妇科NOTES手术与普通腹腔镜手术围手术期护理对比与效果分析

目的探讨妇科自然腔道内镜外科(natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES)手术与普通腹腔镜手术护理方法的异同及效果。 方法回顾性分析北京协和医院妇科2017年期间实施的8例NOTES手术患者的临床资料,术前检查、术前和术后护理、出院指导方面,与普通腹腔镜手术围手术期护理进行比较,总结NOTES手术的护理要点。 结果NOTES手术在术前应排除阴道手术禁忌证,加强阴道消毒和肠道准备,重视患者心理护理,术后NOTES手术患者切口疼痛较普通腹腔镜手术患者轻,下床活动及排气早,护理上应重视阴道出血及留置阴道引流管的观察。术后只有1例患者在术后2个月时出现阴道出血量大于月经量2 d,考虑阴道后穹窿切口缝线吸收所致。 结论NOTES手术治疗妇科疾病具有手术创伤小、痛苦少、术后恢复快等优点,将是妇科手术发展的新方向,但现阶段仍在探索中,护理人员应根据NOTES手术的特点,制定相应的护理计划及措施,促进患者康复。     

经阴道腹腔镜在泌尿外科手术的适应症和临床应用

经自然腔道内镜手术（nature orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES）由于其微创、美容效果好等优势在泌尿外科应用越来越广泛。目前认为经阴道途径是NOTES中最好的一种手术入路。近几年经阴道NOTES在泌尿外科领域进行了大量的临床方面的研究,技术逐渐成熟和完善。随着磁性锚定导航系统（MAGS）和机器人辅助腹腔镜技术在泌尿外科手术中的应用,经阴道NOTES应用前景广阔。本文就近几年经阴道NOTES在泌尿外科临床上的应用做一个综述。     

经阴道自然腔道内镜卵巢囊肿剥除术十例临床分析

目的评估经阴道自然腔道内镜(natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES)卵巢囊肿剥除术的可行性、安全性及术后恢复情况。 方法回顾分析2017年9－12月在上海市第一妇婴保健院妇科行NOTES卵巢囊肿剥除术患者10例,所有患者取阴道后穹窿入路2.5 cm切口,置入硅胶密封圈后,装上Port,建立气腹后用传统腹腔镜行患侧卵巢囊肿剥除术。统计卵巢囊肿大小、手术时间、术前与术后血色素差值、术中出血量、术后24 h视觉模拟疼痛评分(visual analog scale,VAS)及术后恢复排气时间。 结果其中1例患者因双侧卵巢成熟性囊性畸胎瘤合并多囊卵巢综合征,由于卵巢门出血略活跃、缝合困难影响手术进展,中转为传统腹腔镜手术之外,其他患者均经阴道腹腔镜完成,手术均无并发症、无输血。9例患者的平均手术时间78.3 min,术前与术后血色素的平均差值18.3 g/L,平均术中出血量23.3 ml,术后24 h VAS平均0.55分,术后平均恢复排气时间17.5 h,平均住院时间4.7 d。 结论NOTES卵巢囊肿剥除术后患者的切口疼痛感较轻,具有术后恢复快、腹部无瘢痕、美观的优势,合适的病例选择加上灵活的手术技巧,NOTES卵巢良性囊肿剥除是安全可行的。     

经阴道NOTES辅助腹腔镜下肾切除术

目的 探讨经阴道NOTES辅助腹腔镜下肾切除术的安全性和可行性.方法 应用经阴道NOTES辅助腹腔镜技术行肾切除术5例.均为女性,中位年龄41(36～63)岁.其中输尿管结石并肾重度积水无功能肾4例,结核肾1例;左侧2例,右侧3例.全麻,截石位,患侧垫高约60.,于左右脐缘置入5 mm和10 mm套管;自阴道后穹窿置入10 mm套管,并由此置入腹腔镜,充分游离患肾后完整切除,装入标本袋自阴道后穹窿切口取出.结果 5例手术均成功完成.术中术后未发生并发症.中位手术时间190(150～260)min,术中中位失血量185(150～210)ml.5例术后第1天下床活动,第2天排气并进饮食.腹腔及盆腔引流管引流液少,术后第3天B超检查腹腔及盆腔无积液,先后拔除引流管.术后第7天脐部切口拆线痊愈出院,经窥阴器检查阴道后穹窿切口愈合良好.结论 经阴道NOTES辅助腹腔镜下肾切除术安全可行,较普通腹腔镜和单孔腹腔镜手术创伤更小,美容效果更佳.     

