中原位癌8枚,微浸润性腺癌16枚,浸润性腺癌25枚)。结论肺部小结节经CT引导下用Hook针定位后行胸腔镜下肺楔形切除术,具有准确、安全、有效等优点,显著提高了早期肺癌的检出率,为患者的早期手术切除提供了保障。     

胸腔镜诊治肺部微小结节29例报告

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术（video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery，VATS）在肺微小结节的诊断和治疗中的可行性。方法2000年5月～2005年6月对29例肺微小结节行VATS，术中明确结节所在位置、大小、性状以及与胸膜关系；对于肺实质内微小结节的探查全部依赖于手指的触诊定位，一般用食指即可，若定位有困难，可将切口适当延长至4cm左右，以2根手指协助定位。根据探查结果行结节所在肺组织的楔形切除，术中切除标本送快速冰冻病理学检查，如为良性，则术毕；如为恶性，进一步行VATS辅助小切口开胸肺叶切除联合纵隔淋巴结清扫术。结果全组患者手术顺利，无严重手术并发症和围手术期死亡。食指触诊定位微小结节，无一例延长切口。恶性病变11例（11／29，37．9％），良性病变18例（18／29，62．1％）。8例（57．1％）术前拟诊为恶性病变及3例术前拟诊为良性病变最终确诊为恶性病变。11例具有分叶、毛刺及胸膜皱缩等“恶性”影像学表现中仅6例（54．5％）确诊为恶性病变。21例单发结节恶性7例；8例多发结节良性和恶性各4例。18例良性行VATS肺楔形切除；11例肺癌中6例行根治性肺叶切除联合纵隔淋巴结清扫术，5例行姑息性肺楔形切除术。结论肺部微小结节诊断困难；VATS手术诊治肺部微小结节，技术成熟可行，疗效满意。     

电视胸腔镜手术前SPECT/CT引导Sens-cure针穿刺定位肺小结节

目的观察电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)前SPECT/CT引导Sens-cure针穿刺定位肺小结节(直径≤10 mm)的价值。方法对19例肺小结节患者行SPECT/CT引导下经皮穿刺定位,共定位21个肺小结节;之后行VATS,根据定位器位置寻找靶病灶,并予以局部楔形切除。观察定位成功率、穿刺定位时间、肺结节大小、胸膜下距离、并发症及病理类型等。结果经皮穿刺定位肺小结节成功率100%,平均定位时间(15.0±3.1)min;病灶最大径(7.1±1.8)mm,胸膜下距离(17.8±5.8)mm;而后均成功完成VATS,完整切除靶病灶,无脱靶。术后病理诊断其中16个(16/21,76.19%)为病变恶性。穿刺后并发症包括少量出血2例、少量气胸3例。结论VATS术前SPECT/CT引导Sens-cure针穿刺定位肺小结节安全有效,可提高VATS成功率。     

胸腔镜术前CT引导下双弹簧圈标记定位孤立性肺结节

目的探讨术前CT引导下双弹簧圈精准标记定位在胸腔镜下切除孤立性肺结节(SPN)中的临床应用。方法对我院经胸部CT发现的45例SPN患者,术前采用CT引导下双弹簧圈精准标记定位,然后于当日或次日行胸腔镜楔形切除肺内病灶。记录弹簧圈定位时间,术中、术后并发症,观察弹簧圈在术中的引导作用。结果 CT引导下双弹簧圈可精准标记、定位肺内微小结节,成功率100%,定位操作平均时间为(18.0±5.3)min。定位后无气胸、咯血发生,沿穿刺针道及弹簧圈周围少量渗血8例(8/45,17.78%);未发生弹簧圈移位、脱落。患者均接受胸腔镜手术治疗。胸腔镜进入胸腔后均能看到标记弹簧圈并可迅速找到病灶,获得病理结果。结论采用双微弹簧圈进行SPN胸腔镜手术前精准标记定位,具有安全、准确、方便、易于操作的优点,值得临床推广应用。     

