Inferior rectus rupture following blowout fracture

Background: Extra-ocular muscle rupture is uncommon, usually seen after penetrating trauma or surgery. It is a very rare cause of diplopia following blunt orbital trauma.
Methods: A patient who presented with no inferior rectus function after blunt orbital trauma is described.
Results: Computed tomography (CT) scans demonstrated a large orbital floor fracture and suggested that the inferior rectus muscle was ruptured. This was confirmed at operation. Despite anatomical repair, there was no postoperative improvement in ocular motility.
Conclusions: Traumatic rupture of the inferior rectus is rare. Forced duction and force generation testing and CT are important in diagnosing ocular motility defects following orbital trauma.     

儿童眼眶爆裂性骨折的临床治疗

目的：探讨儿童眼眶爆裂性骨折的临床表现及治疗方法。

方法：选取2008-03/2010-10儿童眼眶爆裂性骨折患儿12例12眼,分析其临床表现,并早期进行手术治疗。

结果：患者12例大部分为摔伤后出现眼下壁骨折、下直肌嵌顿,表现为复视,CT表现为“泪滴征”。12例均早期实施手术。手术后12例复视均明显改善。其中6例于术后1wk上转逐渐恢复到位; 4例于术后3mo内恢复; 2例6mo内仍有上转不到位,其牵拉试验为阳性。

结论：儿童爆裂性骨折多表现为下壁的裂隙性骨折,表现为眼球运动受限和复视,眼球内陷少见; 外伤及手术都容易造成肌肉损伤,早期手术治疗对于肌肉功能的恢复有重要意义。     

Inferior rectus muscle transection: a cause of diplopia after non-penetrating orbital trauma

Background Vertical diplopia after blow out fracture repair is not uncommon; we report an unusual case of inferior rectus muscle (IR) transection presenting as a persistent infra-duction deficit after uncomplicated blow out fracture repair.Methods We used multi-positional MRI to diagnose a transected IR with a contracted and posteriorly displaced muscle belly.Results Infra-duction improved after surgical repair of the transected IR.Conclusion Multi-positional MRI is a novel technology that can be used to assist in the decisive management of persistent post-operative infra-duction deficits and avoid prolonged periods of observation.     

Vertical rectus muscles transposition in large exotropia with medial rectus muscle transection following endoscopic sinus surgery

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of transposition procedures on the vertical rectus muscle (VRM) in the patients who underwent a medial rectus muscle (MR) transection after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). METHODS: In 4 patients with exotropia (XT) and a lack of adduction after ESS, orbital CT or MRI revealed a complete transection of the midportion of the MR. Full-tendon VRM transposition was performed within 3 months after injury (early surgery) in 2 patients with 40 delta XT. Two patients with 70 delta and 85 delta XT underwent an X-type augmented Hümmelsheim procedure, which involved pulling each half-tendon and crossing it through the undersurface of the severed MR to the other end of the MR insertion, concurrently with an ipsilateral lateral rectus (LR) recession 11 months and 36 months after ESS, respectively. The adduction deficits were divided into -1 through to -8. The patients were followed up for more than than 1.5 years. RESULTS: Postoperatively, 3 patients showed orthophoria and no diplopia in the primary position. The adduction deficits improved to -3.5 or -4. One patient who underwent an X-type augmented Hümmelsheim procedure showed a residual XT of 25 delta. CONCLUSIONS: VRM transposition is effective in correcting a large XT secondary to a MR transection after ESS. When a longstanding large-angle XT with severe contracture of the ipsilateral LR and massive scarring of the adjacent tissues is present, the X-type augmented Hümmelsheim procedure coupled with an ipsilateral LR recession had an augmenting effect.     