循自然腔道内镜手术临床应用现状

循自然腔道内镜手术（natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES）的概念由Kalloo等于2004年正式提出。NOTES是以内镜为治疗工具,经自然腔道（食管、胃、阴道、膀胱、结直肠等）而非皮肤切口．对腹腔脏器疾病进行治疗的微创外科治疗方法,其作为新型腹壁无瘢痕手术比腹腔镜手术更为微创。NOTES从概念的提出到动物实验及临床应用,发展迅速。     

经自然腔道内镜手术研究进展及其在泌尿外壳领域的应用

腹腔镜手术技术的引人及发展对于患者的治疗起到了非常重要的作用.经自然腔道内镜手术（natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES）是一种新出现的、结合内镜与腹腔镜技术经由自然腔道（如：口、肛门、阴道、尿道等）对腹腔内病变进行诊断和治疗的手术方法.因其具有无需腹部手术切口、消除了切口相关并发症、减少腹腔内粘连、术后疼痛轻、恢复快等潜在优势而得以迅速发展.本文将对NOTES在泌尿科的应用及发展史作一综述.     

经阴道纯NOTES肾囊肿去顶术1例报告并文献复习

目的：报告1例经阴道纯自然腔道内镜手术（NOTES）肾囊肿去顶术的临床经验和体会。方法：采用经阴道纯NOTES肾囊肿去顶术治疗右肾囊肿患者l例。患者取截石位,患侧垫高约30°,头低脚高约25°。剪开阴道后穹窿黏膜约3cm,在5mm无损伤分离钳的引导下置人5mmTrocar,插入5mmO°远端可弯曲（四方向）腹腔镜,证实无肠管损伤。扩大阴道后穹窿切口至3cm,置入Triport。改头高脚低约25°,患侧抬高约60°。游离右肾囊肿,切除外露囊壁并取出,彻底止血后留置盆腔引流管,关闭切口。结果：手术顺利完成。手术时间75min,术中失血量约为20m1。患者于术后第1天拔除尿管和盆腔引流管并下床活动,第2天肛门通气并进饮食。术后第4天出院。结论：经阴道纯NOTES肾囊肿去顶术临床应用可行,其美容优势明显。该手术的成功实施,为经阴道纯NOTES其它术式的探索提供了借鉴。     

经阴道自然腔道内镜手术全子宫切除12例:可行性和安全性分析

目的探讨经阴道自然腔道内镜手术(natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES)全子宫切除+双侧附件(或输卵管)切除的可行性和安全性。方法 2017年5月至12月在北京协和医院因良性子宫疾病、子宫内膜不典型增生或子宫颈上皮内瘤变拟行腹腔镜全子宫切除术+双侧附件(或输卵管)切除术遴选入组进行经阴道NOTES。结果 12例经阴道NOTES均成功完成,无一例中转传统多孔腹腔镜手术或开腹手术,患者年龄(49.17±4.28)岁,平均产次1.5次,平均体质量指数23.9 kg/m2,手术时间(98.92±13.39)min,术中出血量(53.75±21.33)ml;子宫重量55~195 g,平均(105.83±39.19)g;术前血红蛋白(119±13.2)g/L与术后血红蛋白(118±12.7)g/L相比,无明显变化。术中及术后均无并发症发生。术后住院时间(2.5±0.52)d,术后胃肠道功能恢复时间(9.42±2.81)h,术后视觉模拟评分法评分(3.00±0.74)分,术后随诊时间(4.17±2.04)个月,所有患者的阴道残端切口愈合良好,无瘢痕形成。结论经阴道NOTES全子宫切除+双侧附件(或双侧输卵管)切除是一种安全、可行的方法,手术效果与传统腹腔镜手术及单孔腹腔镜手术相当,且手术无切口瘢痕,在美容效果及术后康复方面与前两者相比具有一定优势。     

经自然腔道内镜技术在泌尿外科的应用

经自然腔道内镜手术(natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES)代表着即将到来的微创治疗新时代,是继腹腔镜手术后又一次外科领域的革新,与传统开放手术不同,NOTES减少了腹壁切口和手术并发症.随着腹腔镜技术和理念的普及、内镜治疗器械和技术的进步,NOTES...     