一体化手术室肺结节精准诊疗现状：系统性回顾研究

目的探讨一体化手术室对肺结节诊疗的安全性、可行性及有效性。 方法纳入广州医科大学附属第一医院胸外科2019年1月至2022年3月212例肺结节患者。全组病例均由同一团队麻醉医师和胸外科医师在一体化手术室完成电磁导航肺结节精确定位和单孔胸腔镜精准切除，手术均于自主呼吸麻醉下完成。收集并分析患者的肺结节定位配准时间、术程导航时间、定位成功率、切除范围、术后并发症等围手术期资料，对相关数据进行统计分析。 结果共212例患者，256个肺结节。运用电磁导航技术对肺结节进行定位，校准时间为（0.82±0.40）min，导航定位时间为（10.22±5.94）min。全组256个"靶区"肺结节，254（99.22%）个结节导航定位成功。全组患者均于电磁导航定位后行单孔胸腔镜手术，其中亚肺叶切除247例，占96.48%，肺叶切除9例，占3.52%。所有"靶区"肺结节均完整切除，切缘均为阴性。全组无出现严重并发症或死亡。术后住院时间为（1.92±0.87）d。 结论电磁导航肺结节定位，结合"无管化"自主呼吸麻醉和单孔胸腔镜切除术的优化与整合，为肺结节患者提供了一体化手术室诊疗，安全、精准、高效，值得推广。     

Thoracoscopic resection of pulmonary nodules after computed tomographic-guided coil labeling

BACKGROUND: A limiting factor in performing video-assisted thoracic surgery for resection of peripheral solitary pulmonary nodules has been the recognition of the lesion visually. This study reports our clinical experience of injecting a small metallic marker under computed tomographic scan guidance before the operation, allowing localization of the lesion. METHODS: A series of 14 patients underwent video-assisted thoracic surgery for removal of 15 pulmonary nodules situated in the outer third of the lung. Before operation, a radiopaque microcoil was injected just behind the lesion and then used to locate, under fluoroscopy, the area to be resected during thoracoscopy. The technique was evaluated for accuracy, reliability, and ease of use. RESULTS: Microcoil labeling of peripheral pulmonary nodules allowed in every case a complete resection and a histologic identification of the lesion. It is more stable and accurate than methylene blue dye marking, and it is as easy to perform as computed tomographic scan-guided biopsy. The incidence of complication was small in spite of our inexperience with the technique. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience with microcoil injection shows that it provides consistent and highly accurate marking of pulmonary nodules for video-assisted thoracic surgery, allowing secure resection with a safe margin.     

Preoperative marking of a submillimeter metastatic pulmonary tumor using a mobile computed tomography scan with a navigation system: A case report

Introduction and importancePreoperative localization of non-palpable lung nodules plays an important role in video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). Although percutaneous computed tomography (CT)-guided hook wire marking has become widely accepted, it is accompanied by rare but fatal complications such as air embolisms. We herein report a case of a submillimeter pulmonary nodule successfully localized by a mobile CT scan with a navigation system.Case presentationA 40-year-old-man presented with the two right pulmonary nodules 4 years after a radical left nephrectomy for a renal clear cell carcinoma. One of the nodules was too small to palpate and preoperative marking was applied using a mobile CT scan with a navigation system. We successfully performed VATS wedge resection for both nodules and confirmed a pathological diagnosis of a metastasis from the renal cell carcinoma. The maximum pathological size of the smaller nodule was 500 μm.Clinical discussionPreoperative marking of the lower lobe lesion in the present case was essential for VATS. Our novel technique was helpful for the precise marking without any morbidity.ConclusionPreoperative marking using a mobile CT scan with a navigation system is safe and easily applicable. It might be a useful option for VATS of non-palpable lung nodules.     

