Effects of Soy Protein Isolate Consumption on Prostate Cancer Biomarkers in Men With HGPIN,ASAP, and Low-Grade Prostate Cancer

Fifty-eight men at high risk of prostate cancer or with low-grade prostate cancer were randomly assigned to consume 1 of 3 protein isolates containing 40 g protein: 1) soy protein (SPI+, 107 mg isoflavones/d); 2) alcohol-washed soy protein (SPI–, <6 mg isoflavones/d); or 3) milk protein (MPI). Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), epidermal growth factor receptor, B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were assessed in baseline and ending prostate biopsy cores. Serum collected at 0, 3, and 6 mo was analyzed for total and free prostate specific antigen (PSA). Consumption of SPI+ did not alter any of the prostate cancer tumor markers. Bax expression decreased from baseline in the SPI– group, resulting in lower Bax expression than the MPI group. PCNA expression also decreased from baseline in the SPI– group, but this was not different from the other 2 groups. PSA did not differ among the groups at 3 or 6 mo. Interestingly, a lower rate of prostate cancer developed in the soy groups compared to the milk group (P = 0.01). These data suggest that 6-mo SPI+ consumption does not alter prostate tissue biomarkers, SPI– consumption exerts mixed effects, and less prostate cancer is detected after 6 mo of soy consumption regardless of isoflavone content.     

A Combination of Tomato and Soy Products for Men With Recurring Prostate Cancer and Rising Prostate Specific Antigen

Tomato and soy products are hypothesized to reduce the risk of prostate cancer or enhance efficacy of therapy. A study was completed to determine if men with active prostate cancer will adhere to a dietary intervention rich in tomato products and a soy protein supplement men (n = 41) with recurrent, asymptomatic prostate cancer were randomized among 2 groups: Group A (n = 20) consumed tomato products (no soy) for Weeks 0 through 4, targeting a minimum of 25 mg of lycopene/day. Group B (n = 21) consumed soy (no tomatoes) for Weeks 0 through 4, providing 40 g of soy protein/day. For Weeks 4 through 8, all men consumed a combined tomato-rich diet and soy supplements. No grade II through IV toxicities were observed. During Weeks 0 through 4, mean daily lycopene intake for Group A was 43 mg (± 15 mg) and mean soy intake for Group B was 39 g (± 1 g), remaining similar during Weeks 4 through 8. Serum lycopene increased from 0.72 ± 0.09 μ mol/l to 1.21 ± 0.10 μ mol/l (P < 0.0001) and urinary isoflavone excretion increased from not detectable to 54.1 ± 5.7 μ mol/l (P < 0.05) with 8 wk of diet intervention. Serum prostate-specific antigen decreased between Weeks 0 and 8 for 14 / 41 men (34%). Mean serum vascular endothelial growth factor for the entire group was reduced from 87 to 51 ng/ml (P < 0.05) over 8 wk. In conclusion, prostate cancer patients will consume diets rich in tomato products and soy with excellent compliance and bioavailability of phytochemicals. Further studies combining tomato and soy foods to determine efficacy for prostate cancer prevention or management are encouraged.     

Safety of Purified Isoflavones in Men With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer

Our purpose was to evaluate the safety of 80 mg of purified isoflavones administered to men with early stage prostate cancer. A total of 53 men with clinically localized prostate cancer, Gleason score of 6 or below, were supplemented with 80 mg purified isoflavones or placebo for 12 wk administered in 2 divided doses of 40 mg to provide a continuous dose of isoflavones. Compliance, changes in plasma isoflavones, and clinical toxicity were analyzed at baseline, 4, and 12 wk. A total of 50 subjects completed the 12-wk intervention. A continuous, divided-dose administration of 80 mg/day of purified isoflavones at amounts that exceeded normal American dietary intakes significantly increased (P < 0.001) plasma isoflavones in the isoflavone-treated group compared to placebo and produced no clinical toxicity. With the current evidence on the cancer preventive properties of isoflavones, these results are significant and offer promise for these phytochemicals to be developed as potent agents to prevent cancer progression.     

