喉罩通气和气管插管全麻用于腹腔镜小儿腹股沟斜疝手术的效果比较

目的比较喉罩通气和气管插管全麻用于腹腔镜小儿腹股沟斜疝(斜疝)手术的效果。方法收集2016-09—2019-04间在郑州大学附属儿童医院接受腹腔镜手术的80例斜疝患儿为研究对象。将2016-09—2017-12间入院的36例患儿作为对照组,行气管插管全麻。将2018-01—2019-04间入院的44例患儿作为喉罩组,行喉罩通气全麻。观察2组患儿麻醉诱导前(T_0)、喉罩/气管插入通气即刻(T_1)、喉罩/气管插入通气5 min后(T_2)、拔管后1 min(T_3)的心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)。比较2组拔管时间、苏醒时间及拔出气管导管(喉罩)时呛咳、声音嘶哑等不良反应。结果 2组T_0时段HR、SBP、DBP水平差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组T_1、T_2、T_3时SBP、DBP、HR水平较T_0时波动幅度较大,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。喉罩组T_1、T_2、T_3时SBP、DBP、HR水平与T_0波动幅度较小,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。喉罩组术后拔管时间及麻醉苏醒时间均短于对照组,呛咳、声音嘶哑等不良反应率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与气管插管全麻比较,喉罩通气全麻用于腹腔镜小儿斜疝手术,患儿术中血流动力学稳定,且不良反应少。     

喉罩通气全身麻醉在腹腔镜小儿腹股沟斜疝手术中的应用效果

目的探讨喉罩通气全身麻醉在腹腔镜小儿腹股沟斜疝手术中的应用效果。方法选取行腹腔镜手术治疗84例腹股沟斜疝患儿,根据麻醉方式分为2组,各42例。对照组行气管插管全麻;观察组行喉罩通气全麻。对比2组麻醉诱导前(T_0)、喉罩通气/插入气管通气即刻(T_1)、拔管后即刻(T_2)的心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)变化情况。统计2组拔管时间、复苏时间及并发症发生率。结果 2组T_0时段HR、SBP、DBP水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),T_1、T_2时段观察组HR、SBP、DBP水平优于对照组,且观察组拔管时间、复苏时间均少于对照组,并发症发生率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论喉罩通气全身麻醉用于腹腔镜小儿腹股沟斜疝手术,对患儿循环系统影响小,术后苏醒时间短,安全性高。     

ProSeal喉罩在小儿全麻中的临床应用

目的观察 ProSeal 喉罩在小儿静吸全麻中的安全性。方法择期小儿手术50例,随机分为喉罩组(P 组)和气管插管组(T 组),每组25例。通过观察胸廓运动、P_(ET)CO_2波形、皂膜试验、双肺听诊来确定 ProSeal 喉罩的到位情况。记录患儿 HR、MAP、气道平均压(Pmean)、潮气量(V_T)、SpO_2、P_(ET)CO_2及相关并发症。结果 P 组并发症例数少于 T 组,苏醒期躁动、咽喉不适发生率明显少于 T 组(P<0.05)。结论 ProSeal 喉罩用于小儿全麻,操作简便,应激反应小,通气满意,且咽喉并发症少,安全可靠。     

等比通气对腹腔镜子宫切除术中喉罩通气的影响

目的观察腹腔镜子宫切除术中使用等比通气(equal ratio ventilation,ERV)模式对患者呼吸力学、血流动力学和喉罩通气的影响。方法择期行腹腔镜子宫切除术女性患者80例,年龄29～63岁,BMI 20～30 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。按随机数字表法分为ERV组(E组)和常规通气(conventional ratio ventilation,CRV)组(C组),每组40例。常规静脉麻醉诱导后置入喉罩行机械通气,E组I∶E 1∶1;C组I∶E 1∶2。如果术中气道压力峰值(Ppeak)超过35 cmH_2O或者喉罩发生严重漏气(不能达到设置V_T的80%),则将喉罩更换为气管插管。在麻醉诱导后10 min(T_0)、气腹后30 min(T_1)、气腹后60 min(T_2)、关闭气腹后10 min(T_3)时记录Ppeak、气道平台压力(Pplat)、气道平均压力(Pmean)、P_(ET)CO_2和分钟通气量(MV)等呼吸力学指标;记录酸碱度(pH)、中心静脉氧分压(PcvO_2)、中心静脉二氧化碳分压(PcvCO_2)等中心静脉血气分析指标;记录HR、MAP、心输出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)、每搏量(SV)、每搏量变异(SVV)等血流动力学指标。记录反流误吸、咽喉痛、喉罩带血、更换气管插管等气道并发症的发生情况。结果 T_1—T_2时E组Ppeak、Pflat明显低于C组(P0.05),Pmean明显高于C组(P0.05)。不同时点两组PcvO_2、CO差异无统计学意义。两组均无一例反流误吸。两组咽喉痛、喉罩带血发生率差异无统计学意义。E组更换气管导管发生率明显低于C组(P0.05)。结论在腹腔镜子宫切除术中使用ERV对CO无明显影响并可降低Ppeak,减少喉罩漏气的发生;但在改善患者PcvO_2方面未见明显效果。     

