Dietary Fiber Intake and Endogenous Serum Hormone Levels in Naturally Postmenopausal Mexican American Women: The Multiethnic Cohort Study

This study investigated dietary fiber intake in association with serum estrogen levels in naturally postmenopausal Latina women with a wide range of fiber intake. Estrone (E₁), estradiol (E₂), and sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were measured in 242 women. Associations between estrogen levels and intake of dietary fiber, including insoluble and soluble fractions, quantified from a food frequency questionnaire, were examined. The biomarker enterolactone was also measured. After adjustment for age, weight, and other nondietary factors, dietary fiber intake was inversely associated with E₁ and E₂; there was a 22% and 17% decrease (2P _trend = 0.023 and 0.045) among subjects in the highest quintile of intake compared with the lowest. Fitting dietary fiber together with soluble and insoluble nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) showed a much greater decrease in E₁ and E₂ (47% and 41%, respectively) while increased soluble NSP intake showed increases in E₁ and E₂ (64% and 69%, respectively). Two foods, avocado and grapefruit, showed significant positive associations with E ₁ (2P _trend = 0.029 and 0.015, respectively). This study suggests that different components of dietary fiber may have very significant different effects on serum estrogen levels. The suggestive findings relating increased estrogen levels to avocado and grapefruit intakes need confirmation.     

Effect of Flaxseed Consumption on Urinary Levels of Estrogen Metabolites in Postmenopausal Women

Flaxseed is a rich source of dietary lignans. It has been hypothesized that lignans may decrease breast cancer risk through modulation of endogenous hormone levels. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of flaxseed supplementation on urinary levels of estrogen metabolites that may be involved in the development of breast cancer. Forty-three postmenopausal women participated in this 12-wk preintervention–postintervention study. Participants consumed 7.5 g/day of ground flaxseed for 6 wk, followed by 15 g/day for an additional 6 wk. The mean urinary level of 16α –hydroxyestrone (16α -OHE1) was higher at the end of 12 wk compared to baseline (change of 1.32 ug/day, P = 0.02). There was no significant change in 2-OHE1 excretion. The mean urinary level of the 2-OHE1/16α -OHE1 ratio was lower at the end of 12 wk compared to baseline (change of ?1.1, P = 0.02). Mean urinary excretion of 2-methoxyestradiol was also lower at 12 wk than at baseline ( P = 0.03). Based on the current paradigm of the effects of estrogen metabolism on breast cancer risk, the regimen of dietary flaxseed intake used in this study did not appear to favorably alter breast cancer risk through shifts in estrogen metabolism pathways in postmenopausal women.     

Effect of Dietary Flaxseed on Serum Levels of Estrogens and Androgens in Postmenopausal Women

Flaxseed is a rich source of dietary lignans. Experimental studies suggest lignans may exert breast cancer preventive effects through hormonal mechanisms. Our aim was to study the effects of flaxseed on serum sex hormones implicated in the development of breast cancer. Forty-eight postmenopausal women participated in a 12-wk preintervention–postintervention study. Participants consumed 7.5 g/day of ground flaxseed for the first 6 wk and 15.0 grams/day for an additional 6 wk. Nonsignificant declines were noted over the 12 wk (95% confidence intervals) for estradiol (pg/ml), estrone (pg/ml), and testosterone (pg/ml): –4.4 (–12.6 to 3.9), –3.3 (–7.7 to 1.2), –4.7 (–17.8 to 8.5), respectively. Changes tended to be more pronounced in overweight/obese women, particularly for estrone (–6.5, –11.9 to –1.2; P = .02). Our results suggest that dietary flaxseed may modestly lower serum levels of sex steroid hormones, especially in overweight/obese women.     

Interrelationship Between Alcohol Intake and Endogenous Sex-Steroid Hormones on Diabetes Risk in Postmenopausal Women

Objective: We examined whether circulating concentrations of sex hormones, including estradiol, testosterone, sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), were associated with alcohol intake or mediated the alcohol–type 2 diabetes (T2D) association.

Methods: Among women not using hormone replacement therapy and free of baseline cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes in the Women's Health Study, 359 incident cases of T2D and 359 matched controls were chosen during 10 years of follow-up.

