ERK和JNK/AP-1通路参与石英诱导的细胞周期改变

目的 探讨在石英刺激的人胚肺成纤维细胞(human embryo lung fibroblasts,HELF)中转录因子活化蛋白-1(activator protein-1,AP-1)的活性改变,以及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK),AP-1通路在石英诱导的细胞周期改变中的作用.方法 用200 μg/ml石英处理HELF细胞;用免疫荧光法检测细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular signal-regdated protein kinase,ERK)和c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)蛋白磷酸化水平及细胞分布;运用AP-1荧光素酶报告基因技术检测AP-1荧光素酶活力;用MAPK显性失活突变体(dominant negative mutant,DN)(DN-ERK2、DN-JNKl和DN-p38)证明通路的上下游关系;用流式细胞术检测细胞周期变化.结果 用200μg/ml石英分别处理转染AP-1报告基因的细胞(HELF-AP-1)6、12、24h,结果显示,AP-1活性随着时间变化而发生变化,6 h活性增强,12 h活性达峰值,24 h活性略有降低;用200 μg/ml石英分别处理细胞1和2 h,结果显示,ERK和JNK在石英刺激1 h后,磷酸化水平升高,主要集中于胞浆,2 h后磷酸化水平进一步升高,并主要集中于胞核;200 μg/ml石英处理细胞24 h,G1期细胞所占比例从(63.80±9.57)%下降到(32.23±7.22)%,S期细胞所占比例从(35.17±10.33)%升高到(66.00±8.07)%;AP-1化学抑制剂姜黄素(20μmol/L)可明显减弱石英引起的G1期细胞比例减少和S期细胞比例增加;DN-ERK和DN-JNK的过表达均可明显降低石英诱导的AP-1活性增强,DN-p38的过表达对石英诱导的AP-1活性增强无明显影响.结论 200 μg/ml石英可诱导AP-1活性增强,并通过ERK、JNK/AP-1通路诱导细胞周期改变.     

ERK和JNK/活化蛋白-1通路在苯并(a)芘诱导人胚肺成纤维细胞周期改变中的作用

目的探讨丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)/转录因子活化蛋白-1(AP-1)信号通路在调控苯并(a)芘[B(a)P]致人胚肺成纤维细胞(HELF)周期改变中的作用。方法用AP-1荧光素酶报告基因技术检测AP-1荧光素酶活力,流式细胞术测定细胞周期时相分布,免疫印迹法检测MAPK[包括细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)和p38激酶]总量及磷酸化水平,用MAPK显性失活突变体(DN)(DN-ERK2、DN-JNK1和DN-p38)证明通路的上下游关系。结果2μmol/L B(a)P分别处理细胞0、6、122、4 h,AP-1活力在12 h达峰值,是对照组的2.22倍,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);ERK1/2、JNK1/2和p38蛋白激酶的磷酸化水平明显提高,分别是对照组的2.5、14.0和2.1倍;B(a)P处理组S期细胞比例(50.2%±4.6%)与对照组(16.7%±8.1%)相比明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);ERK2和JNK1显性失活突变体的过表达均可明显降低B(a)P诱导的AP-1活力增强,并且明显降低B(a)P处理组S期细胞比例(分别为33.3%±1.7%,30.8%±3.9%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);p38显性失活突变体的过表达对B(a)P引起的AP-1活力增强及S期细胞比例增加无影响。AP-1化学抑制剂姜黄素(20μmol/L)可明显降低B(a)P引起的S期细胞比例增加(13.6%±2.9%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论ERK和JNK通过活化AP-1介导B(a)P诱导的细胞周期改变;而B(a)P诱导的AP-1活力增强及细胞周期改变与p38无关。     

Effects of heavy metals on mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways

The signaling pathways leading to cellular protection or cell death following exposure to heavy metals have not been fully clarified. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), i.e., extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK transmit extracellular signals into the nucleus, and have been shown to participate in a diverse array of cellular functions such as cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Treatment with cadmium, inorganic mercury or tributyltin can activate ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK, and induces the expression of c-fos and c-jun genes prior to the development of apoptosis. However, the members of the MAPK family appear to be differentially activated depending on the heavy metal and the cell type exposed. Consequently, various cellular responses may be caused by the distinct pattern of MAPKs activation. MAPKs may be one of the important cellular signal transduction pathways affected by various environmental pollutants, including heavy metals.     