自体阔筋膜修复治疗单纯眼眶下壁爆裂性骨折

目的评价自体阔筋膜修复治疗单纯眼眶下壁爆裂性骨折的效果。方法将21例（21只眼）单纯性眼眶下壁爆裂性骨折患者根据骨折范围分为2组，骨折范围〉2cm^2者9例（9只眼），≤2cm^2者12例（12只眼），行自体阔筋膜修复术，术后随访3～6个月。观察两组术后复视，眼球突出度情况及视力。结果复视完全消失15例（71．43％），眶下壁骨折〉2cm^2者眼球内陷矫正2例（22．2％），≤2cm^2眼球内陷矫正10例（83．3％），视力提高5例（23．8％）。结论应用自体阔筋膜经下睑缘人路治疗单纯眶下壁爆裂性骨折，能有效地恢复眼球运动。修复眶腔，对于损伤≤2cm^2病例效果较好。     

眶壁骨折修复术后斜视和复视的手术治疗

目的 观察眶壁修复术后斜视和复视眼外肌手术矫正效果.方法 对14例眼眶爆裂性骨折修复手术6月后仍有斜视和复视的患者,采取二期眼外肌手术治疗.结果 4例为限制性斜视,二期手术探查,松解肌肉、解除限制因素,后徙受累肌或/和缩短拮抗肌后,前方及前下方视野内复视消除;10例为非限制性眼肌功能不足所致斜视,二期手术缩短受累肌/和后徙拮抗肌后,9例复视明显好转,前方及前下方视野内垂直及水平斜视度分别小于10△和15△.1例仍有眼位偏斜,需佩戴三棱镜矫正复视.结论 正确分析爆裂性眼眶骨折修复术后斜视和复视的原因,采取相应的术式,可获得较好的治疗效果.     

眶底爆裂性骨折致眼球运动障碍的上颌窦手术进路治疗

目的 观察上颌窦进路手术治疗眶下壁爆裂性骨折所致眼球运动障碍的临床效果.方法 对12例12只眼眶下壁爆裂性骨折伴复视及眼球运动障碍者,眼眶CT显示:眼外肌眶内软组织嵌顿于眶下壁骨折区,伤后观察2周,复视及眼球运动障碍无明显改善,采用上颌窦进路行眶下壁骨折复位术.术后随诊3～6个月.结果 12例患者术中开放上颌窦后可清晰观察到眶下壁骨折区各个边界及眶内软组织嵌顿情况,术中均将嵌顿在眶底骨折处的眶内组织推送回眶内,眶底骨折复位.术后12例患者中10例各方向眼球运动不受限,无复视,2例正前方及下方无复视,向上方运动轻度受限.术后1例并发上颌窦炎,经上颌窦冲洗治愈.结论 上颌窦进路早期治疗单纯眶下壁爆裂性骨折所致眼球运动障碍是有效的.     

整复眶底骨折手术入路的选择

目的探讨整复眶底骨折不同手术入路的临床选择方法。方法37例爆裂性眶底骨折根据骨折部位分为3组,分别采用下睑睫毛下入路（13例）、上颌窦入路（17例）以及联合手术入路（7例）进行手术,观察眼球突出度、眼球运动障碍、被动牵拉试验结果以及复视情况,并进行手术前后对比。结果术前3组患者均有垂直复视和眼球运动障碍,眼球被动牵拉试验阳性（牵拉眼球向上遇阻力）,双眼眼球突出度相差〉4mm者29例,相差在2—4mm者8例。术后3组患者的双眼眼球突出度相差均在2mm以内,眼球被动牵拉试验阴性。下睑睫毛下入路组的全部13例和上颌窦入路组17例中的12例,眼球运动恢复正常,复视消失。上颌窦入路组中5例和联合手术入路组的全部7例,术后仍有眼球下转受限,向下方注视时复视仍存在。结论对于需要手术整复的爆裂性眶底骨折,根据骨折部位,临床选择不同的手术入路可取得良好疗效。     

Disintegration of the inferior rectus muscle during strabismus surgery for restrictive hypotropia

We describe a case of disintegration of the inferior rectus muscle during routine strabismus surgery for restrictive hypotropia after cataract surgery. We used this surgical approach to repair the complete infraduction deficit incurred from the injury.     