A Phase II Trial of a Soy Beverage for Subjects Without Clinical Disease With Rising Prostate-Specific Antigen After Radical Radiation for Prostate Cancer

Our objective was to evaluate the tolerability and effect of a daily soy beverage in prostate cancer patients with biochemical failure after radiotherapy. Patients with rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after radical radiation for prostate cancer were instructed to consume 500 ml of soy beverage daily for 6 mo. Tolerability of the soy beverage and compliance were assessed. PSA doubling times before and after the consumption of soy were compared. Thirty-four subjects were enrolled; 5 withdrew before 1 mo of soy for reasons unrelated to soy consumption. All remaining 29 subjects were included in the analysis. Mean consumption of the assigned soy beverage was 93%. Mild gastrointestinal upset (38%) not affecting soy consumption was the commonest side effect. PSA showed a declining trend in 4 patients (13.8%), and there was a > 100% prolongation of PSA doubling time in 8 patients (27.6%). However, PSA doubling time also showed a 50% or more shortening in 5 patients (17.2%). In our cohort of North American subjects, 6 mo of a daily soy beverage was well tolerated and was associated with a declining trend or more than 2 times prolongation of PSA doubling time in 41% of subjects. Confirmatory studies are warranted.     

大豆异黄酮对去睾丸大鼠血糖及血脂的调节作用研究

目的 研究环境内分泌干扰物--植物雌激素大豆异黄酮(soy isoflavones,SIF)对去睾丸雄性大鼠血糖及血脂的调节作用.方法 将54只健康7周龄清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠按体重随机分为6组,分别为假手术组(SHAM)、去睾丸对照组(ORCH)、低剂量大豆异黄酮组(L-SI)、中剂量大豆异黄酮组(M-SI)、高剂量大豆异黄酮组(H-SI)和雌激素对照组(EC),每组9只.用1.5%戊巴比妥钠按40 mg/kg腹腔注射麻醉,除假手术组进行单纯开腹手术外,其余5组均摘除睾丸.高脂饲料喂养4周,其中,低、中、高剂量大豆异黄酮组每kg高脂饲料分别加入大豆异黄酮1、3、9 g,雌激素对照组每kg高脂饲料中加入已烯雌酚0.45 mg.在第2、4周分别检测大鼠胰岛素、空腹血糖(FBG)及血脂[甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)]水平.结果 去除睾丸后大鼠的体重显著下降,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与雌激素对照组比较,假手术组、去睾丸对照组和高、中、低剂量大豆异黄酮组大鼠体重均较高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).大鼠体重多随着大豆异黄酮染毒剂量的升高而降低.与去睾丸对照组相比,第4周高、中、低剂量大豆异黄酮组大鼠血糖均显著下降,中、高剂量大豆异黄酮组大鼠胰岛素水平显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).大豆异黄酮和雌激素可显著降低大鼠TC水平(P＜0.05),而对LDL无明显影响(P＜0.05),不能改善大鼠HDL水平(P＜0.05),对TG有一定的降低作用,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 大豆异黄酮可通过提高去睾丸大鼠体内胰岛素水平而发挥降血糖作用,可显著降低TC水平,对TG具有一定的调节作用,但对HDL和LDL无明显影响.     

Association of Urinary Phytoestrogen Concentrations with Serum Concentrations of Prostate-Specific Antigen in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Some clinical trials have shown that high phytoestrogen intake may decrease serum concentrations of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and phytoestrogens may also lower prostate cancer risk. It was the aim of this study to examine the relationship between the serum PSA level and urine phytoestrogen concentration in generally healthy U.S. men. Eight hundred twenty-four men, 40+ yr old without prostate cancer, who participated in the 2001–2004 NHANES surveys, were included in the analysis. The association of total PSA, free PSA, and PSA ratio [free PSA/total PSA * 100] with concentrations of isoflavones and lignans (standardized for urinary creatinine concentration) was examined using multivariable-adjusted linear and logistic regression models. The linear regression analyses showed no clear association between creatinine-standardized urinary phytoestrogen concentrations and serum total or free PSA levels or PSA ratio. However, the odds of having a PSA ratio <15% rose from Quartile 1 to Quartile 4 of isoflavone excretion (odds ratio = 2.82, 95% confidence interval 1.28–6.22 for top vs. bottom quartile), but there were no associations with having a PSA ratio <25%. In generally healthy U.S. men, 40+ yr old without a diagnosis of prostate cancer, urinary isoflavone, and lignan concentrations were not associated with serum PSA level.     