Results: Frequent alcohol intake (≥1 drink/day) was positively and significantly associated with higher plasma estradiol concentrations in an age-adjusted model (β = 0.14, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03, 0.26), compared to rarely/never alcohol intake. After adjusting for additional known covariates, this alcohol–estradiol association remained significant (β = 0.19, 95% CI, 0.07, 0.30). Testosterone (β = 0.13, 95% CI, ?0.05, 0.31), SHBG (β = 0.07, 95% CI, ?0.07, 0.20), and DHEAS (β = 0.14, 95% CI, ?0.04, 0.31) showed positive associations without statistical significance. Estradiol alone or in combination with SHBG appeared to influence the observed protective association between frequent alcohol consumption and T2D risk, with a 12%–21% reduction in odds ratio in the multivariate-adjusted models.

Conclusions: Our cross-sectional analysis showed positive associations between alcohol intake and endogenous estradiol concentrations. Our prospective data suggested that baseline concentrations of estradiol, with or without SHBG, might influence the alcohol–T2D association in postmenopausal women.     

Effect of Dietary Flaxseed Intake on Circulating Sex Hormone Levels among Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Intervention Trial

Lignan intake, and its richest food source, flaxseed, have been associated with reduced breast cancer risk. Endogenous sex hormones, such as estrogens, play a role in breast cancer development, and lignans may alter these sex hormone levels. To assess the effect of flaxseed on circulating sex hormones, a randomized controlled trial was conducted among 99 postmenopausal women in Toronto, Canada. The intervention arm consumed 2 tablespoons (15?g) of ground flaxseed daily for 7 weeks; the control arm maintained usual diet. Baseline and week 7 concentrations of 14 serum sex hormones were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and immunoassay, and serum enterolignans (lignan biomarker) using LC-MS/MS. Intervention effects on sex hormone levels were assessed using analysis of covariance. Serum enterolignans increased among the flaxseed arm (+516%). Women consuming flaxseed (vs. controls) had increased serum 2-hydroxyestrone [treatment effect ratio (TER)?=?1.54; 95% CI: 1.18–2.00] and 2:16α-hydroxyestrone ratio (TER =1.54; 95% CI: 1.15–2.06); effects on other hormones were not statistically significant. Within the flaxseed arm, change in enterolignan level was positively correlated with changes in 2-hydroxyestrone and 2:16α-hydroxyestrone ratio, and negatively with prolactin. Findings suggest flaxseed affects certain circulating sex hormone levels with possible implications for future breast cancer prevention research.     

瑜伽锻炼对绝经女性雌激素、血脂及免疫指标的影响

目的探讨瑜伽锻炼对绝经女性雌激素、血脂及免疫指标的影响。方法对20名绝经女性进行5个月的瑜伽锻炼,测试锻炼前后受试对象血清雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)、孕酮(P)等雌激素指标,甘油三脂(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)等血脂指标及免疫机能指标(IgA、IgM、IgG)。结果经5个月瑜伽锻炼后,E2、P较锻炼前提高(P<0.01),T水平下降(P<0.01);TG、TC和LDL-C较锻炼前降低(P<0.01),HDL-C较锻炼前提高(P<0.01);IgA、IgM和IgG较锻炼前提高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论瑜伽锻炼对绝经女性雌激素、血脂及免疫机能有积极的影响。     

瑜伽锻炼对绝经女性雌激素、血脂及免疫指标的影响

目的探讨瑜伽锻炼对绝经女性雌激素、血脂及免疫指标的影响。方法对20名绝经女性进行5个月的瑜伽锻炼,测试锻炼前后受试对象血清雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)、孕酮(P)等雌激素指标,甘油三脂(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)等血脂指标及免疫机能指标(IgA、IgM、IgG)。结果经5个月瑜伽锻炼后,E2、P较锻炼前提高(P0.01),T水平下降(P0.01);TG、TC和LDL-C较锻炼前降低(P0.01),HDL-C较锻炼前提高(P0.01);IgA、IgM和IgG较锻炼前提高(P0.05或P0.01)。结论瑜伽锻炼对绝经女性雌激素、血脂及免疫机能有积极的影响。     

Association of Calcium Intake and Adiposity in Postmenopausal Women

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between calcium intake and 1) body composition and 2) body fat distribution in postmenopausal women.

Methods: Archived data from a previous study including forty-nine Caucasian women, aged 51–73 and at least three years postmenopausal, were used for analysis. Data included medical and diet history from a questionnaire, average nutrient intake from computerized analysis of a 3-day diet record, anthropometric measures including height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Calcium intake represented both food and supplement sources of calcium. Lean and fat mass were determined from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) total body scans, and abdominal fat mass was defined as fat mass between the top of the iliac crest and L1 on the DXA scan.

