Ginsenoside Rd elicits Th1 and Th2 immune responses to ovalbumin in mice

Ginsenoside Rd (Rd), a saponin isolated from the roots of panax notoginseng, was evaluated for inducing Th1 or Th2 immune responses in mice against ovalbumin (OVA). ICR mice were immunized subcutaneously with OVA 100 microg alone or with OVA 100 microg dissolved in saline containing alum (200 microg), or Rd (10, 25 or 50 microg) on days 1 and 15. Two weeks later (day 28), concanavalin A (Con A)-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and OVA-stimulated splenocyte proliferation was determined using MTT assay, and OVA-specific antibody titers and levels of cytokines in serum were measured by ELISA and microparticle-based flow cytometric immunoassay, as well as peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets analyzed using flow cytometer. Rd significantly enhanced the Con A-, LPS-, and OVA-induced splenocyte proliferation in the OVA-immunized mice. OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b antibody titers in serum were significantly enhanced by Rd compared with OVA control group. Meanwhile, Rd also significantly promoted the production of the Th1 and Th2 cytokines in OVA-immunized mice. Further, the effects of Rd on expression of cytokine mRNA in Con A-stimulated mice splenocytes were evaluated by RT-PCR analysis. Rd significantly enhanced the interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-4, and IL-10 mRNA expression in mice splenocyte induced by Con A. These results suggested that Rd had immunological adjuvant activity, and elicited a Th1 and Th2 immune response by regulating production and gene expression of Th1 cytokines and Th2 cytokines.     

多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌基因同源性分析及流行病学调查

目的 了解重症监护病房(ICU)流行的多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌(MDR-AB)耐药谱特征及其同源性,为临床防治提供依据.方法 MDR-AB分离自2007年5月,4株系住ICU肺部感染患者的痰标本,4株系病房物体表面;按<全国检验技术操作规程>要求操作,用全自动微生物分析仪进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验;用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对8株鲍氏不动杆菌进行基因分型,明确其是否为同一菌株的克隆.结果 4株痰标本的鲍氏不动杆菌对包括碳青酶烯类在内的多种抗菌药物耐药,经DNA分型同为A型,另4株物体表面的鲍氏不动杆菌经DNA分型亦同为A型,8株有高度同源性,证实为同一克隆株.结论 鲍氏不动杆菌为多药耐药株,同一克隆株在不同感染个体间的相互传播导致了ICU内感染的流行;1号株可能是交叉感染的源头,医护人员标准预防未到位,尤其是手卫生问题是可能的传播途径.     

柠檬酸杆菌属医院感染特性与多药耐药分析

目的 调查医院柠檬酸杆菌属感染的菌群分布、产酶的特性和对抗菌药物的耐药性,分析其多药耐药(MDR)特点,指导临床用药.方法 对临床分离147株柠檬酸杆菌属,采用三维试验检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)和AmpC酶,用双纸片协同试验检测金属β-内酰胺酶(MBL),并使用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法测定其对15种抗菌药物的耐药性.结果 柠檬酸杆菌属医院感染以弗氏柠檬酸杆菌为主,其次是无丙二酸柠檬酸杆菌,ICU的分离率与内、外科、其他病区相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);呼吸道与泌尿道感染率相近,明显高于其他部位(P＜0.01);柠檬酸杆菌属总分离株的ESBLs、AmpC、同产ESBLs和AmpC、MBL检出率分别为36.05%、10.20%、7.48%和2.72%,总分离株对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率分别为4.76%、3.40%,其次是对头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦为23.81%;对其余抗菌药物的耐药率均＞40.00%;非ICU和ICU多药耐药菌分别占53.64%和81.08%,两组病房差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 医院感染的柠檬酸杆菌属ESBLs产酶率高,且大多呈多药耐药,亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦对其具有良好的抗菌活性.     

溶血葡萄球菌多药耐药基因型分析

目的研究溶血葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、庆大霉素和红霉素的多药耐药机制。方法琼脂稀释法测定3种抗菌药物对63株溶血葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,PCR技术检测mecA、aac（6′）＋aph（2″）,ermA、ermB、ermC和msrA/msrB耐药基因。结果62株耐甲氧西林溶血葡萄球菌（MRSH）均携带mecA基因,50株耐庆大霉素溶血葡萄球菌均携带aac（6′）＋aph（2″）基因,红霉素耐药基因以msrA/msrB基因最常见（58.7%）,其次ermC基因（31.7%）;43株多药耐药菌中,最常见3种耐药基因为mecA、aac（6′）＋aph（2″）和msrA/msrB（58.1%）或ermC基因（20.9%）,另8株（18.6%）同时携带mecA、aac（6′）＋aph（2″）、ermC和msrA/msrB 4种耐药基因。结论mecA、aac（6′）＋aph（2″）、msrA/msrB和ermC基因是溶血葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、庆大霉素和红霉素产生多药耐药的主要机制。     