从美容医学角度探讨单孔腹腔镜在临床中的应用

随着微创外科技术的发展,最大程度的减少手术创伤和美容效果成为外科医师的追求.经自然腔道内镜手术(NOTES)应运而生,即通过一条长的可弯曲的内镜,经患者的口、阴道、尿道、肛门等自然腔道进人体内,穿刺胃、阴道、膀胱、结直肠、食道等脏器进入腹腔和胸腔进行手术,术后患者腹壁无手术切口和疤痕,实现了"无疤痕"(No Scar)和微创、更加美观的效果.但由于受设备、器械所限,加之技术难度高,存在腹腔感染和脏器穿孔的风险,NOTES技术难以在临床广泛开展.[1]而经脐入路单孔腹腔镜技术(TSPALC),同样达到了腹壁无瘢痕和较好的美容效果,但较NOTES技术难度和手术风险大为降低,极具推广价值,将成为主流的腹腔镜微创手术.     

Transvaginal specimen removal in minimally invasive surgery

The demand for urological surgical treatment associated with better cosmesis, lower morbidity rates and shorter hospitalization constantly grows. The transvaginal route has been proposed in an attempt to avoid long abdominal incisions for the removal of the large laparoscopic specimens. Moreover, the transvaginal NOTES approach represents a promising evolution of laparoscopic surgery to a more “minimally invasive” alternative. The current review summarizes the available experience in the literature in transvaginal conventional laparoscopy and NOTES in urology, gynecology and general surgery. The clinical outcome is presented. The most important issues associated with the transvaginal approach are the complications and the postoperative sexual function. These issues are presented.     

Primera nefrectomía transvaginal híbrida por cáncer renal

NOTES (Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery) is a surgical modality that uses empty organs as an access to the peritoneal cavity, avoiding skin incisions. If we combine this surgery with the classical laparoscopic approach, a new hybrid technique is obtained. This approach will permit us to work on wide operating fields with large organs, as the kidney, minimizing skin incisions. We present the first hybrid transvaginal radical nephrectomy due to renal cancer. In order to perform this procedure, we used a vaginal access for introduction of a deflectable camera and the assistance of two additional abdominal trocars. The vaginal incision for the trocar was enlarged for organ removal. Hybrid transvaginally NOTES assisted radical nephrectomy is a reproducible and feasible technique that has to be kept in mind for women who are candidates to nephrectomy for renal cancer.     

Transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery-assisted minilaparoscopic nephrectomy: a step towards scarless surgery

The feasibility of a transvaginal hybrid natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) nephrectomy has already been demonstrated using standard laparoscopic ports through the abdominal wall. We evaluated the feasibility of a transvaginal NOTES-assisted minilaparoscopic nephrectomy (mLN).The patient is positioned in a semilumbotomy position with legs separated to allow for vaginal access. A 3.5-mm port is placed at the umbilicus for a 30° laparoscope; two 3.5-mm ports are placed in the flank in the same location as for a standard transperitoneal nephrectomy; and a 12-mm port is placed through the vagina, perforating the vaginal wall. Kidney dissection is performed following the steps of a traditional nephrectomy. The renal pedicle is dissected and secured with Hem-o-Lok clips through the vaginal access port. The specimen is then extracted through an extended incision in the posterior wall of the vagina.We treated five patients. The average operative time was 120 min, blood loss was 160 ml, and no complications were recorded.Our initial experience suggests that transvaginal NOTES-assisted mLN is feasible and appears to be safe. It is simpler than a pure NOTES procedure and ensures excellent cosmetic results.     