Results: Subjects were 60.5 ± 0.9 y/o with an average BMI of 26.9 ± 0.7 and percent body fat of 42.8 ± 1.2. Average calcium intake was 1151 ± 83 g/d. There was a significant inverse relationship between calcium intake and percent body fat (r = ?0.36, p < 0.01) and abdominal fat mass (r = ?0.25, p < 0.05), but there was no significant correlation between calcium intake and body mass index, fat mass, lean mass, waist circumference, or WHR. When kcalories were controlled, the inverse correlation between dietary calcium intake and percent body fat remained (r = ?0.24, p < 0.05). Total fat was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the low dairy intake (1–2 servings/d) vs. high dairy intake group (3–4 servings/d), but there were no significant differences between the groups in other body composition variables.

Conclusions: Increased calcium intake was associated with lower percent body fat and higher dairy intake was associated with lower fat mass in postmenopausal women, but there was no association between calcium intake and body fat distribution measures in this population.     

Peer Reviewed: Assessing Calcium Intake in Postmenopausal Women

Introduction

Because foods fortified with calcium are increasingly available, the calcium content of calcium-fortified foods may not be adequately captured in traditional assessments of dietary intake, such as dietary records analyzed with commercially available software. The primary objective of our study was to design and test a calcium-focused food frequency questionnaire (CFFFQ) including foods naturally rich in calcium and calcium-fortified foods. Secondary objectives were to review calcium sources and adequacy of intake in black and in white postmenopausal women.

Methods

We studied a convenience sample of 46 black and 139 white postmenopausal women (mean [SD] age 69.4 [5.8] years). Subjects completed a multiple-pass interview for 24-hour recall of foods eaten and the 46-item CFFFQ.

Results

The correlation between measures for total daily calcium intake was moderately strong (r = 0.53, P < .001). The CFFFQ estimated greater total daily calcium intake than did the 24-hour recall (mean [SD], 1,021 [624] mg/d vs 800 [433] mg/d, P < .001). As daily calcium intake increased, the 24-hour recall increasingly underreported calcium (r = 0.41, P < .001) compared with the CFFFQ. Cross-tabulation and Χ² analyses found that the CFFFQ had greater specificity for lower calcium intakes. For calcium classified by food groups, there was moderate correlation for dairy (r = 0.56, P < .001) and fruits (r = 0.43, P < .001). The CFFFQ overestimated mean total calcium compared with the 24-hour recall by 221 mg/d (P < .001), including within racial groups (195 mg/d for black women, P = .04, and 229 mg/d for white women, P < .001). Dairy was the primary calcium source for both groups (55% of intake for black women and 57% of intake for white women).

Conclusion

The CFFFQ can be used to identify postmenopausal women with inadequate calcium intakes (<800 mg/d) and to identify key sources of dietary calcium. Older black women consume less daily calcium than do older white women.     

绝经后女性线粒体功能及雌激素对其影响

目的探讨绝经前、后健康女性线粒体功能变化及雌激素抗衰老的线粒体机制。方法2008年3月至9月,选取绝经前、后健康女性共计41例,按是否绝经将其分为未绝经组（n=15）和绝经组（n=26）（研究遵循程序符合中山大学附属第三医院负责人体试验委员会制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,且分组征得受试者知情同意）。比较两组血小板线粒体相对膜电位差（mitochondrialmembranepotential,△ψm）及三磷酸腺苷（ATP）。并将绝经组血小板线粒体标本分为2份,其中一份血小板线粒体用苯甲酸雌二醇（estrogenbenzoate,EB）孵育1h（绝经＋雌激素组）,比较孵育前、后线粒体膜电位差及三磷酸腺苷水平变化。结果未绝经组和绝经组线粒体相对膜电位差分别为1．59±0．29和1．30±0．17;三磷酸腺苷水平分别为（3．38±0．67）gg／mL和（1．60±0．97）gg／mL,两组比较,差异有显著意义（P〈0．05）。绝经组肘静脉血标本经苯甲酸雌二醇孵育1h后（绝经＋雌激素组）,线粒体相对膜电位差及三磷酸腺苷水平显著增加,与绝经组孵育前比较,差异有显著意义（P〈0．05）。结论女性绝经后线粒体功能减退,绝经后加速衰老的机制可能与雌激素撤退导致线粒体功能障碍有关,雌激素可通过保护线粒体功能从而发挥抗衰老作用。     