Clinico-Radiologic Findings of Entrapped Inferior Oblique Muscle in a Fracture of the Orbital Floor

A 51-year old man presented with vertical and torsional diplopia after reduction of a blowout fracture at another hospital one year ago. He had no anormalies of head position and 14 prism diopters (PD) right hypertropia (RHT) in the primary position. In upgaze no vertical deviation was found, and hyperdeviation on downgaze was 35PD. Bielschowsky head tilt test showed a negative response. Distinct superior oblique (SO) and inferior rectus (IR) underaction of the right eye was noted but IO overaction was mild on the ocular version test. Double Maddox rod test (DMRT) revealed 10-degree extorsion, but fundus extorsion was minimal in the right eye.Thin-section coronal CT scan showed that there was no fracture line on the anterior orbital floor, but a fracture remained on the posterior orbital floor. Also, the anterior part of the right inferior oblique muscle was vertically reoriented and the medial portion of the inferior oblique muscle was not traced on the coronal CT scan. The patient underwent 14 mm right IO recession and 3 mm right IR resection. One month after the surgery, his vertical and torsional diplopia were eliminated in the primary position.     

未成年人眶壁爆裂性骨折的临床特点及治疗分析

目的 分析未成年人不同年龄眶壁爆裂性骨折的临床特点与骨折类型的相关性.探讨少年儿童眶壁骨折的治疗方案.方法 选取18岁以下眶壁爆裂性骨折患者69例,5～14岁组23例和15～18岁组46例.观察术前眼位和复视情况.眼球内陷程度和眼球运动,CT影像特点表现和术中所见,术后眼位、眼球内陷和眼球运动恢复情况.结果 5～14岁组伤后出现恶心、呕吐,眼球垂直运动受限的构成比高于15～18岁组(P均<0.05).5～14岁组眼球无内陷的构成比高于15～18岁组(P<0.05).5～14岁组眶下壁活板门样(trapdoor)骨折的构成比高于15～18岁组(P<0.05).CT显示为眶下壁线性骨折的20例患者术中发现16例骨折区呈trapdoor表现,下直肌嵌夹于骨折区呈紫红色肿胀.结论 5～14岁儿童生眶下壁trapdoor骨折的风险较高,确诊后早期手术对促进眼外肌功能恢复和减少复视残留具有重要意义.     

眶下壁骨折后下直肌麻痹的手术治疗

目的 探讨眶壁骨折后,或眶壁骨折修复手术后发生单独的下直肌麻痹斜视患者的诊断和最佳手术治疗方案.方法 回颐分析诊治的8例下直肌麻痹斜视患者,均有眶壁骨折或眶壁骨折修复手术病史,6例患者正前方垂直斜度小于20△,下方斜度显著,行下直肌缩短加强手术,缩短量从3.5mm到6mm;2例患者正前方垂直斜度大于20△,上转、外转、下转时垂直斜度均较显著,行下直肌缩短联合同侧上直肌后徙手术.手术采用术中调整缝线的方法.结果 5例患者术后正前方正位,复视和代偿头位消失,远期随访眼位维持稳定,2例患者正前方过矫2△,远期随访正前方正位,复视和代偿头位消失.1例患者正前方欠矫4△,复视消失,头位改善.所有8例患者正前方和下方阅读距离视野复视消失.结论 下直肌缩短加强手术对于眶壁骨折后下直肌麻痹斜视患者消除复视,代偿头位是有效的,如果正前方斜度大,并且斜视累及上方视野,可行下直肌缩短联合同侧上直肌后徙手术,可有效增大双眼单视野.