Effects of Mefloquine Use on Plasmodium vivax Multidrug Resistance

Numerous studies have indicated a strong association between amplification of the multidrug resistance-1 gene and in vivo and in vitro mefloquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum. Although falciparum infection usually is not treated with mefloquine, incorrect diagnosis, high frequency of undetected mixed infections, or relapses of P. vivax infection triggered by P. falciparum infections expose non–P. falciparum parasites to mefloquine. To assess the consequences of such unintentional treatments on P. vivax, we studied variations in number of Pvmdr-1 (PlasmoDB accession no. PVX_080100, NCBI reference sequence {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_009915.1","term_id":"166093247","term_text":"NC_009915.1"}}NC_009915.1) copies worldwide in 607 samples collected in areas with different histories of mefloquine use from residents and from travelers returning to France. Number of Pvmdr-1 copies correlated with drug use history. Treatment against P. falciparum exerts substantial collateral pressure against sympatric P. vivax, jeopardizing future use of mefloquine against P. vivax. A drug policy is needed that takes into consideration all co-endemic species of malaria parasites.     

HPLC法测定创伤宁中人参皂苷Rg1的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定创伤宁中人参皂苷Rg1含量的方法.方法采用Waters Symmetry Shield Cls(4.6mm×250mm)柱;乙腈-水(37)为流动相;流速1.0ml·min-1;检测波长203nm.结果人参皂苷Rg1在19.2～96ug·ml-1范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9997);平均回收率为99.9%,RSD=0.70%(n=5).结论本法简单、迅速、准确,可用于创伤宁的质量控制.     

铜绿假单胞菌多重药物主动外排泵与抗生素耐药

铜绿假单胞菌是一种临床上很重要的条件致病菌。主要感染医院内免疫力低下患者 [1 ] 。铜绿假单胞菌常对多种常用抗生素耐药 ,所涉及耐药机制复杂 ,包括 :外膜低渗透、抗生素修饰酶的生成 (如 β-内酰胺酶 )、外膜孔蛋白缺失、生物膜形成、青霉素结合蛋白改变和主动外排泵系统。可表现为抗生素多重耐药 ,具有重要临床意义。1　铜绿假单胞菌主动外排泵系统1 .1　 四类主动外排泵系统及其调控　到目前为止共报道了四类铜绿假单胞菌的多药外排泵系统 ,但大量同源物已经完全基因组测序证实。大部分编码外排泵的基因组存在于细菌染色体中。较早报…     

肺耐药蛋白与肿瘤细胞多药耐药的研究进展

肺耐药蛋白是一种110 KD的蛋白。研究发现肺耐药蛋白就是在人正常组织和肿瘤细胞中广泛分布的穹隆体主蛋白，且具有组织特异性。肺耐药蛋白直接或间接介导了多种肿瘤细胞多药耐药的产生，可作为治疗预后评判的指标．肺耐药蛋白高提示预后不良。     

肺耐药蛋白与肿瘤细胞多药耐药的研究进展

肺耐药蛋白是一种110KD的蛋白。研究发现肺耐药蛋白就是在人正常组织和肿瘤细胞中广泛分布的穹隆体主蛋白,且具有组织特异性。肺耐药蛋白直接或间接介导了多种肿瘤细胞多药耐药的产生,可作为治疗预后评判的指标,肺耐药蛋白高提示预后不良。     

Natural Product Modulators to Overcome Multidrug Resistance In Cancer

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a condition that makes cells simultaneously unresponsive to different drugs, unrelated to their chemical structure and mechanism of action. MDR caused by the presence and overexpression of ABC transporters makes obstacles in cancer treatment and lower the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Natural products are investigated by many researchers as MDR modulators for their low toxicity and potent, selective behavior. When coadministered, MDR modulators compete with cytotoxic agents for binding to the active site of the membrane transporters and reduce drug efflux. Natural product-based drugs are important in struggling against drug resistance during cancer therapy. This review is focused on the potential mechanisms against drug resistance, the development of inhibitors for ABC drug transporters, natural product modulators, and nanoparticle drug delivery.     