性激素结合球蛋白与绝经后女性冠心病关系的探讨

目的研究绝经后妇女的性激素结合球蛋白与冠心病及胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法将89例受试者按照WHO诊断标准分为2组,57例冠心病组及32例无冠心病组。放免法测定性激素结合球蛋白,并常规检测空腹血糖、胰岛素、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、纤维蛋白原。以ISI作为胰岛素敏感性指标。结果冠心病组性激素结合球蛋白、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和胰岛素敏感指数显著低于单纯绝经后组（P〈0．01）。而胰岛素、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、纤维蛋白原显著高于绝经后无冠心病组。相关分析显示性激素结合球蛋白与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、胰岛素及甘油三酯呈显著负相关（r=-0．320、0．451、-0．131,P〈0．01）,而与胰岛素敏感指数呈显著正相关（r=0．231,P〈0．001）。多元Logistic回归分析显示血清性激素结合球蛋白与冠心病的发生独立负相关。结论低的血清性激素结合球蛋白是胰岛素抵抗的标志,对血脂代谢具有不利影响,是绝经后妇女合并冠心病的独立危险因素。     

High Salt Intake Appears to Increase Bone Resorption in Postmenopausal Women but High Potassium Intake Ameliorates this Adverse Effect

A high-salt diet increases urinary calcium excretion. Its effect on bone, however, is less clear. Recent research suggests that a high-salt diet increases the rate of bone resorption in postmenopausal women over a 4-week period, but increased potassium intake (as potassium citrate) ameliorates this adverse effect. These findings may have implications for the development of dietary guidelines for osteoporosis prevention.     

A Traditional Mediterranean Diet Decreases Endogenous Estrogens in Healthy Postmenopausal Women

Abstract: Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates are markedly lower in the south than in the north of Europe. This has been ascribed to differences in lifestyle and, notably, dietary habits across European countries. However, little information exists on the influence of different dietary regimens on estrogens and, hence, on breast cancer risk. Here we report results of our MeDiet Project, a randomized, dietary intervention study aimed to assess the effect of a Mediterranean diet on the profiles of endogenous estrogens in healthy postmenopausal women. Out of the 230 women who initially volunteered to participate in the study, 115 were found to be eligible and were enrolled. Women were then randomly assigned into an intervention (n = 58) and a control (n = 57) group. Women in the intervention group adhered to a traditional, restricted Mediterranean diet for 6 mo, whereas women in the control group continued to follow their regular diet. Women in the intervention group changed their dietary regimen substantially, and this eventually led to a shift from a prevalent intake of animal fat and proteins to a prevalent intake of vegetable fat and proteins. Regarding urinary estrogens, no significant difference was observed between the intervention and control groups at baseline. After 6 mo, however, control women did not show any major change but women in the intervention group exhibited a significant decrease (over 40%) of total estrogen levels (P < 0.02). The largest part of this modification was based on a marked decrease of specific estrogen metabolites, including hydroxyand keto-derivatives of estradiol or estrone. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that a traditional Mediterranean diet significantly reduces endogenous estrogen. This may eventually lead to identify selected dietary components that more effectively decrease estrogens levels and, hence, provide a basis to develop dietary preventive measures for breast cancer.     

雌、孕激素类药物对不孕妇女子宫内膜雌激素受体含量的影响

对子宫内膜分泌不良的不孕妇女分别使用雌、孕激素类药物治疗31例(A组),单独使用孕激素治疗32例(B组),观察用药前后子宫内膜雌激素受体(ER)含量及组织学变化。结果表明,A组用药后ER含量明显增加(P<0.05),且组织学变化接近正常周期内膜或与其同步。而B组用药前后ER含量及组织学观察均无明显变化(P>0.05),部分病例ER含量有下降趋势。提示:对ER含量低下的子宫内膜发育不良患者,合理使用雌、孕激素类药物治疗,可提高靶细胞的受体含量、使内膜发育得到改善,是治疗不孕症的环节之一。     

The Effect of Education and Awareness on the Quality-of-Life in Postmenopausal Women

Objectives:

Women are one of the most important parts of the family and society, and community health is dependent on provision of the needs of this group. Menopause is one of the most critical stages of life among women. One of the aims of health services for all of the people in the 21^st century is improvement of the quality-of-life. In menopausal women, the term quality-of-life incorporates its physical symptoms such as hot flushes, night sweats and vaginal mucosa dryness. We set out this study in order to evaluate the effect of education on the quality-of-life and the improvement of health standards in menopausal women.

Materials and Methods:

Sixty-two women aged 44–55 referring to and academic outpatient clinic in Shiraz were selected by simple random sampling, and allocated in two groups. Data was collected using a modified Hildich questionnaire on quality-of-life in menopause stage. Quality-of-life of the subjects (vasomotor, psychosocial, physical and sexual aspects) were evaluated prior to and 3 months after educational intervention.