Demographics and Health-Related Factors of Men Receiving Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening in Utah

BACKGROUND: Identifying who is pursuing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer is prerequisite to effectively influencing participation in PSA screening and educating people about potential screening implications and personal risk. This paper describes the relationship between select demographic and health-related factors with PSA screening. METHODS: Analysis was based on 1,293 men age 40 years or older who responded to a cross-sectional random telephone survey involving 12 health districts in the state of Utah from June 1 to August 31, 1996. Independent variables were current age, race, marital status, education, household income, medical insurance, level of physical activity, intake of fruits and vegetables, receipt of psychiatric help, religious preference, church attendance, general health status, and employment. RESULTS: Forty-eight percent of respondents reported having had a PSA in the past year. PSA screening in the previous year significantly increased and leveled off with age: 23.9% for ages 40-49, 51.4% for ages 50-59, 67.4% for ages 60-69, and 67.0% for ages 70+. After adjusting for age, only marital status and medical insurance were significantly related to PSA screening, with medical insurance having the largest effect. Approximately 50.6% married men and 33.5% unmarried men had a PSA in the past year. Percentages for insured and uninsured men were 49.4 and 16.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: A substantial portion of elderly men, particularly those who are married and medically insured, have had a PSA test in the past year. This information makes it possible to more effectively influence participation in PSA screening and educate people about potential screening implications and personal risk.     

A Phase II Randomized,Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Purified Isoflavones in Modulating Steroid Hormones in Men Diagnosed With Localized Prostate Cancer

Our purpose was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of purified isoflavones in producing an increase in plasma isoflavones and a corresponding change in serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and steroid hormone levels in men diagnosed with early stage prostate cancer. In this Phase II randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, 53 prostate cancer patients with a Gleason score of 6 or below were supplemented with 80 mg purified isoflavones or placebo for 12 weeks. Changes in plasma isoflavones, serum steroid hormones, and safety markers were analyzed from baseline to 12 wk. A total of 50 subjects completed the study. Although significant increases in plasma isoflavones (P < 0.001) was observed with no clinical toxicity, the corresponding modulation of serum SHBG, total estradiol, and testosterone in the isoflavone-treated group compared to men receiving placebo was nonsignificant. Increasing plasma isoflavones failed to produce a corresponding modulation of serum steroid hormone levels in men with localized prostate cancer. The study establishes the need to explore other potential mechanisms by which prolonged and consistent purified isoflavone consumption may modulate prostate cancer risk.     

Serum IGF-1 Concentrations Change With Soy and Seaweed Supplements in Healthy Postmenopausal American Women

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is an anabolic hormone important for growth and development. However, high-circulating serum concentrations in adults are associated with increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Nutritional status and specific foods influence serum IGF-1 concentrations. Breast cancer incidence is typically low in Asian countries where soy is commonly consumed. Paradoxically, soy supplement trials in American women have reported significant increases in IGF-1. Seaweed also is consumed regularly in Asian countries where breast cancer risk is low. We investigated the possibility that seaweed could modify soy-associated increases in IGF-1 in American women. Thirty healthy postmenopausal women (mean age 58 yr) participated in this 14-wk double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial. Participants consumed 5 g/day placebo or seaweed (Alaria esculenta) in capsules for 7 wk. During the 7th wk, a high-soy protein isolate powder was added (2 mg/kg body weight aglycone equivalent isoflavones). Overnight fasting blood samples were collected after each intervention period. Soy significantly increased serum IGF-1 concentrations compared to the placebo (21.2 nmol/L for soy vs. 16.9 nmol/L for placebo; P = 0.0001). The combination of seaweed and soy significantly reduced this increase by about 40% (21.2 nmol/L for soy alone vs. 19.4 nmol/L; P = 0.01). Concurrent seaweed and soy consumption may be important in modifying the effect of soy on IGF-1 serum concentrations.     