外排泵adeB基因高表达在鲍氏不动杆菌临床分离株产生泛耐药中的作用

目的探讨外排泵adeB基因高表达在鲍氏不动杆菌临床分离株产生泛耐药中的作用。方法 M-H琼脂稀释法检测临床分离的泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌(PRABA)对常用抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)及羰氰氯苯腙(CCCP)处理前后MIC值的变化情况,聚合酶链反应(PCR)和实时荧光RT-PCR检测泛耐药株adeB基因及adeBmRNA量。结果 PRABA对环丙沙星、四环素、头孢噻肟较CCCP处理前其MIC下降两个折点;头孢西丁下降4个折点,1号与5号菌株庆大霉素下降6个折点,为原MIC值的1/64;10株PRABAadeB基因阳性,2株全敏感鲍氏不动杆菌(PSABA)未检测到adeB基因,PRABAadeB基因mRNA的表达量平均为(0.84E+3)拷贝。结论主动外排泵adeB基因高表达与鲍氏不动杆菌产生泛耐药相关。     

多药耐药大肠杆菌对4种消毒剂的抗性研究

[目的]调查多药耐药大肠杆菌对临床常用消毒剂的抗性,为合理选择敏感、高效能的消毒剂提供参考依据。[方法]收集某医院临床分离出的多药耐药大肠杆菌,利用纸片琼脂扩散法和营养肉汤稀释法分别测定其对医院常用消毒剂的最低抑菌浓度（minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC）,并用标准菌作为对照。[结果]不同消毒剂对多药耐药大肠杆菌的MIC值与产品推荐浓度存在差异,安尔碘Ⅱ型皮肤消毒剂（有效碘）为（17.5±6.8）mg/L,洁芙柔消毒凝胶（DP300）为（2.9±1.8）mg/L;3M爱护佳免洗手消毒液（葡萄糖酸氯己定）为（145.8±85.4）mg/L,绿莎新爱尔施牌消毒片（有效氯）为（2 611.7±1 083.0）mg/L。[结论]4种消毒剂对多药耐药大肠杆菌的实际使用浓度与推荐浓度存在差异,调整消毒剂使用浓度,对延缓细菌抗性的产生、控制医院感染有重要意义。     

重症监护病房患者二重感染及耐药分析

目的了解重症监护病房(ICU)患者并发二重感染的细菌种类及耐药情况。方法采取常规鉴定方法对ICU送检感染患者的血、尿、痰、分泌物等219份标本进行培养鉴定,按照美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)推荐的表形确诊试验,检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs),用K-B琼脂扩散法检测分离菌对17种抗菌药物的耐药性,数据统计时将中敏归于耐药。结果219例ICU细菌感染患者二重感染的132例(60.3%),100例一般病房细菌二重感染只有11例(11.0%)(P<0.01);132例ICU感染患者中,两种细菌混合感染者109例,占二重感染82.6%,其中感染两种产ESBLs细菌16例,占12.1%;3种细菌混合感染者23例,占17.4%;ICU二重感染常见致病菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、阴沟肠杆菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、表皮葡萄球菌等;上述细菌均存在多重耐药现象;其中大肠埃希菌产ESBLs 86.4%,肺炎克雷伯菌90.6%。结论ICU患者易出现二重感染、多重耐药,其感染的治疗应慎重选用抗菌药物。     

黄杆菌属医院感染特性与多药耐药分析

目的 调查医院黄杆菌属感染的菌群分布、产酶特性和对抗菌药物的耐药性,分析其多药耐药(MDR)特点,指导临床用药.方法 对临床分离的219株黄杆菌属,采用三维试验检测检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)和AmpC酶,用双纸片协同试验检测金属β-内酰胺酶(MBL),并使用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法测定其对11种抗菌药物的耐药性.结果 黄杆菌属医院感染以脑膜败血性金黄杆菌为主,其次是产吲哚金黄杆菌;呼吸道感染率明显高于其他部位,且ICU患者感染高于其他病区(P＜0.01),ICU分离的黄杆菌属产ESBLs、MBL分别为35.1%、48.2%,远高于非ICU的21.9%、25.7%(P＜0.05);总分离株对利奈唑烷,万古霉素的耐药率分别为2.7%、16.0%,其次是米诺环素为26.9%;ICU分离株对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟和环丙沙星的耐药率明显高于非ICU分离株(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);非呼吸道标本分离株对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟的耐药率与呼吸道标本分离株相比,前者显著高于后者(P＜0.05);非ICU和ICU多药耐药菌分别占53.0%和68.5%,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 医院感染的黄杆菌属产酶(产MBL和ESBLs)率高,且大多呈多药耐药,利奈唑烷、万古霉素、米诺环素对其具有良好的抗菌活性.     

