Adult medial orbital wall trapdoor fracture with missing medial rectus muscle

We report the case of a 28-year-old man presenting with a medial orbital wall trapdoor fracture with a missing medial rectus muscle. We believe this to be the first case report of an adult medial orbital wall trapdoor fracture. Trapdoor fractures most commonly occur in the pediatric population, and those involving the medial orbital wall generally occur in areas with less developed ethmoid air cells. Since the present case followed neither pattern, a different injury mechanism was considered. The ethmoid air cells in this case were well developed, which may have played an important role in the pathogenesis of this adult medial orbital wall trapdoor fracture. Based on our findings, we propose a possible mechanism for a medial orbital wall trapdoor fracture in an adult. The cellular frames enable the medial bone to shift just minimally, regardless of the high orbital pressure during a blow. The excess volume of the orbital content escapes into the cells through narrow cracks; therefore, after a blow, it cannot move back completely into the orbit. Consequently, it pushes the shifted bone towards the orbit, becoming trapped in a manner similar to that of a check-valve mechanism.     

A Rare Case of Cyclotorsion Due to Medial Rectus Displacement Following Orbital Trauma

We describe a rare case of cyclotorsion likely secondary to medial rectus and inferior rectus pathology in a patient with orbital trauma. Sequential orthoptic measurements including Hess charts are presented alongside relevant sections of the orbital CT scans over the course of the patient’s treatment. Following the insertion of a plate to repair an orbital floor fracture, the patient developed cyclotorsion. A combined approach of sequential orthoptic assessment and imaging revealed the likely underlying mechanism. Inferior rectus mechanical restriction combined with displacement of the medial rectus pulley appear to be the likely culprits. Once the orbital plate was exchanged for a smaller sized plate the patient’s symptoms and clinical features resolved. Although orbital plate malpositioning is not an uncommon event, medial rectus deviation as a cause of cyclotorsion has not previously been described. We discuss the alternative differentials for patients with similar orthoptic findings and how they were excluded.     

眶内壁爆裂性骨折眼外肌功能损伤性质的临床研究

目的探讨眶内壁爆裂性骨折患者眼外肌损伤性质等临床特征与骨折形态学特点的相关性。方法根据眶内壁爆裂性骨折的部位和形态学特点，对82例单纯眶内壁骨折进行CT亚型分类：Ⅰ型：整个筛骨纸板粉碎性骨折，筛窦为眶内软组织所填充，内直肌向内明显弯曲、移位；Ⅱ型：筛骨纸板局部骨折，筛窦基本完整，骨折片与眶壁之间形成夹角。内直肌周围软组织嵌顿于骨折区。观察两亚型间患者的眼外肌功能变化特点和相关临床特征。结果Ⅰ型眶内壁骨折的骨折位置偏后、面积较大，眼肌功能损伤性质以内直肌麻痹为主（14／20）；Ⅱ型眶内壁骨折的位置偏前，面积较小，眼肌功能损伤以内直肌运动受限为多见（27／38）。Ⅰ型眶内壁骨折患者眼球内陷发生率及内陷程度均明显高于Ⅱ型眶内壁骨折（z=-6．075，P〈0．05；t=3．365，P〈0．05）。而复视发生率明显低于Ⅱ型眶内壁骨折（Z=-2．187，P〈0．05）。结论眶内壁骨折患者眼外肌功能损伤改变等临床特征与骨折的形态学特点有关；眶内壁骨折CT影像学亚型分类具有临床实用价值。     

高分辨率CT对眼眶内侧壁骨折的诊断

目的分析和评价高分辨率CT对眼眶内侧壁骨折的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析38例（45眼）眼眶内侧壁骨折的HRCT资料。男31例（37眼），女7例（8眼），均行HRCT检查，层厚2mm，眼眶靶扫描，骨算法重建成像。结果38例（45眼）眶内壁骨折中，眼眶爆裂性骨折27例（27眼），直接骨折7例（13眼）及复合骨折4例（5眼）。直接征象为眶内壁骨质连续性断裂、断端分离、移位22例（25眼），骨质粉碎6例（8眼），眶壁曲度异常或塌陷10例（12眼）。结论高分辨率CT能细致地显示眼眶内侧壁的解剖结构，能准确地显示眼眶内侧壁骨折的部位、程度和并发症，具有重要的临床价值。     

CT-Based Morphological Analysis of Isolated Inferior and Medial Blow-out Orbital Fractures in Korean Adults

Purpose: To evaluate morphologic differences in isolated inferior medial orbital wall fractures (OWF) based on computed tomography scans.