Pure natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) nephrectomy using standard laparoscopic instruments in the porcine model

PURPOSE: Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) is an emerging technology that uses endoscopic instruments passed into the peritoneal cavity through hollow viscera to perform surgical procedures without the use of abdominal incisions. There are, however, limitations regarding the equipment available to simulate traditional surgery. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of a pure NOTES nephrectomy by using standard laparoscopic instruments through a modified transvaginal trocar. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One 40-kg female swine underwent transgastric peritoneoscopy. Transgastric endoscopic visualization guided the introduction of a second transvaginal endoscope through a novel laparoscopic trocar/endoscopic overtube device. The retroflexed transgastric endoscope provided triangulated visualization as standard endoscopic instruments provided retraction, which allowed dissection of the kidney with standard laparoscopic instruments through our modified transvaginal trocar device. Each renal hilum, artery, vein, and ureter was dissected and divided with a transvaginal laparoscopic stapler. RESULTS: Transgastric and transvaginal NOTES accesses were easily achieved, and bilateral nephrectomies were performed. Completion of peritoneoscopy revealed complete hemostasis and identification of ligated ureters and hilar vessels. Total operative time was 40 and 20 minutes for the right and left kidney, respectively. One kidney was captured with a laparoscopic retrieval sac and removed intact through the vaginal defect. CONCLUSIONS: Pure NOTES nephrectomies are technically feasible in the porcine model by using standard laparoscopic instruments. Survival studies are necessary to determine the long-term complications and physiologic implications of NOTES nephrectomy. The development of innovative NOTES access trocars may allow for an increased armamentarium of NOTES instruments.     

Scarless surgery for a huge liver cyst: A case report

IntroductionSymptomatic or complicated liver cysts sometimes require surgical intervention and laparoscopic fenestration is the definitive treatment for these cysts. We performed minimally invasive surgery, hybrid natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) without scarring, for a huge liver cyst.Presentation of caseAn 82-year-old female presented with a month-long history of right upper abdominal pain. We diagnosed her condition as a huge liver cyst by morphological studies. She denied any history of abdominal trauma. Her serum CEA and CA19-9 were normal and a serum echinococcus serologic test was negative. Laparoscopic fenestration, using a hybrid NOTES procedure via a transvaginal approach, was performed for a huge liver cyst because we anticipated difficulty with an umbilical approach, such as single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS). Her post-operative course was uneventful and she was discharged from our hospital three days after surgery. Pain killers were not required during and after hospitalization. No recurrence of the liver cyst or bulging was detected by clinical examination two years later.DiscussionA recent trend of laparoscopic procedure has been towards minimizing the number of incisions to achieve less invasiveness. This hybrid NOTES, with a small incision for abdominal access, along with vaginal access, enabled painless operation for a huge liver cyst.ConclusionWe report a huge liver cyst treated by hybrid NOTES. This approach is safe, less invasive, and may be the first choice for a huge liver cyst.     

经阴道纯NOTES肾切除术2例报告并文献复习

目的：评价经阴道纯自然腔道内镜手术（NOTES）肾切除术的临床可行性和有效性。方法：对1例右肾无功能和1例左。肾结石并左肾萎缩、左肾无功能的女性患者行经阴道纯NOTES肾切除术。患者取全麻,截石位。切开阴道后穹窿,置入Triport及操作器械。所有操作均经此Triport完成,按照普通腹腔镜肾切除方法游离并切除患肾,装入自制标本袋,自阴道后穹窿切口取出。留置盆腔引流管,缝合阴道后穹窿切口。结果：手术均顺利完成,术中未出现肠管、实质性器官和大血管损伤等并发症。手术时间分别为330min、300min,术中失血量分别为300ml、250ml。例1、2分别于术后第2、1天下床活动,第3、2天肛门通气并进饮食。2例均于术后第6天痊愈出院,患者体表均无切口或穿刺孔。结论：经阴道纯NOTES肾切除术临床应用可行,美容优势明显,可在临床选用。但仍需进一步研发、完善相关器械。     

Partial gastrectomy using natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) for gastric submucosal tumors: early experience in humans

Background

Transvaginal endoscopic gastric surgery is one of the cutting edge procedures in the field of natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). Its feasibility has been shown sporadically in bariatric cases but not in oncologic conditions. The authors report their early experience with hybrid transvaginal NOTES gastrectomy for gastric submucosal tumors (SMTs).