石英致MAPK/cyclinD1-CDK4信号转导通路的活化

目的探讨石英诱导的人胚肺成纤维细胞(HELF)中丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)/细胞周期蛋白和细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶(cyclin D1-CDK4)信号转导通路的活化。方法两种处理方式:(1)石英刺激细胞2h后,收获细胞;(2)石英长时间(2个月)作用于细胞,使细胞具有部分转化细胞的特征(S-HELF),检测信号蛋白因子和细胞周期的变化。分别采用Western blot、免疫细胞化学和流式细胞术方法检测细胞内信号蛋白和细胞周期的改变。选用特异化学抑制剂或分子抑制剂抑制上游激酶,检测下游激酶的变化。结果HELF暴露于石英粉尘2 h后,可以导致MAPK家族中ERK1/2、p38和JNK1/2 3个亚家族的磷酸化水平升高。在S-HELF中,只有细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)和C-Jun氨基末端激酶[JNK1(p46)]较未处理的HELF磷酸化水平增高,而JNK2(p54)的磷酸化水平没有变化,p38的磷酸化水平反而下降。cyclin D1和CDK4蛋白在S-HELF中较HELF中表达增多。抑制ERK和JNK活化或者抑制核转录因子活化蛋白1(AP- 1)的活化后,S-HELF中cyclin D1和CDK4蛋白过表达得到控制。而抑制p38的活性不能改变cyclin D1和CDK4蛋白过表达。结论石英刺激HELF2h后可诱导ERK、JNK和p38的活化,而S-HELF中ERK、JNK活化,p38没有被活化。S-HELF中,cyclin D1和CDK4蛋白质过表达与ERK、JNK和AP-1活化有关。     

Expression of apoptosis-associated microRNAs in ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury via JNK pathway

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be closely associated with cellular apoptosis, but their involvement in response to ethanol-induced gastric mucosal epithelial cell apoptosis remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression profile of apoptosis-associated miRNAs in ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury and the mechanisms underlying injury. Gastric mucosal injury was induced in rats by oral administration of ethanol, and gastric tissues were collected for analysis of gastric ulcer index, apoptosis ratio, caspase-3 activity, and miRNAs expression. Cell cultures of human gastric mucosal epithelial cells (GES-1) were incubated with ethanol to induce apoptosis. Mimics or inhibitors of miRNAs or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor were added to the cell culture medium. GES-1 cells were collected for analysis of apoptosis ratio, caspase-3 activity, miRNAs expression, and protein phosphorylation levels of JNK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In the animal experiments, gastric ulcer index, cellular apoptosis, and caspase-3 activity were significantly increased, accompanied by up-regulation of miR-145 and down-regulation of the microRNAs miR-17, miR-19a, miR-21, miR-181a, and miR-200c. In the human cell culture experiments, the anti-apoptotic effects of miR-19a and miR-21 or pro-apoptotic effect of miR-145 were confirmed by their corresponding mimics or inhibitor; the ethanol-induced GES-1 apoptosis as well as the changes in miRNAs expression were significantly attenuated in the presence of JNK inhibitor. These results demonstrated that miR-145, miR-19a, and miR-21 were the apoptosis-associated miRNAs in gastric mucosal epithelial cells. The regulation of expression of these 3 miRNAs in ethanol-induced GES-1 apoptosis involved the JNK pathway.     

Effects of pentachlorophenol and tetrachlorohydroquinone on mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in Jurkat T cells

When Jurkat human T cells were incubated with 20 microM of pentachlorophenol (PCP) or its metabolite, tetrachlorohydroquinone (TCHQ), for 10 hr, flow cytometric analyses revealed marked increase in the number of apoptotic cells. DNA fragmentation was also observed in these cells. TCHQ was more potent than PCP in causing apoptosis. After incubation with 20 microM TCHQ for 1 hr, all mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) examined [i.e., extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK)] were phosphorylated, whereas no clear phosphorylation was induced by PCP. TCHQ-induced apoptosis was markedly suppressed by treatment with a p38 inhibitor (SB203580) and mildly (but significantly) suppressed by treatment with a MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor (U0126). When cells were treated with both inhibitors at the same time, TCHQ-induced apoptosis disappeared almost completely. PCP-induced apoptosis was also suppressed by SB203580 and/or U0126. Nevertheless, treatment with LL-Z1640-2, which inhibits JNK phosphorylation, did not suppress the apoptosis caused by either TCHQ or PCP. Thus, p38 and ERK appear to be important signal transduction pathways leading to apoptosis in a human T-cell line exposed to a ubiquitous pollutant or its metabolite in the general and occupational environment.     