Methods: This was a retrospective observational case study of 22 patients with an isolated inferior OWF and 32 patients with an isolated medial fracture between January 2008 and August 2010. We analyzed patient demographics and bony radiologic characteristics on CT scans, including the length and height of the lamina papyracea, the number of ethmoid air cell septa, the length of the anterior and posterior border of the orbital floor, the thickness of the orbital floor maxillary bone, and the axial length of the eyeball.

Results: There were no significant differences in sex, laterality, or concomitant intraocular injury between the two groups. The anteroposterior length (p?=?0.391), the number of ethmoid septa (p?=?0.869), and the thickness of the orbital floor (p?=?0.419) did not differ significantly. The anterior (p?p?=?0.014) height of the lamina papyracea, the lamina papyracea area (p?p?=?0.024) were significantly higher in the medial OWF group, while the anterior (p?=?0.026) or posterior (p?p?=?0.047) and volume (p?=?0.034) of the eyeball were longer and smaller, respectively, in the inferior OWF group.

Conclusions: Patients with a longer anterior or posterior border of the orbital floor, a shorter axial length, and a smaller eyeball volume are more likely to incur an isolated inferior OWF than an isolated medial OWF.     

Incarceration of the Inferior Oblique Muscle Branch of the Oculomotor Nerve in Two Cases of Orbital Floor Trapdoor Fracture

Background Incarceration of the inferior oblique muscle (IO) branch of the oculomotor nerve may occur in cases of orbital floor trapdoor fracture.Cases Two orbital floor trapdoor fracture cases, with lesions located just outside of the inferior rectus muscle but without its incarceration, were examined pre- and postoperatively for visual acuity, intraocular details, the nine diagnostic ocular positions of gaze, binocular single vision field with the Hess chart, and by computed tomography (CT). One case was also examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; T1-weighted images). A forced duction test was conducted intraoperatively.Observations Each case presented good visual acuity and neither globe showed any injury. Motility disturbance of the IO was shown in each case by binocular single vision field testing and the Hess chart. The possibility of the incarceration of the IO branch of the oculomotor nerve, which runs from the incarcerated lesion to the superior belly of the IO, in an orbital floor trapdoor fracture was shown on CT and MRI. Intraoperative forced duction testing revealed a restriction due to the incarceration of the connective tissue septa.Conclusions As inferred from the CT and MRI analyses conducted in this study, IO palsy may be one of the causes of ocular motility disturbance of the IO in an orbital floor trapdoor fracture, in addition to the ocular motility disturbance due to the connective tissue septa. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2005;49:246–252 © Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2005     

The missing eyeball--CT evaluation (a case report).

A case of blow out fracture of the medial wall and floor of the orbit with herniation of the eyeball into the ethmoid sinus diagnosed on CT scan is reported. To the best of our knowledge there is no previous report of prolapse of eyeball into the ethmoid sinus.     

Medial rectus muscle incarceration in pediatric medial orbital wall trapdoor fractures

PURPOSE: We describe two cases of orbital trapdoor fractures with medial rectus muscle incarceration. METHODS: Small interventional case series. RESULTS: This is a retrospective university based report of two healthy males (11 and 14 years old) who developed diplopia following blunt orbital trauma. Both patients had decreased horizontal ocular motility of the involved eye with minimal additional evidence of trauma. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated no significant bony displacement; however, the left medial rectus muscle was located within the ethmoid sinus in the first and had an abnormal size and shape in the second case. In both cases, during urgent surgical repair, the incarcerated medial rectus muscle was gently released from linear non-displaced medial wall fractures and ocular motility normalized postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: In pediatric patients sustaining blunt orbital trauma, medial rectus incarceration should be considered and managed accordingly.     