Methods

Two female patients with SMTs in the distal stomach participated in this institutional review board (IRB)-approved study. Surgical indication was determined according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) sarcoma guidelines, and the study adhered to the following oncologic principles: no direct handling of the lesion, full-thickness resection, and reasonable surgical margins. The study protocol required a minimum of two laparoscopic ports to ensure procedural safety and aforementioned oncologic appropriateness. Under laparoscopic guidance, a transvaginal route was created and secured with a 50-cm flexible overtube. A gastrointestinal endoscope was introduced, and the perigastric dissection was performed using an insulation-tipped diathermy knife (IT knife) and needle knife. This process was assisted with two laparoscopic graspers. After perigastric mobilization, the transvaginal endoscope was replaced with a digital stapling device, and partial gastrectomy was accomplished. The resected specimen was isolated and delivered through the vagina, and the vaginal wound was closed under direct vision. Outcomes measurements included surgical results, pain scoring, and clinical outcomes.

Results

Both operations were completed successfully in compliance with the aforementioned oncologic principles. The operating time was 365 and 170 min, respectively. The estimated blood loss was negligible. A minilaparotomy for specimen delivery was successfully avoided in both cases. A minimal vaginal incision was added for one patient at retrieval. Postoperatively, both patients reported no pain and recovered rapidly. The final diagnosis was hemorrhagic lipoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), respectively.

Conclusion

Our initial experience with human transvaginal NOTES gastrectomy showed it to be feasible and safe for gastric SMTs. It is a complex but promising surgical alternative for female oncologic patients undergoing partial gastric resection.     

NOTES: transvaginal for cancer diagnostic staging: preliminary clinical application

Laparoscopy is now a reliable method for staging gastrointestinal cancer, orienting the therapy, and avoiding unnecessary laparotomy. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is an emerging concept with potential advantages for patient recovery. The first case of clinical diagnostic application of transvaginal NOTES for diagnostic cancer staging is presented. Informed consent and Institutional Commission approval were obtained for transvaginal clinical trials. On February 28, 2007, a patient with elective surgical indication for diagnostic cancer staging was submitted to transvaginal NOTES procedure, and intra- and postoperative parameters were documented. In a 50-year-old female patient presenting with ascitis, diffuse abdominal pain, and weight loss for 2 months, diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis was suspected, which was also found when a CT scan was performed. Transvaginal NOTES was used for diagnostic staging of the patient, using a colonoscope introduced into the abdomen through a small incision in the vagina. Biopsies of liver, diaphragm, ovaries, and peritoneum were successfully performed. Operative time was 105 min, vaginal access and closure was obtained in 15 min. Abdominal inventory was reliable, and all 16 biopsies taken were positive for ovarian adenocarcinoma. The patient was dismissed 48 hours after the procedure without complications. Recent literature and experience of the study group suggest possibilities for preliminary clinical applications by transvaginal natural orifice surgery for diagnostic purposes.     

Totally NOTES (T-NOTES) transvaginal cholecystectomy using two endoscopes: preliminary report

Background

Clinical applications of transvaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) are still limited in the literature, mostly case reports performed by hybrid procedures with laparoscopic assistance. Avoiding complications from incisions is the main goal for natural orifice surgery. This study reports on a technique developed at our institution that uses two endoscopes inserted into the vagina to perform a Totally NOTES (T-NOTES) transvaginal cholecystectomy, and describes preliminary results.

Methods

IRB approval was obtained at the institution for transvaginal NOTES clinical trials, and informed consent was obtained. The technique of T-NOTES transvaginal cholecystectomy was clinically applied in four female patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis, and data were prospectively documented. Transvaginal NOTES access was obtained by direct vaginal incision, and two endoscopes were simultaneously introduced in the abdominal cavity. Dissection was accomplished with available endoscopic instruments. Ligation of cystic duct and artery was performed using endoscopic clips. Vaginal closure was achieved using the direct-vision sutured technique.

Results

The technique was successfully performed in the four patients. Insufflation and spatial orientation was of good quality. Mean operative time was 210 min. There were no complications during the 30-day follow-up. Postoperative course was uneventful, and patients were released from the hospital on the first postoperative day.

Conclusion

Tranvaginal T-NOTES using two endoscopes provides a feasible method for natural orifice cholecystectomy using available technology. Large-series studies are needed to evaluate the results with respect to safety of the approach.