Latex of Euphorbia Antiquorum Induces Apoptosis in Human Cervical Cancer Cells via c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Activation and Reactive Oxygen Species Production

Latex of Euphorbia antiquorum (EA) has inhibitory effects on several different cancer cell lines. However, the molecular mechanism of EA inhibitory effects on human cervical cancer HeLa cell growth has not been explored. EA induced apoptosis, which was characterized by morphological change, DNA fragmentation, increased sub-G1 population, and alterations in levels of apoptosis-associated proteins. Treatment with EA increased cell death and expression levels of caspase-8, -9, and -3. EA suppressed expression of Bcl-2, increased Bax, and reduced cleavage of Bid and the translocation of tBid to the mitochondria and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. EA caused a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and an increase in cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). EA-induced ROS formation was suppressed by cyclosporine A (an inhibitor of the ΔΨm) or allopurinol (an effective scavenger of ROS). EA also increased expression of Fas, FasL, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and decreased expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2-p. Co-treatment with the JNK inhibitor SP600125 inhibited EA-induced apoptosis and the activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3. Results of this study provide support for the hypothesis that EA causes cell death via apoptotic pathways in human cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells.     

电磁辐射诱导PC12细胞凋亡中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的差别激活

目的探讨丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号转导系统的差别激活与电磁辐射诱导PC12细胞凋亡的关系。方法以65mWcm2电磁波辐照离体培养PC12细胞20min,分为辐照后即刻及3、12、24h共4个观察时相点,采用流式细胞仪检测PC12细胞凋亡率,采用蛋白质免疫印迹法检测ERK12、JNK、P38MAPK蛋白质磷酸化水平。结果电磁波辐照后即刻PC12细胞凋亡开始增加;3h后凋亡细胞进一步明显增多,凋亡率约为23.5%;12h后细胞凋亡率与3h相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);24h后细胞凋亡再次明显增加,并达到高峰。电磁辐射后PC12细胞ERK12和JNK蛋白质磷酸化都明显增加,但ERK12的增加持续到3h,JNK蛋白磷酸化水平增高一直持续到12h,24h后两者都较对照组明显降低。P38MAPK蛋白质磷酸化水平在辐照后一直处于较高水平,其变化趋势呈双峰状,即在3h和24h出现2次磷酸化高峰。结论电磁辐射可以激活MAPK信号转导系统,但ERK12、JNK、P38MAPK表现为差别激活。MAPK信号转导系统可能参与了电磁辐射诱导的PC12细胞凋亡,正是MAPK这种差别激活才导致PC12细胞出现特有的凋亡变化形式。     

(-)Epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin enhance survival signaling in response to oxidant-induced human endothelial apoptosis

We reported recently that (-)epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin inhibited H2O2-induced apoptosis through modulation of the expression of apoptosis-related Bcl-2 and Bax in endothelial cells. This study attempted to identify possible regulatory sites and mechanisms of antiapoptotic flavonoids, focusing on ROS-mediated signaling in HUVEC. The effects of apigenin on the signaling pathway downstream were compared. Submillimolar H2O2 caused >30% cell killing with intracellular oxidant generation. H2O2-induced oxidant generation markedly decreased total intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels. Micromolar (-)epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin partially eliminated the dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF) and phospho-p53 staining, suggesting that these flavonoids inhibited the accumulation of intracellular oxidants and nuclear transactivation of p53 in H2O2-exposed cells. In contrast, cells treated with apigenin remained DCF and phospho-p53 staining positive in response to H2O2. (-)Epigallocatechin gallate significantly raised the total GSH level that had been depleted by H2O2. Caspase-3 activity was enhanced by H2O2, and this increase was inhibited by (-)epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin. Additionally, the upregulation of caspase-3 activation was reversed by these flavonoids at > or =10 micromol/L; these inhibitory effects were dose dependent. Western blot data revealed that H2O2 upregulated phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which was rapidly reversed by quercetin within 30 min; H2O2 activation of c-Jun was downregulated. (-)Epigallocatechin gallate inhibited H2O2-induced phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK after 60 min. These results reveal that quercetin blocks JNK- and p38 MAPK-related signaling triggered by the oxidant and may regulate expression of apoptotic downstream genes, preventing apoptosis and promoting cell survival. (-)Epigallocatechin gallate may function as an antiapoptotic agent through other antiapoptotic pathways.     

Curcumin-Induced Apoptosis in PC3 Prostate Carcinoma Cells Is Caspase-Independent and Involves Cellular Ceramide Accumulation and Damage to Mitochondria