手术显微镜下经泪阜部结膜切口整复爆裂性眶内壁骨折

目的探讨手术显微镜下经泪阜部结膜切口治疗眶内壁骨折的方法及效果。方法回顾性研究手术显微镜下经泪阜结膜切口进行眶内壁骨折复位手术30例,检查手术前后的视力、复视程度、眼球运动、眼球突出度及三维CT图像,并随访6～12个月。结果30例中29例手术后复视、眼球运动障碍、眼球内陷明显改善。1例眼球运动障碍术后仅得以改善。结论手术显微镜下经泪阜部结膜切口进行爆裂性眶内壁骨折复位术,效果良好。     

Ossifying fibroma of the lateral orbital wall in an adult

Orbital ossifying fibroma is an extremely rare condition, especially in adults. This rare tumor mostly develops at the medial wall of the orbit. We report a histopathologically confirmed ossifying fibroma involving the lateral orbital wall in an adult. This case suggests that orbital ossifying fibroma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of orbital bony lesions in adults and that unusual presentations may occur.     

螺旋CT重建技术在眼眶爆裂骨折诊断中的应用

目的探讨螺旋CT重建技术诊断眼眶爆裂性骨折的优越性．方法120例眼眶爆裂性骨折螺旋CT容积扫描,在常规轴位图像基础上,通过多平面容积重建（MPR）得到冠状面、矢状面或任意平面及三维重建（SSD）像,存储后照像。结果螺旋CT多平面容积重建像对所有眼眶壁均良好显示,而SSD像对合并眼眦突缘骨折显示较佳。眼眶爆裂性骨折的直接征象是眶壁骨连续性中断、粉碎和骨片分离、凹陷或塌陷及曲度失常,特异征象是“泪滴征”。结论螺旋CT轴面加MPR像能直观、全面和立体地显示眼眶爆裂性骨折各种CT征象和并发症。     

Complete inferior rectus muscle transection secondary to orbital blowout fracture

Complete extraocular muscle transection is uncommon in the setting of blunt trauma. We report a case of a 53-year-old male that developed diplopia after hitting his face directly on a concrete slab after a fall. On examination, he had a right hypertropia with a complete infraduction deficit. A CT scan of the face showed an orbital floor blowout fracture with complete inferior rectus transection. On surgical exploration, the distal and proximal ends of the muscle were identified and sutured together, and the floor fracture was repaired. At his post-operative visits, the patient had a persistent infraduction deficit, but subjectively had improved diplopia.     

下睑缘入路治疗眶内下壁联合骨折

目的评价采用下睑缘切口治疗眶内、下壁联合骨折的效果。设计回顾性病例系列。研究对象18例眶内、下壁联合骨折的患者。方法所有患者均经下睑缘切口行眶壁骨折整复术,术中充分游离、保护泪囊,于眶内、下壁浅面植入复合羟基磷灰石人造骨片,术前、术后行双眶水平及冠状位CT、头面部三维cT检查并进行比较。主要指标临床症状及并发症。结果术后随访3～18个月,所有患者下睑皮肤瘢痕不明显,术后均未出现人造骨片排异或移位,无一例患者术后出现溢泪,复视、眼球内陷等症状均得到改善。结论单独采用下睑缘切口治疗眶内、下壁联合骨折是可行的,但仅适于眶下壁联合眶内壁下份骨折,尤其是伴发眶内、下壁隅角骨折的复合型骨折。     

儿童trapdoor眼眶骨折研究进展

trapdoor眼眶骨折是一特殊类型的爆裂性眼眶骨折。因儿童骨骼较成人更具弹性,故最常见于儿童。其发病机制、临床表现及治疗原则与成人爆裂性眼眶骨折均有明显区别。临床表现主要为眼球垂直位转动受限伴恶心、呕吐及眼球转动痛等。其眶部CT骨折不明显,常表现为线形骨折,眼外肌被箝闭于骨折处或下直肌走行路径发生变化。儿童trapdoor型眼眶骨折治疗应在确诊后早期手术治疗,避免因眼外肌被箝闭缺血导致永久性眼外肌功能障碍。     

A Case of Acquired Brown Syndrome after Surgical Repair of a Medial Orbital Wall Fracture