Abstract：

Objective To study the diagnosis and surgical management of isolated inferior rectus paralysis following orbital trauma or caused by contusion at the time of surgical repair of a blow out orbital fracture.Methods In 8 patients with isolated inferior rectus paralysis,all of which had orbital fracture and 7 of them had history of surgical repair for orbital fracture,3.5mm～6mm resection of the paralyzed inferior rectus was done in 6 patients whose vertical deviation was less than 20△ in primary position;resection of inferior rectus combined with ipsilateral recession of superior rectus was done in other 2 patients whose vertical deviation was over 20△.Adjustable suture technique was used during surgery.The patients were followed up for more than 6 months.Results Postoperatively,5 patients were orthophoria without diplopia or abnormal head position,2 patients were 2△ over correction in primary position which became orthophoria during follow up,I patient was 4△ less correction with no diplopia and improved head position.Diplopia in primary and downward gaze position was disappeared in all the patients.Conclusions Resection of paralyzed inferior rectus is effective to correct vertical deviation both in primary and in downward gaze position for isolated inferior rectus paralysis.When the deviation is most pronounced in both downward and upward gaze position and the deviation in primary position is over 20△ resection and recession is effective to increase single binocular vision.     

Nonhealing orbital floor fracture in a pediatric patient: A unique presentation of pseudo-silent sinus syndrome

Silent sinus syndrome was first described as spontaneous enophthalmos and hypoglobus associated with subclinical maxillary sinusitis without prior trauma or surgery. This clinical entity has later been described after trauma in which damage to the ostiomeatal complex leads to atelectasis of the maxillary sinus. We report a case of a 14-year-old boy who presented 4 years after sustaining a non-operative orbital floor fracture with enophthalmos and transient diplopia. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated enlargement in size of the original orbital floor fracture and bilateral maxillary sinus disease. Bilateral chronic sinusitis suggested an anatomical predisposition to sinusitis unrelated to the prior trauma. The authors propose that, in this case, negative pressure in the maxillary sinus and chronic inflammation led to bone resorption and failure of the orbital fracture to heal. This differs from prior reports of silent sinus syndrome in that there was complete resorption of bone of the orbital floor and no decrease in volume of the maxillary sinus given the open communication of the sinus and the orbit, making this a unique presentation of pseudo-silent sinus syndrome in a pediatric patient.     

内窥镜鼻窦手术后内直肌损伤外斜视的手术治疗

目的 探讨内窥镜鼻窦手术后内直肌损伤致外斜视的斜视手术治疗效果.方法 5例经鼻窦内窥镜手术后大角度外斜,内转受限的患者,眼眶CT显示内直肌肌腹中部完全断裂.3例患者,内直肌断裂后3个月内,拮抗肌挛缩不明显,2例行垂直肌全肌腹水平转位联合后固定手术,另1例行垂自肌鼻侧1/2肌腹水平转位联合后固定手术.2例患者,内直肌断裂后超过6个月,外自肌挛缩明显,手术分两次进行,先后行外自肌后徙手术,和垂直肌腹水平转位联合后固定手术,两次手术间隔3个月.内转受限按程度分为-1至-8.患者随访超过6个月.结果 5例患者术后正位或小于-5°,4例正前方没有复视,1例配戴三棱镜后正前方复视消失.全部患者内转受限程度改善为-2至-5.无1例发生前节缺血等不良并发症.结论 垂自肌移位手术治疗内窥镜鼻窦手术后大角度外斜视有较好的疗效,手术时机以伤后3个月为佳.     