Economic Evaluation of Urine-Based or Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reflex Tests in Men With Intermediate Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels in the United States

ObjectivesFor men with intermediate prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (4-10 ng/mL), urine-based biomarkers and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are increasingly used as reflex tests before prostate biopsy. We assessed the cost effectiveness of these reflex tests in the United States.MethodsWe used an existing microsimulation model of prostate cancer (PCa) progression and survival to predict lifetime outcomes for a hypothetical cohort of 55-year-old men with intermediate PSA levels. Urine-based biomarkers—PCa antigen (PCA3), TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion (T2:ERG), and the MyProstateScore (MPS) for any PCa and for high-grade (Gleason score ≥7) PCa (MPShg)—were generated using biomarker data from 1112 men presenting for biopsy at 10 United States institutions. MRI results were based on published sensitivity and specificity for high-grade PCa. Costs and utilities were sourced from literature and Medicare reimbursement schedules. Outcome measures included life years, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and lifetime medical costs per patient. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were empirically calculated on the basis of simulated life histories under different reflex testing strategies.ResultsBiopsying all men provided the most life years and QALYs, followed by reflex testing using MPShg, MPS, MRI, T2:ERG, PCA3, and biopsying no men (QALY range across strategies 15.98-16.09). Accounting for costs, MRI and MPShg were dominated by other strategies. PCA3, T2:ERG, and MPS were likely to be the most cost-effective strategy at willingness-to-pay thresholds of $100 000/QALY, $125 000/QALY, and $150 000/QALY, respectively.ConclusionsUsing PCA3, T2:ERG, or MPS as reflex tests has greater economic value than MRI, biopsying all men, or biopsying no men with intermediate PSA levels.     

Associations of Serum Concentrations of Organochlorine Pesticides with Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer in U.S. Adults

Background

Organochlorine (OC) pesticides are a group of environmental endocrine disruptors that may be associated with an increased risk for hormone-related cancers including cancers of the breast and prostate. However, epidemiologic evidence is limited and inconsistent.

Objectives and methods

We used 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data to examine associations between serum concentrations of OC pesticides and prostate and breast cancers.

Results

After adjustment for other covariates, serum concentrations of β-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (p for trend = 0.02), trans-nonachlor (p for trend = 0.002), and dieldrin (p for trend = 0.04) were significantly associated with the risk of prevalent prostate cancer. Adjusted odds ratios for the second and third tertiles of detectable values were 1.46 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.52–4.13] and 3.36 (95% CI, 1.24–9.10) for β -HCH; 5.84 (95% CI, 1.06–32.2) and 14.1 (95% CI, 2.55–77.9) for trans-nonachlor; and 1.06 (95% CI, 0.30–3.73) and 2.74 (95% CI, 1.01–7.49) for dieldrin compared with concentrations in the lowest tertile or below the limit of detection. However, there was no positive association between serum concentrations of OC pesticides and breast cancer prevalence.

Conclusion

Although further study is necessary to confirm these findings, these results suggest that OC pesticide exposures may have a significant effect on cancer risk. Efforts to reduce worldwide OC use are warranted.     

A Randomized Trial of Lycopene Supplementation in Tobago Men with High Prostate Cancer Risk

This unblinded, randomized, Phase I clinical trial was conducted to determine whether lycopene supplementation lowered serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), surrogate endpoint for prostate cancer initiation or progression, in men with elevated prostate cancer risk. Afro-Caribbean men (n = 81) with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, atypical foci or repeated non-cancerous biopsies, ascertained in a population-based screening program, were randomized to four months intervention with 30 mg/day lycopene (Lyc-O-Mato®) plus a multivitamin, or to multivitamin, only. Serum PSA and lycopene were compared at randomization, 1, and 4 mo using two-sided χ ² and t-tests for independent samples. Treatment groups were similar at baseline. Serum lycopene levels approximately doubled in the lycopene intervention group. Serum PSA declined during the first month of treatment, but returned to randomization level by month 4. The PSA response was nearly identical in both treatment groups. No adverse effects attributed to lycopene supplementation were documented. We conclude that the PSA lowering response to antioxidant supplementation observed in previous 3-wk studies in men awaiting prostatectomy may have been a transient response, perhaps not specific to lycopene. Lowering of serum PSA may not be an appropriate endpoint for the long-term studies needed to evaluate lycopene supplementation for reducing prostate cancer initiation or progression.     