Localization of small pulmonary nodules for videothoracoscopic surgery

The aim of this study is to discuss and summarize the localization of small pulmonary nodules for video-thoracoscopic surgery. Thirty-eight patients were selected, 22 men and 16 women, and they underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery resection for small pulmonary nodules: 28 patients for small solitary pulmonary nodules and 10 patients for multiple small pulmonary nodules. In all cases, resection of the nodules was successful. Localization methods included: (i) computed tomography (CT)-guided methylene blue labelling for preoperative localization; (ii) a high-quality chest CT scan for preoperative localization; (iii) visual exploration, digital palpation and 'instrumental' palpation to locate the nodule; and (iv) endosonographic inspections of intraoperative localization. Using a combination of CT scan, digital palpation, methylene blue labelling and endosonographic inspections, all nodules were successfully localized and resected without significant complications. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is an effective approach but the small lung nodules (especially those less than 1.0 cm in diameter) localized at thoracoscopic resection must be treated carefully. Combined imaging and thoracoscopic techniques may help identify small nodules.     

胸腔镜切除术前CT引导下记忆合金定位弹簧圈精准定位肺小结节

目的 观察电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）前CT引导下肺结节记忆合金定位弹簧圈对精准定位肺小结节的价值。方法 对92例患者共102个肺小结节（直径≤ 2 cm）于VATS前行CT引导下记忆合金定位弹簧圈定位,定位后24 h内行VATS手术切除结节,观察定位效果及并发症。结果 102个肺小结节定位成功率为98.04%（100/102）,定位操作时间8~45 min,平均（17.26±5.92）min;2例2个结节VATS术中发现弹簧圈自肺组织内脱出滞留于胸壁;定位后少量气胸发生率10.78%（11/102）,少量肺泡出血发生率12.75%（13/102）,均无症状而未予处理。102个结节均经VATS成功切除,无中转开胸病例。结论 VATS术前CT引导下肺结节记忆合金定位弹簧圈可有效定位肺小结节,且安全性较好。     

Using an image-guided navigation system for localization of small pulmonary nodules before thoracoscopic surgery

Background Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) provides a minimally invasive means to resect small pulmonary nodules (SPN). However, thoracoscopy has limits in the detection of small nodules, which are invisible and/or impalpable during surgery. Methods to localize such lesions, including methylene blue injection or the introduction of a hookwire under the guidance of computed tomography (CT), have some limitations. We are developing a new technique using image-guided navigation system for localization of small pulmonary nodules before thoracoscopic surgery. Methods Four pigs underwent spiral-computed tomography (CT) scanning after they were given percutaneously created pulmonary lesions. The CT data were transmitted to a StealthStation navigation system, and with the help of the probe the lesions were located and resected under thoracoscopy. Results A total of 20 lesions were created. Nodules were located at an average distance of 15.6 mm from the pleural surface. All the lesions were successfully localized, and biopsy specimens revealed successful resection of target material. Conclusion This method can provide appropriate guidance to small pulmonary nodules and prove effective in immediately facilitating subsequent thoracoscopic resection.     

A novel technique for localization and excisional biopsy of small or ill-defined pulmonary lesions

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate radiotracer-guided localization of small or ill-defined pulmonary nodules for thoracoscopic excisional biopsy. METHODS: This study consisted of two parts: a laboratory study in rats to determine the most suitable radiotracer, and a pilot study in humans to determine the feasibility of radiotracer lung nodule localization. The right lung of 12 rats was injected with a technetium 99m (Tc 99m) based radiotracer solution: 4 each with macroaggregated albumin (MAA), unfiltered sulfur colloid (SC), and pertechnetate (TcO(4)). Serial imaging was performed using a small animal gamma camera for 4 hours following injection. In 13 patients, computed tomographic (CT) guided injection of Tc 99m MAA solution was made into or adjacent to a pulmonary nodule suspicious for primary lung cancer. Gamma probe localization of the nodule was performed during subsequent thoracoscopic surgery. RESULTS: In the animal model, MAA provided more precise localization than SC or TcO(4) and was selected for the human study. In the human series, all 13 patients had successful gamma probe localization of their lesion. There were no radiologic or surgical complications. Seven of 13 nodules were malignant, and five of these nodules were stage IA primary lung carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS: Computed tomographic-guided radiotracer localization of small or ill-defined pulmonary nodules using Tc 99 m MAA before thoracoscopic excisional biopsy is feasible and may make excisional biopsy the preferred management strategy for the management of small pulmonary nodules in patients at high risk for malignancy.     