Results:

Mean quality-of-life score in study and control groups, prior to education, was 81.7 and 74.8; changing to 75.3 and 75.8, respectively three months after intervention. The study group showed a significant improvement in their quality-of-life (P = 0.001). A significant difference was seen between groups in terms of changing quality-of-life after intervention (P = 0.001).

Conclusions:

Appropriate training to menopausal women improves their quality-of-life and promotes their health.     

绝经后妇女股骨颈骨折与膳食蛋白质摄入量关系的研究

[目的]探讨绝经后妇女发生股骨颈骨折与膳食蛋白质摄入量的关系,以便采取相应的防治措施.[方法]采用12配比的病例对照研究方法,于1998年9月至1999年9月在天津医院骨科病房选取初发的股骨颈骨折的绝经后妇女30名,平均年龄为66.0岁,同时按12配比原则,从老年妇女健康体检中选取60名没有骨折的绝经后妇女作为对照组,平均年龄65.6岁,配比条件是年龄、民族、绝经年限和居住地.调查并比较两组近1年内膳食中蛋白质、热能与钙的摄入量.[结果]骨折组蛋白质的摄入量明显高于对照组,钙的摄入量则低于对照组(P＜0.05),并且两组的骨密度(BMD)、体质指数(BMI)的差异也有统计学意义(P＜0.05),骨折组均低于对照组.[结论]绝经后妇女发生股骨颈骨折与膳食蛋白质的摄入量有关,提示应适量摄取蛋白质,当蛋白质摄入增加时,须适量提高钙的摄入量.     

Diets and Hormonal Levels in Postmenopausal Women With or Without Breast Cancer

The role of diet in breast cancer (BC) risk is unclear. Fiber could reduce BC risk, through the enterohepatic circulation of estrogens. We examined the relationship between diet and sex hormones in postmenopausal women with or without BC. Thirty-one postmenopausal women (10 Goldin, B R, Adlercreutz, H, Gorbach, S L, Woods, M NDwyer, J T. 1986. The relationship between estrogen levels and diets of Caucasian American and Oriental immigrant women. Am J Clin Nutr, 44: 945–953. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] omnivores, 11 vegetarians, and 10 BC omnivores) were recruited. Dietary records (5 days) and hormone levels (3 days) were evaluated on 4 occasions over 1 yr. Vegetarians showed a lower fat/fiber ratio, a higher intake of total and cereal fiber (g/d)/body weight (kg), a significantly lower level of plasma estrone-sulfate, estradiol, free-estradiol, free-testosterone, and ring D oxygenated estrogens, and a significantly higher level of sex-hormone-binding-globulin than BC subjects. Fiber was consumed in slightly larger amounts by omnivores than by BC subjects. Omnivores had significantly lower plasma testosterone and estrone-sulfate but higher sex-hormone-binding-globulin than BC subjects. No difference was found for the urinary 16-oxygenated estrogens. However, the 2-MeO-E1/2-OH-E1 ratio was significantly lower in omnivores than in BC group. This ratio is positively associated with the fat/fiber ratio. In conclusion, testosterone may contribute to causing alterations in the levels of catechol estrogens and 16-oxygenated estrogens. The fat/fiber ratio appears to be useful in evaluating dietary effects on estrogen metabolism.     

Estrogenic Effect of Yam Ingestion in Healthy Postmenopausal Women

Objective: Yam (Dioscorea) has been used to treat menopausal symptom folklorically. This study was to investigate the effects of yam ingestion on lipids, antioxidant status, and sex hormones in postmenopausal women.

Methods: Twenty-four apparently healthy postmenopausal women were recruited to replace their staple food (rice for the most part) with 390 g of yam (Dioscorea alata) in 2 of 3 meals per day for 30 days and 22 completed the study. Fasting blood and first morning urine samples were collected before and after yam intervention for the analyses of blood lipids, sex hormones, urinary estrogen metabolites and oxidant stress biomarker. The design was a one arm, pre-post study. A similar study of postmenopausal women (n = 19) fed 240 g of sweet potato for 41 days was included as a control study. Serum levels of estrone, estradiol and SHBG were analyzed for this control group.