The Effects of High Concentrations of Vitamin C on Cancer Cells

The effect of high doses of vitamin C for the treatment of cancer has been controversial. Our previous studies, and studies by others, have reported that vitamin C at concentrations of 0.25–1.0 mM induced a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of proliferation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and in leukemic cells from peripheral blood specimens obtained from patients with AML. Treatment of cells with high doses of vitamin C resulted in an immediate increase in intracellular total glutathione content and glutathione-S transferase activity that was accompanied by the uptake of cysteine. These results suggest a new role for high concentrations of vitamin C in modulation of intracellular sulfur containing compounds, such as glutathione and cysteine. This review, discussing biochemical pharmacologic studies, including pharmacogenomic and pharmacoproteomic studies, presents the different pharmacological effects of vitamin C currently under investigation.     

Serum HBV Surface Antigen Positivity is Associated With Low Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adult Men

Background

Metabolic syndrome has clinical implications for chronic liver disease, but the relationship between chronic hepatitis B and metabolic syndrome remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity is associated with metabolic syndrome.

Methods

Data were obtained from the Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Participant sera were tested for HBsAg. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines for Koreans.

Results

Of the 5108 participants, 209 (4.1%) tested positive for HBsAg, and 1364 (26.7%) were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 23.4% in HBsAg-positive men, 31.5% in HBsAg-negative men, 18.6% in HBsAg-positive women, and 23.7% in HBsAg-negative women. After adjusting for multiple factors, male participants who tested positive for serum HBsAg had an odds ratio of 0.612 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.375–0.998) for metabolic syndrome and an odds ratio of 0.631 (95% CI 0.404–0.986) for elevated triglycerides. Women who tested positive for serum HBsAg had an odds ratio of 0.343 (95% CI 0.170–0.693) for elevated triglycerides.

Conclusions

Positive results for serum HBsAg are inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in men and with elevated triglycerides in men and women. This suggests that elevated triglycerides may contribute to the inverse association between HBsAg and metabolic syndrome.Key words: chronic hepatitis B, metabolic syndrome, survey, triglycerides     

Investigating the Antiangiogenic,Anti-drug Resistance and Apoptotic Effects of Soy Isoflavone Extract Alone or in Combination with Docetaxel on Murine 4T1 Breast Tumor Model

Background: One major concern in the treatment of cancer patients during chemotherapy is drug resistance. Here we investigated the effects of soy isoflavone extracts alone or in combination with Docetaxel on the drug resistance, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and tumor volume in mouse 4T1 breast tumor model. Methods: Sixty female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, dietary soy isoflavone extract [Iso, 100 mg/kg diet (0.01%)], Docetaxel (10 mg/kg) injection, and the combination of dietary soy isoflavone extract and intravenous Docetaxel injection (Docetaxel + Iso). One week after the third injection, the breast tumors of eight mice from each group were excised to analyze NF-κBp65′ vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) and Pgp gene and protein expressions and the other seven mice were monitored for survival rate analysis until they died. Results: NF-κBp65 gene and protein expressions were significantly lower in the Docetaxel + Iso group in comparison with that of the Docetaxel group. VEGFR2 protein expression in the Docetaxel + Iso and Iso groups was significantly lower than that of the Docetaxel group. Conclusion: These findings may indicate that the combined use of isoflavone extracts together with chemotherapeutic agents has more efficient anti-carcinogenic effects than their individual use.     

Effects of Serum Triglycerides on Prostate Cancer and Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies

Epidemiological studies show conflicting results regarding the link between serum triglyceride and the risk of prostate cancer and breast cancer. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of prospective studies to clarify this association. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database to identify relevant prospective studies of the relationship between serum triglyceride and prostate cancer and breast cancer risk. Study-specific estimates adjusting for potential confounders were combined to evaluate a summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) using a fixed- or random-effects model. A total of 11 prospective studies (619,410 subjects and 15,691 incident prostate cancer patients) and 8 prospective studies (590,878 subjects and 12,177 incident breast cancer patients) were respectively included in our meta-analysis to assess the associations of serum triglyceride with prostate cancer and breast cancer risk. The pooled adjusted RR estimates for prostate cancer and breast cancer for the highest versus the lowest exposure levels of serum triglycerides were 0.95 (95% CI: 0.87–1.04) and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.87–1.00), respectively. Additionally, a dose–response analysis revealed that serum levels of triglycerides were not associated with the risk of prostate cancer and breast cancer. We found that serum triglyceride was not related to the risk of prostate cancer and breast cancer.     