Surgical treatment of diplopia caused by fractures of the orbital floor

Oculomotor disturbance resulting from orbital floor fractures have different etiologic factors, sometimes damage of one of the ocular motor nerves, caused by direct injury to the orbit; this damage occurs also to one or more of the extrinsic ocular muscles, especially the obliques; frequently, the diplopia is caused by prolapsed orbital tissues with or without muscle entrapment or by a muscle fibrosis; when the diplopia appears after orbital floor reconstruction there is often a palsy of the inferior rectus muscle in front of silicone implant or bone graft on the orbital floor. In oculomotor disturbance after orbital floor fracture, the first stage will be to recognize the mechanism of the diplopia by a clinical examination, motility in the nine positions, Hess Charts, binocular vision and field, forced duction, radiography and sometimes coronal computed tomography which also allow visualization of soft tissues densities, including all extraocular muscles. If there is an indication of orbital surgery, it will be done always in first; oculomotor surgery will be done if necessary at the second stage, if there is a permanent diplopia without evolution during six months. The purpose of the treatment is to obtain orthophoria in primary position and in down gaze. A series of cases of fracture of the orbital floor with resulting diplopia are described. The method, the time, and the indications of orbital or oculomotor surgery are discussed according the variety of cases.     

鼻眼联合手术入路治疗爆裂性眶底骨折31例

目的探讨鼻眼联合手术入路治疗爆裂性眶底骨折的临床效果。方法 31例(31眼)爆裂性眶底骨折,采用下睑睫毛下切口入路和经上颌窦柯-陆氏入路,分别在直视下和鼻内窥镜下联合修复眶底骨折,解除粘连和嵌顿,还纳眶内容物。观察手术前后患者眼球突出度、复视程度、眼球牵拉试验及眼外肌功能的改善情况,分析手术疗效。结果 31例(31眼)爆裂性眶底骨折手术前均存在眼球凹陷,患眼与健眼眼球突出度相差4.0～8.0(5.0±1.3)mm,差异具有统计学意义(t=6.798,P=0.000);正前方及前下方视野内均有垂直复视;31眼眼球牵拉试验结果均为阳性(眼球向上被动牵引时存在阻力),眼球向上和向下运动均明显受限。手术后3个月,31眼眼球凹陷均得到满意恢复,患眼与健眼眼球突出度相差0～1.0(0.3±0.5)mm,差异无统计学意义(t=1.309,P=0.200)。手术前后自身患眼眼球突出度比较,相差2.0～5.0(3.0±0.1)mm,差异具有统计学意义(t=4.956,P=0.000);31眼中28眼正前方复视消失,16眼前下方复视消失;31眼眼球牵拉试验结果均为阴性(眼球向上被动牵引时不存在阻力),眼球上转均恢复正常,15眼仍有下转受限。结论鼻眼联合手术入路修复爆裂性眶底骨折,术野暴露充分,手术损伤相对较轻,临床效果可靠,尤其适用于严重的大范围眶底骨折患者。     

Correlation between ocular motility and evaluation of computed tomography in orbital blowout fracture

PURPOSE: To investigate outcomes of management of blowout fracture patients evaluating computed tomography (CT) findings and diplopia. DESIGN: Single-center retrospective interventional consecutive case series. METHODS: This study included 113 cases of pure blowout orbital fracture with diplopia. We investigated patients' satisfaction based on percentage of Hess area ratio (HAR%) on the Hess chart, evaluating fracture type and number of points of contact of extraocular muscles to the fracture edge (points of muscle contact) based on CT. RESULTS: Of the patients with HAR% > 85%, most experienced no diplopia. Sixty-two (55%) of 113 patients underwent surgical repair to improve diplopia, and 31 (50%) of 62 patients had surgery within three days after injury. A favorable outcome with HAR% > 85% was seen in 81 (72%) of 113 patients. Of 32 patients with two points of muscle contact at one extraocular muscle, 15 patients (47%) improved with a final HAR% > 85%. None of the four patients with medial wall fracture and two points of muscle contact had improved in their final HAR% > 85%. Thirty (97%) of 31 patients with either floor or medial wall fracture and no muscle involvement had a favorable outcome regardless of fracture type. Initial CT findings of the rectus muscle was strongly correlated with a mean initial HAR% (r = -0.94) and a mean final HAR% (r = -0.87). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical manifestations and prognosis of patients were approximately predicted through the analysis of CT on fracture type and number of points of contact of an extraocular muscle to the fracture edge.     

Quantitative changes in the field of binocular single vision following a fadenoperation to a vertical rectus muscle.