对比CT引导肺结节定位针与弹簧圈定位针术前定位亚厘米肺结节效果

目的 对比术前于CT引导下以肺结节定位针与弹簧圈定位针定位亚厘米肺结节的效果。方法 55例亚厘米肺结节(孤立性肺结节,最大径4～10 mm,距胸膜<50 mm)患者于电视辅助胸腔镜手术(VATS)前48 h内接受CT引导下定位病灶,其中30例采用肺结节定位针(定位针组)、25例采用弹簧圈定位针(弹簧圈组),对比2种方法定位时间、CT扫描次数、定位成功率、病灶楔形切除时间、手术成功率及并发症。结果 55例均顺利完成术前定位且VATS均成功切除病灶。2种定位方法之间,CT扫描次数、病灶楔形切除时间及气胸、肺内出血发生率差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。以定位针定位时间长于弹簧圈(P=0.001)。结论 术前于CT引导下以肺结节定位针与弹簧圈定位针定位亚厘米肺结节的安全性和有效性相当,后者操作时间更短。     

肺部微小结节的微创伤诊治

目的 确定肺部微小病灶的微创诊治方法。方法 对ＣＴ和Ｘ线胸片发现肺部病灶在１．３ｃｍ以下的２６例病人,利用胸部微创伤外科技术将之楔形切出,肿物完整送作快速连续多层病理冲冻切片以确诊,恶性者作进一步肺叶切除加淋巴清扫。淋巴结各组病理切片均未发现转移。术后１４例未作化疗和疗效,５例化疗１～２疗程。结果 １９例最后诊断为恶性,占７３％,全部为Ⅰ期;６例为良性,占２７％。术后病理诊断与术前ＣＴ定性诊断相符     

Thoracoscopic localization techniques for patients with solitary pulmonary nodule: hookwire versus radio-guided surgery

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the best intrathoracoscopic localization technique between hookwire and radio-guided surgery, in patients with pulmonary nodule. Methods: From January 2000 to January 2005 we enrolled in this study 50 patients with a solitary pulmonary nodule, prospective randomized in two groups, well matched for diameter and depth of the pulmonary lesion. In 25 patients we performed the hookwire technique (Group A), whereas in the other 25 patients radio-guided localization was adopted (Group B). In both groups the localization technique was compared with finger palpation. In Group A, 9 lesions were in the left and 16 in the right lung; in Group B, 14 nodules were in the left lung and 11 in the right one. In both groups, the distance of the nodule from the pleural surface with lung inflated was 2.5 cm (1.5–2.5 cm in 12 patients, and >2.5 cm for the remaining 13). The mean size of the nodules in both groups was 1.1, range 0.6–1.9 (≤1 cm n = 18 patients, and >1 cm n = 7 patients). Results: All patients underwent thoracoscopic wedge resection, and 23 patients with a primary pulmonary lesion underwent thoracotomy for lobectomy and radical mediastinal lymphadenectomy. In Group A the hookwire technique localized the nodule in 21 of 25 patients (84%) whereas finger palpation localized it in 7 of 25 patients (28%). In Group B, radio-guided surgery localized the nodule in 24 of 25 patients (96%) whereas finger palpation localized it in 6 of 25 (24%). In Group A we registered 6 cases of pneumothorax compared to 1 case observed in the radio-guided group. Postoperative hospital stay required an average of 4 days in both groups. Conclusions: In our experience radio-guided surgery has therefore been proven efficacious in the diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodule and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery allows the removal of pulmonary nodules without complications. Hookwire was also shown to be efficacious but demonstrated complications linked primarily to external technical factors.