Silencing of TMEM158 Inhibits Tumorigenesis and Multidrug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer

Abstract

Transmembrane protein 158 (TMEM158) plays pivotal roles in many cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). It has been reported that it is a recently identified upregulated gene during Ras-induced senescence. However, the clinical significance and biological functions of TMEM158 in CRC remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that TMEM158 was highly expressed in CRC tissues and cell lines compared with the corresponding noncancerous samples and normal colon epithelial cells. In vitro studies showed that TMEM158 silencing inhibited proliferation, and migration and increased apoptosis of CRC cells, whereas overexpression of TMEM158 increased proliferation, migration, and apoptosis escape of CRC cells. Mechanically, the levels of drug resistance-associated molecules, including multidrug resistance 1 and multidrug resistance protein 1, as well as the expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 were significantly upregulated. In addition, TMEM158 knockdown significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Collectively, these results demonstrated that TMEM158 is a significant regulator of tumorigenesis and drug resistance in CRC and provided evidence that TMEM158 may be a promising target for CRC therapy.     

急性白血病多药耐药机制的研究及临床意义

化疗是治疗急性白血病 (ＡＬ)的重要手段和方法 ,但白血病细胞对结构和作用方式不同的多种化疗药物产生抵抗 ,称多药耐药 (ｍｕｌｔｉｄｒｕｇｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅＭＤＲ)。ＭＤＲ直接影响患者对化疗的反应和预后 ,是化疗失败的主要原因之一 ,已成为当今ＡＬ治疗研究关注的焦点。由于ＡＬ患者的个体差异及白血病细胞的异质性 (ｈｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｉｔｙ) ,ＭＤＲ的机制呈多样性 ,现分述如下。1　白血病细胞内药物泵出增加1 1　ｍｄｒ - 1/Ｐ - ｇｐ介导的ＭＤＲ　在人类基因组中 ,ＭＤＲ基因含有ｍｄｒ - 1和ｍｄｒ - 2两个基因 ,编码不…     

常用消毒剂对临床分离多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌杀灭效果测定

目的 了解医院常用消毒剂对临床分离的鲍氏不动杆菌杀灭效果,探讨医院分离多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌对医院常用消毒剂抗性.方法 采用悬液定量杀菌试验进行了试验观察,数据采用spss13.0进行单样本t检验分析.结果 用67 mg/L有效氯、31 mg/L戊二醛、25 mg/L聚维酮碘作用1、5 min,对临床分离的多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌和鲍氏不动杆菌标准菌种的杀灭效果差异有统计学意义,作用10 min杀火效果差异无统计学意义;用250 mg/L有效氯、125 mg/L戊二醛、100 mg/L聚维酮碘作用1、5 rain,对临床分离的多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌和鲍氏不动杆菌杀灭效果差异有统计学意义,作用10 min杀灭率均能达到100%,差异无统计学意义.结论 临床分离的多药耐药鲍氏不动杆菌对医院常用消毒剂有一定抗性;3种医院常用消毒剂按规定浓度对鲍氏不动杆菌临床分离株均具有良好的杀灭效果.     

Glucosamine Reverses P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Multidrug Resistance in the Daunorubicin-Resistant Human Gastric Cancer Cells

Abstract

Glucosamine (GlcN) is a natural amino monosaccharide in the human body, and evidence of its anticancer effects is growing. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of GlcN for its cytotoxicity, MDR reversal effects and inhibitory effects on function and expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter in the daunorubicin-resistant human gastric cancer cells. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay to evaluate the cytotoxicity and multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal effects of GlcN. The effects of GlcN on function and mRNA expression level of P-gp transporter were assessed by flow cytometry and real-time RT-qPCR, respectively. Our results indicated that GlcN reduced the proliferation of human gastric cancer cell line EPG85-257 and its drug-resistant variant EPG85-257RD in a dose-dependent manner. GlcN (at the concentrations of 0.5 and 1?mM) also enhanced the sensitivity of EPG85-257RDB cells to daunorubicin. The cellular accumulation studies showed that GlcN inhibited efflux activity of P-gp and enhanced the mean fluorescent intensity of Rho123 while ^˙it had no effects on P-gp gene expression in these cells. This study suggested that the inhibition of P-gp activity is a novel mechanism of action by which GlcN could reverse MDR in EPG85-257RDB cells.