i-gel喉罩用于肥胖患者的气道管理

目的评估i-gel喉罩用于肥胖患者气道管理的安全性。方法择期全麻手术患者60例,BMI30kg/m2,年龄18～65岁。随机均分为i-gel喉罩组(I组)和气管插管组(E组)。记录插入气管导管或喉罩所需时间、插入次数、成功率、拔管时间、苏醒时间;测量喉罩气道密封压(OLP),纤维支气管镜检查喉罩对位情况;记录入室后、插管前、插管即刻、拔除前、拔管即刻的HR、SBP、DBP及术后不良反应发生情况。结果 I组插入时间明显短于E组(P0.01),喉罩首次置入成功率明显高于E组(P0.05);I组插管(喉罩)即刻、拔管(喉罩)即刻HR明显慢于E组,SBP、DBP明显低于E组(P0.05)。I组拔管(喉罩)时间、苏醒时间短于E组(P0.05)。OLP为(28.7±6.5)cm H2O,所有患者OLP均大于Ppeak,喉罩对位良好。I组呛咳、咽痛明显低于E组(P0.01),两组均未发生反流。结论肥胖患者全麻手术中i-gel喉罩与气管插管通气效果相同,但插管期和拔管期应激反应更小,不良反应更少,且简便快捷。     

SLIPA喉罩与气管插管在老年全麻手术中的应用比较

目的 比较应用SLIPA喉罩与气管插管对老年患者全麻手术中血流动力学的影响.方法 腹腔镜胆囊手术96例,年龄65～81岁.随机均分为喉罩组(S组)和气管插管组(G组).记录入室后(T0)、麻醉诱导时(T1)、置入喉罩或气管导管即刎(T2)、置入喉罩或气管导管后3 min(T3)、气腹后20 min(T4)、拔除喉罩或气管导管前(T5)、拔除喉罩或气管导管后即刻(T6)的SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2、气道峰压(Paw);观察拔除喉罩(导管)后并发症的发生情况.结果 与T0时比较,两组T1时SBP、DBP均下降,HR减慢(P＜0.05);与T1时比较,G组T2时SBP、DBP明显升高,HR增快(P＜0.05);与T5时比较,G组T6时SBP、DBP明显升高,HR增快(P＜0.05).G组发生呛咳、躁动、喉痛及声嘶的患者明显多于S组.结论 全麻腹腔镜胆囊手术中使用SLIPA喉罩控制血流动力学平稳、安全性好、并发症少.     

Ⅰ-Gel喉罩联合气管导管和支气管封堵器在食管癌根治术单肺通气中的应用

目的 探讨Ⅰ-Gel喉罩联合气管导管和支气管封堵器在食管癌根治术单肺通气的可行性和效果. 方法 择期行食管癌根治手术患者60例,年龄40岁～80岁,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ-Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法分为3组(每组20例):双腔支气管导管组(D组)、单腔气管导管联合支气管封堵器组(B组)、Ⅰ-Gel喉罩联合气管导管和支气管封堵器组(Ⅰ组).记录各组支气管封堵器或双腔支气管导管的定位时间、术中支气管封堵器或双腔支气管导管移位的次数、肺萎陷的程度及单肺通气的气道峰压,记录诱导前(T0)、气管插管或喉罩置人前(T1)、气管插管或喉罩置入后1 min (T2)、气管插管或喉罩置入后5 min(T3)、术后气管导管或喉罩拔除前5 min(T4)、拔管或喉罩拔除后1 min(T5)、拔管或喉罩拔除后5 min(T6)患者的血压、心率及拔管或喉罩期间的呛咳例数,记录术后2d内患者咽痛、声音嘶哑等副作用. 结果 Ⅰ组除T1时收缩压(117±9) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)和舒张压(65±9) mmHg低于术前收缩压(145±12) mmHg和舒张压(75±9) mmHg(P＜0.05)外,诱导期间及术后恢复期各时点患者血压与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),B组和D组麻醉插管后及术后恢复期T2～T6时患者心率及血压高于术前(P＜0.05);Ⅰ组(0例)拔管期间呛咳反应少于B组(8例)和D组(15例)(P＜0.05);Ⅰ组(O例)术后咽痛和声嘶的发生例数低于D组(16例)、B组(7例)(P＜0.05).Ⅰ组定位时间(4.2±1.2) min长于B组(2.8±0.7) min和D组(2.7±0.4) min(P＜0.05),D组、B组和Ⅰ组术中移位例数及肺萎陷程度相似(P＞0.05),Ⅰ组[(22±3) mmHg]和B组[(21±4) mmHg]单肺通气期间气道峰压力低于于D组[(28±4) mmHg](P＜0.05),而Ⅰ组和B组气道峰压差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 Ⅰ-Gel喉罩联合气管导管和支气管封堵器可减轻全身麻醉诱导期和苏醒期的刺激,可安全用于食管癌根治术中气管管理.     