Comparative Effects of Soy Phytoestrogens and 17β-Estradiol on DNA Methylation of a Panel of 24 Genes in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines

Major phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein have been reported to have the ability to reverse DNA methylation in cancer cell lines. The mechanism by which genistein and daidzein have an inhibiting action on DNA methylation is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of soy phytoestrogens and the natural estrogen 17β-estradiol (E₂) to determine whether one of the estrogen receptors is mobilized for the action of these compounds on DNA methylation. We also made a comparative study with a DNA methylation inhibitor (5-azacytidine) and a DNA methylation activator (budesonide). Three prostate cell lines, PC-3, DU-145, and LNCaP, were treated with 40 μM genistein, 110 μM daidzein, 2 μM budesonide, 2 μM 5-azacytidine, and 10 μM E₂. In these 3 human prostate cancer cell lines, we performed methylation quantification using methyl-profiler-DNA-methylation analysis. Soy phytoestrogens and E₂ induced a demethylation of all the promoter regions studied except for those that were unmethylated in control cells. Our results showed that E₂ induces, like soy phytoestrogen, a decrease in DNA methylation in prostate cancer cell lines. This action may be mediated through ERβ.     

Relationship of Dietary Protein and Soy Isoflavones to Serum IGF-1 and IGF Binding Proteins in the Prostate Cancer Lifestyle Trial

High levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are associated with increased risk of prostate cancer, whereas increased levels of some of its binding proteins (IGFBPs) seem to be protective. High intakes of dietary protein, especially animal and soy protein, appear to increase IGF-1. However, soy isoflavones have demonstrated anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects both in vitro and in vivo. We evaluated dietary intakes of total protein and soy isoflavones in relation to the IGF axis in prostate cancer patients making comprehensive lifestyle changes including a very low-fat vegan diet supplemented with soy protein (58 g/day). After one year, intervention group patients reported significantly higher intakes of dietary protein and soy isoflavones compared to usual-care controls (P < 0.001). IGF-1 increased significantly in both groups, whereas IGFBP-1 rose in the experimental group only (P < 0.01). Increases in vegetable protein over one year were associated with increases in IGFBP-1 among intervention group patients (P < 0.05). These results suggest that dietary protein and soy isoflavones, in the context of comprehensive lifestyle changes, may not significantly alter IGF-1. However, given the recent literature indicating that high intake of protein rich in essential amino acids (animal or soy protein) may increase IGF-1, it may be prudent for men with early stage prostate cancer not to exceed dietary protein recommendations.     

The Effects of Diet on Selenium Concentration in Serum in Patients With Cancer

The aim of this study was to determine serum levels of selenium (Se) in patients with larynx and urinary system cancers. We also estimated the influence of dietary habits on Se status in examined patients. The mean content of Se in serum of patients with urinary system cancer (48.94 ± 16.3 μ/l) and larynx cancer (51.00 ± 18.6 μ/l) was lower than the mean content of Se in the control group (68.25 ± 15.6 μg/l; P = 0.000006 or 64.03 ± 16.8 μg/l; P = 0.0112, respectively). In tissue only, the mean level of Se in patients with kidney cancer (75.37 ± 40.3 μg/l) was lower to compare with the dead body control group (220.68 ± 83.6 μg/l). We have observed the correlation between the content of Se in serum and tissue (r = 0.297; P = 0.002). Patients with studied cancers have deficiency of Se in serum and kidney tissue, and it depends on the diet in about 30%. Frequent consumption of eggs, ham, and wine has the biggest influence on the content of Se in serum of patients in Poland, whereas frequent consumption of pulses, eggs, bacon, and lard is connected with the content of Se in tissue.