Curcumin, the principal curcuminoid of tumeric, has potent anticancer activity. To determine the mechanism of curcumin-induced cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells, we exposed PC3 prostate carcinoma cells to 25 to 100 μ M curcumin for 24 to 72 h. Curcumin treatment of PC3 cells caused time- and dose-dependent induction of apoptosis and depletion of cellular reduced glutathione (GSH). Exogenous GSH and its precursor N-acetyl-cysteine, but not ascorbic acid (AA) or ebselen, decreased curcumin accumulation in PC3 cells and also prevented curcumin-induced DNA fragmentation. The failure of AA and ebselen to protect PC3 cells from curcumin-induced apoptosis argued against the involvement of reactive oxygen species; rather, GSH-mediated inhibition of curcumin-induced cytotoxicity was due to reduced curcumin accumulation in PC3 cells. Curcumin-treated PC3 cells showed apoptosis-inducing cellular ceramide accumulation and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 were activated, and cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were released from mitochondria following curcumin treatment. Interestingly, curcumin-induced apoptosis was not prevented by p38 MAPK, JNK, or caspase inhibition. We conclude that curcumin-induced cytotoxicity was due to cellular ceramide accumulation and damage to mitochondria that resulted in apoptosis mediated by AIF and other caspase-independent processes.     

氨基末端激酶信号通路在细跑凋亡中的作用

目的观察维生索E琥珀酸酯(VES)和维生素E(VE)对人B细胞白血病细胞株(Raji)的诱导凋亡作用及c—Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)信号通路在VES诱导细胞凋亡中的作用。方法应用流式细胞仪、免疫印迹法(Western blot)等技术方法，体外观察VES和VE对Raji细胞的作用。结果VES和VE对Raji细胞均有程度不一的诱导凋亡作用，VES处理后6h，在DNA直方图上G1峰前出现一个明显的凋亡峰，并随着VES作用时间延长而增强，具有时间效应关系，而VE诱导凋亡的作用则相对较弱，同时VES作用后，细咆内磷酸化型JNK蛋间白于6h开始增高，12h达到高峰，并持续24h，而非磷酸化型JNK蛋白表达无显著变化。结论VES是JNK的激活因子，JNK信号通路的激活在VES诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的过程中发挥重要作用。     

c-Jun氨基末端激酶和细胞外调节蛋白激酶信号通路对苯并(a)芘诱导人胚肺成纤维细胞c-Jun活化的调控

目的探讨丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPKs）信号通路在调控苯并（a）芘[B（a）P]诱导人胚肺成纤维细胞（HELF）c—Jun活化中的作用。方法2．0μmol/LB（a）P处理HELF0、3、6、12、24h后或加入不同浓度B（a）P（0．0、0．5、1．0、2．0μmol/L）处理12h后，通过免疫印迹法检测B（a）P对细胞c-Jun活性的影响；利用p38、c—Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）以及细胞外调节蛋白激酶（ERK）的显性失活突变体分别阻断p38、JNK和ERK活性后，观察3种MAPKs信号分子与B（a）P诱导c-Jun活化之间的关系。结果在所观察的B（a）P作用时间和浓度范围内，c—Jun蛋白表达量无明显变化；B（a）P可诱导细胞内磷酸化c—Jun（Ser63／Ser73）水平增高，并随着作用时间的延长，细胞内c—Jun的磷酸化水平也逐渐增强，至12h达到峰值（1．61±0．12，1．82±0．18），c-Jun磷酸化Ser63、Ser73与actin灰度比值分别是对照组的20．1倍、15．2倍，作用24h时细胞内c-Jun磷酸化水平呈现下降趋势，而且随着B（a）P浓度的增加，细胞内c-Jun的磷酸化水平也逐渐升高，呈现剂量-反应关系；使用显性失活突变体分别阻断JNK和ERK活性均可明显抑制B（a）P诱导细胞c—Jun磷酸化水平增加，但是阻断p38活性对B（a）P诱导细胞c—Jun磷酸化水平升高无明显影响。结论JNK和ERK信号通路调控B（a）P诱导的HELF细胞c—Jun活化，B（a）P促进c-Jun磷酸化的过程与p38信号通路无关。     

Alcohol-fermented soybean increases the expression of receptor-interacting protein 2 and IκB kinase β in mouse peritoneal macrophages

Soybean is a useful component of traditional Korean medicine with well-documented health-promoting effects. We investigated the effects of alcohol-fermented soybean (AFS) on immune function. When AFS treatment was used in combination with recombinant interferon-γ (rIFN-γ), there was a marked cooperative induction of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in mouse peritoneal macrophages. AFS increased the expression of inducible NO synthase mRNA and protein in rIFN-γ-primed macrophages. Treating macrophages with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), decreased the synergistic effects of AFS. In addition, AFS in combination with rIFN-γ increased the phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase. However, AFS had no effect on phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by itself. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 or the JNK inhibitor SP600125 inhibited the AFS-induced NO and TNF-α production. When AFS was used in combination with rIFN-γ, there was a co-operative activation of NF-κB and receptor-interacting protein 2 (Rip2)/IκB kinase (IKK)-β. Our results indicate that AFS increases the production of NO and TNF-α through the activation of Rip2/IKK-β in rIFN-γ-primed macrophages.