Ⅰ-gel喉罩联合Coopdech支气管封堵器在胸科手术中的应用

目的 探讨Ⅰ-gel喉罩联合Coopdech支气管封堵器用于胸科手术中的安全性和可行性.方法 选择60例全麻下行开胸手术患者,年龄20～65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为两组,Ⅰ-gel喉罩联合Coopdech支气管封堵器组(Ⅰ组)和气管导管联合Coopdech支气管封堵器组(T组).分别记录患者麻醉诱导前(T0)、麻醉诱导后(T1)、插入喉罩或气管导管即刻(T2)、手术结束时(T3)、拔除喉罩或气管导管即刻(T4)的MAP、HR;记录拔除喉罩或气管导管时间及苏醒时间,记录两组肺萎陷评分,记录两组单肺通气前、中及后的气道峰压(P1、P2和P3);记录术后肺不张以及呛咳、咽喉疼痛、声音嘶哑等的发生情况.结果 与T组比较,T2、T4时Ⅰ组MAP明显降低,HR明显减慢(P＜0.05);Ⅰ组拔管时间和苏醒时间明显短于T组(P＜0.05),肺萎陷评分两组差异无统计学意义;术后两组均无肺不张;与T组比较,Ⅰ组P1、P2和P3差异无统计学意义,但术后呛咳、咽喉疼痛、声音嘶哑等不良反应明显减少(P＜0.05).结论Ⅰ-gel喉罩联合Coopdech支气管封堵器用于胸科单肺通气时,气道密封性可靠,通气效果好.     

SLIPA喉罩用于肥胖患者平卧位全麻手术中气道管理的效果

目的观察SLIPA喉罩用于肥胖患者平卧位全麻手术中气道管理的效果。方法选择择期全麻手术患者BMI30kg/m2 60例,年龄18~65岁。随机均分为两组:SLIPA喉罩组(S组)和气管插管组(T组)。记录插管时间、插入次数、成功率、拔管时间、苏醒时间;观察入室后、插管前、插管即刻、拔管前、拔管即刻HR、SBP、DBP、SpO2、气道峰压(Ppeak)、PETCO2及反流、呛咳及术后1h咽喉部不良反应发生情况。结果与入室后比较,插管前两组SBP、DBP明显降低,HR明显减慢(P0.05)。与插管前比较,插管即刻T组SBP、DBP明显升高,HR明显增快(P0.05)。与拔管前比较,拔管即刻T组SBP、DBP明显升高,HR明显增快(P0.05)。与T组比较,插管即刻、拔管即刻S组SBP、DBP明显降低,HR明显减慢(P0.05)。两组SpO2、Ppeak、PETCO2均在正常范围。T组一次插管22例(73.3%),二次插管3例(10%),改用光棒插管5例(16.7%);S组一次插入喉罩27例(90%),二次插入喉罩3例(10%),明显高于T组(P0.05)。S组插入时间(12.1±4.2)s,明显短于T组(52.4±11.2)s(P0.01)。苏醒期S组无一例患者发生呛咳,明显低于T组11例(36.7%)(P0.01)。两组术后1h咽喉部疼痛发生率差异无统计学意义。两组均未发生反流不良反应。结论肥胖患者全麻手术中SLIPA喉罩与气管插管通气效果相同,但插管期和拔管期应激反应更小,不良反应少,操作简便快捷。SLIPA喉罩用于肥胖患者是安全有效的。     

双管喉罩在小儿麻醉中的应用

目的探讨双管喉罩(PLMA)在小儿麻醉中应用的可行性和安全性。方法择期矫形外科手术患儿300例,随机均分为PLMA组(P组)和气管插管组(T组),经静脉麻醉诱导后,记录两组插入喉罩(导管)成功率、肺通气情况;记录插入前(T1)、插入即刻(T2)、插入后2min(T3)、拔除喉罩(拔管)前(T4)、拔除即刻(T5)、拔除后2min(T6)的HR、SBP、DBP及术后并发症。结果两组插入成功率均为100%。与T组比较,P组机械通气30min时PETCO2较高;T2、T3、T5、T6时HR较慢,SBP、DBP较低;苏醒期呛咳发生率较低(P<0.05)。结论 PLMA放置成功率高,诱导、苏醒期血流动力学平稳,术中通气情况良好,术后并发症少。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.