Results: After yam ingestion, there were significant increases in serum concentrations of estrone (26%), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) (9.5%), and near significant increase in estradiol (27%). No significant changes were observed in serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Free androgen index estimated from the ratio of serum concentrations of total testosterone to SHBG decreased. Urinary concentrations of the genotoxic metabolite of estrogen, 16α-hydroxyestrone decreased significantly by 37%. Plasma cholesterol concentration decreased significantly by 5.9%. Lag time of low-density lipoprotein oxidation prolonged significantly by 5.8% and urinary isoprostane levels decreased significantly by 42%. For the control subjects fed with sweet potato, all three hormone parameters measured were not changed after intervention.

Conclusion: Although the exact mechanism is not clear, replacing two thirds of staple food with yam for 30 days improves the status of sex hormones, lipids, and antioxidants. These effects might reduce the risk of breast cancer and cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women.     

No Association Observed between Coffee Intake and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma among Postmenopausal Women

BackgroundSome preliminary studies indicate that components in coffee may have anticarcinogenic effects. However, the association between coffee-drinking habits and the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) remain controversial.ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between coffee intake and NHL incidence in a large prospective study of postmenopausal US women.Design and participants/settingThe participants included 74,935 women from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study who were recruited from 1993 through 1998. Information about coffee-drinking habits was collected at baseline via self-administered questionnaires.Main outcome measuresNewly diagnosed NHL was validated by medical records and pathology records. Separate analyses were performed for the following three subtypes of NHL: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 244), follicular lymphoma (n = 166), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (n = 64).Statistical analyses performedAge-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine associations of coffee intake (specifically, the total amount of coffee consumed daily, coffee types, and coffee preparation methods) with risk of NHL.ResultsA total of 851 women developed NHL during a median 18.34 years of follow-up (range = 0.01 to 24.30 years; ± 6.63 years). Overall, no associations were observed between coffee intake and risk of NHL regardless of the total amount of daily coffee intake (P value for trend = 0.90), caffeinated (P = 0.55) or decaffeinated coffee intake (P = 0.78), and filtered or unfiltered coffee intake (P = 0.91) after controlling for sociodemographic factors, lifestyle risk factors, and clinical risk factors/current medical conditions. No significant associations were observed between coffee intake with specific subtypes of NHL. A statistically significant interaction was found between alcohol intake, coffee intake, and incident NHL (P value for interaction = 0.02) based on the adjusted analysis. Specifically, among women who frequently consumed alcohol (> 7 drinks/week), those who had moderate coffee intake (2 to 3 c coffee/day) had a significantly reduced risk of developing NHL (hazard ratio 0.61, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.98), compared with those who did not drink coffee.ConclusionsThe findings from this study do not support an association between coffee consumption and NHL risk, irrespective of the total amount of daily coffee intake, coffee types, or coffee preparation methods.     

绝经后女性血清脂联素与骨转换生化指标的关系

目的探讨绝经后女性血清脂联素(Adiponectin)与骨转换生化指标的关系。方法用酶联免疫吸附试验测定287名40～80岁健康绝经后女性血清脂联素以及血清骨特异性碱性磷酸酶(Bone alkaline phosphatase,BAP)和Ⅰ型胶原交联氨基末端肽(cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen,NTx);用双能X线骨密度扫描仪(dual energy X-ray absorptiometry,DEXA)测定总体、腰椎正位、总髋部骨、左前臂骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)以及体脂、瘦体质量;分析它们之间的关系。结果BAP与总体骨密度、腰椎BMD、髋部总体BMD、前臂BMD均呈负相关(r=-0.210、-0.236、-0.223、-0.226,P0.05),校正年龄和体质指数后,相关性都依然存在(r=-0.168、-0.187、-0.169、-0.175,P0.05)。NTx与总体BMD、腰椎BMD、髋部总体BMD、前臂BMD均呈负相关(r=-0.238、-0.232、-0.239、-0.221,P0.05),校正年龄和体质指数后,相关性都依然存在(r=-0.201、-0.189、-0.193、-0.185,P0.05)。脂联素与BAP、NTx均呈正相关(r=0.202、0.215,P0.05),校正年龄和体脂后,相关性都依然存在(r=0.169、0.183,P0.05)。脂联素与BAP以二次方程模型拟合程度最好,其最大决定系数(R2)为0.055;脂联素与NTx以二次方程模型拟合程度最好,其最大决定系数(R2)为0.089。绝经后骨质疏松(postmenopausal osteoporosis,PMO)女性血清脂联素水平较年龄相匹配的正常对照组增高(P0.05)。结论血清脂联素水平与骨转换生化指标呈正相关,提示脂联素可能为新型骨转换预测因子。