PURPOSE: To quantify the effect of a fadenoperation to a vertical rectus muscle on the field of binocular single vision (BSV). PATIENTS AND METHODS: BSV was assessed quantitatively in 32 patients before and after a fadenoperation to a single vertical rectus muscle by measuring the vertical extent of single vision in the midline and a score for the total field of BSV. Patients were aged from 14 to 72 years. All patients had diplopia in either downgaze or upgaze before surgery. In 11 patients, this was due to a fourth cranial nerve palsy, and in 8 patients it followed an orbital floor fracture. RESULTS: The 15 patients who had an inferior rectus fadenoperation alone showed a significant mean increase in downward and total vertical extent of BSV and in their field of BSV. The 9 patients who underwent a superior rectus fadenoperation alone showed a significant increase in total vertical extent of BSV and field of BSV score. Three of the 8 who underwent a fadenoperation combined with another strabismus procedure at the same time had a substantial improvement in their score, but after the other 5 showed little change. Patients with a paretic deficit showed substantially more improvement than those with an upgaze deficit after a blowout fracture. CONCLUSION: The fadenoperation to a vertical rectus muscle produced a significant functional expansion in the field of BSV in approximately two thirds of patients. The procedure was more effective in incomitant squints of paretic rather than mechanical etiology.     

Short‐ and long‐term vertical diplopia secondary to blunt trauma

This report describes the short‐ and long‐term ocular signs and symptoms of a patient with an orbital blow‐out fracture and discusses the differential diagnosis of vertical diplopia. A blow‐out fracture occurs when blunt trauma is applied either directly to the eyeball itself or the orbital rim and usually results in a fracture of the orbital floor with consequential excavation and entrapment of orbital contents in the fracture. Vertical diplopia is a common presenting symptom for a blow‐out fracture of the orbit but careful considerations should be given to other potential conditions leading to such diplopia. A patient is presented who suffered a blow‐out fracture almost a decade earlier, secondary to blunt trauma to the globe. The clinical findings are provided immediately after the trauma, post‐surgery and during a recent ocular examination.     

Pediatric orbital floor fracture : direct extraocular muscle involvement

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical presentation, operative findings, and postoperative results of a surgical series of isolated orbital floor fractures in children. DESIGN: Noncomparative, retrospective, consecutive case series. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-four patients (34 orbits) less than 18 years of age with isolated orbital floor fractures. Indications for surgery were severe limitation of extraocular ductions, 22 of 34; enophthalmos, 8 of 34: or both, 4 of 34. INTERVENTION: Surgical repair. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cause of fracture, symptoms, clinical signs, radiographic data, operative findings, postoperative results, and complications. RESULTS: Children older than 12 years of age were more likely to sustain an orbital floor fracture as a result of interpersonal violence than were children less than 12 years of age (P: = 0.020). Sixty-two percent of patients (21 of 34) exhibited pain with eye movements and/or nausea and vomiting. Most had a trapdoor type fracture (21 of 34). The inferior rectus muscle was entrapped in the orbital floor fracture in 69% (18 of 26) of patients with a severe limitation of ocular ductions. Preoperative nausea and vomiting were immediately relieved after surgery. The median time for improvement of preoperative duction deficits and diplopia was 4 days for patients receiving surgery within 7 days and 10.5 days for those undergoing surgery after 14 days (P: = 0.030). Resolution of duction deficits or diplopia was not dependent on time of surgery if performed within 1 month of injury. Loss of vision, worsening of motility, or implant complications did not occur. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with isolated orbital floor fractures who had pain, nausea, vomiting, and severe limitation of extraocular motility often have direct entrapment of the inferior rectus muscle into the fracture site. Surgical repair rapidly relieved preoperative pain, nausea, and vomiting. For patients with severe limitation of ductions, early surgical repair within 7 days of injury resulted in more rapid improvement of ductions and diplopia than surgery performed later.