A case of acquired Brown syndrome caused by surgical repair of medial orbital wall fracture is reported in the present paper. A 23-year-old man presented at the hospital with right periorbital trauma. Although the patient did not complain of any diplopia, the imaging study revealed a blow-out fracture of the medial orbital wall. Surgical repair with a calvarial bone autograft was performed at the department of plastic surgery. The patient was referred to the ophthalmologic department due to diplopia that newly developed after surgery. The prism cover test at distant fixation showed hypotropia of the right eye, which was 4 prism diopters (PD) in primary gaze, 20 PD in left gaze, while orthophoric in right gaze. Eye movement of the right eye was markedly limited on elevation in adduction with normal elevation in abduction with intorsion in the right eye present. Forced duction test of the right eye showed restricted elevation in adduction. Computerized tomography scan of the orbits showed the right superior oblique muscle was entrapped between the autografted bone fragment and posterior margin of the fracture. When repairing medial orbital wall fracture that causes Brown syndrome, surgeons should always be careful of entrapment of the superior oblique muscle if the implant is inserted without identifying the superior and posterior margin of the orbital fracture site.     

A Case of Pseudo-Duane's Retraction Syndrome With Old Medial Orbital Wall Fracture

We report a case of pseudo-Duane''s retraction syndrome with entrapment of the medial rectus muscle in an old medial orbital wall fracture presenting identical clinical symptoms as Duane''s retraction syndrome. A 15-year-old boy presented with persistent limited right eye movement since a young age. Examination showed marked limited abduction, mildly limited adduction, and globe retraction accompanied by narrowing of the palpebral fissure during attempted adduction in the right eye. He showed a right esotropia of 16 prism diopters and his head turned slightly to the right. A slight enophthalmos was noted in his right eye. A computed tomography scan demonstrated entrapment of the medial rectus muscle and surrounding tissues in an old medial orbital wall fracture. A forced duction test revealed a marked restriction of abduction in the right eye. A 5 mm recession of the right medial rectus muscle was performed. Postoperatively, the patient''s head turn and esotropia in the primary position were successfully corrected, but there was still some limitations to his ocular movement. The importance of several tests such as the forced duction test and an imaging study should be emphasized in making a diagnosis for limitation of eye movement.     

The Oculocardiac Reflex in an Adult with a Non-Displaced Orbital Floor Fracture

Abstract

The current dogma is that the oculocardiac reflex from orbital trapdoor fractures occurs only in children and young adults. We present the occurrence of the oculocardiac reflex in an adult with a non-displaced orbital floor fracture. CT demonstrated the adventitia surrounding the inferior rectus trapped in and below the orbital floor fracture. The patient's oculocardiac reflex resolved by early next morning, presumably from the tissue escaping from the orbital floor defect.     

Short‐ and long‐term vertical diplopia secondary to blunt trauma

This report describes the short‐ and long‐term ocular signs and symptoms of a patient with an orbital blow‐out fracture and discusses the differential diagnosis of vertical diplopia. A blow‐out fracture occurs when blunt trauma is applied either directly to the eyeball itself or the orbital rim and usually results in a fracture of the orbital floor with consequential excavation and entrapment of orbital contents in the fracture. Vertical diplopia is a common presenting symptom for a blow‐out fracture of the orbit but careful considerations should be given to other potential conditions leading to such diplopia. A patient is presented who suffered a blow‐out fracture almost a decade earlier, secondary to blunt trauma to the globe. The clinical findings are provided immediately after the trauma, post‐surgery and during a recent ocular examination.     

Intracranial Hemorrhage Complicating an Orbital Decompression

We report a case of intracerebral hemorrhage in the left frontal lobe following a left medial wall orbital decompression for thyroid-related optic neuropathy. There was no obvious fracture in the orbital roof bone but the hemorrhage was felt to occur from a disruption in the orbito-frontal branch of the anterior cerebral artery. The patient was asymptomatic and remained so during the follow-up period.     

螺旋CT对眼眶内壁爆裂性骨折的诊断意义

目的:分析和评价螺旋CT对眼眶内侧壁爆裂性骨折的诊断价值。方法:回顾分析39例40眼眼眶内壁爆裂性骨折的资料,均行螺旋CT常规检查,同时进行多平面重建(PMR),并对CT征象进行分析。结果:眼眶壁骨折直接征象为眶壁骨质的连续性中断、粉碎、凹陷,多合并内直肌增粗、眶内积气、筛窦积气等间接征象。结论:螺旋CT能准确显示眼眶壁骨折的部位、程度和并发症,具有非常重要的临床意义。