速度向量成像评价胰岛素对糖尿病心肌病大鼠心肌功能的影响

目的 应用VVI定量评价胰岛素治疗后糖尿病心肌病大鼠心肌功能的变化。 方法 30只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为糖尿病组(DM组)、胰岛素治疗组(INS组)和正常对照组(CON组),每组10只。腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病模型后,INS组给予胰岛素皮下注射(6 U/kg体质量),每日一次。于造模成功12周后开胸,取左心室短轴图像进行VVI分析,并取心肌组织行透射电镜观察。 结果 与DM组比较,INS组收缩和舒张期径向峰值速度(Vs、Vd)、径向峰值应变(Sr)、收缩期径向峰值应变率(收缩期SRr)以及切向峰值应变(Sc)、收缩和舒张期切向峰值应变率(收缩期SRc、舒张期SRc)均较高(P＜0.05);舒张期径向峰值应变率(舒张期SRr)与DM组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。与CON组比较,INS组除舒张期SRr、收缩期SRc、舒张期SRc较低(P＜0.05)外,余指标与CON组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。 结论 胰岛素能明显改善糖尿病心肌病大鼠的心肌功能;VVI应变率指标在评估糖尿病心肌病治疗疗效及预后方面起着重要作用。     

速度矢量成像评价妊娠高血压综合征患者左心室功能

目的 探讨速度矢量成像(VVI)技术评价妊娠高血压综合征患者左心室功能变化的价值。方法 采用VVI技术检测25例妊娠期高血压患者(GH组)、27例轻度子痫前期患者(MPE组)、30例重度子痫前期患者(SPE组)和33名健康孕妇(NP组)的左心室长轴16节段心肌收缩期及舒张期峰值速度、应变、应变率(Vs、Ss、SRs及Vd、Sd、SRd),比较各组间差异。结果 ①GH组各节段的Vd、Sd、SRd低于NP组(P均<0.05),MPE组及SPE组各节段的Vd、Sd、SRd明显低于NP组(P<0.01);②MPE组和SPE组各节段的Vs、Ss、SRs均低于NP组(P均<0.05);③MPE组及SPE组各节段的Vd、Sd、SRd低于GH组(P均<0.05),SPE组各节段的Vd、Sd、SRd低于与MPE组(P均<0.05),SPE组各节段的Vs、Ss、SRs低于GH组(P均<0.05)。结论 VVI技术能够客观、敏感地检测妊高征患者左心室功能的变化。     

二维斑点追踪技术评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者右心室收缩功能

目的 探讨二维斑点追踪成像(2D-STI)技术评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者右心室收缩功能的临床价值。方法 将58例COPD患者按肺动脉收缩压分为轻度肺动脉高压(MPAH)组和无肺动脉高压(NPAH)组,另选取30名健康志愿者为正常对照组。应用二维应变软件于剑下四腔心切面测量右心室游离壁基底段和中间段的纵向收缩期峰值速度(Vs)、收缩期峰值应变(S)及收缩期峰值应变率(SRs)。对比各组间常规超声参数及二维应变参数的差异。结果 常规超声参数:与正常对照组比较,MPAH组及NPAH组右心室前壁厚度(RVAW)和舒张末期右心室中间段内径均明显增大,MPAH组收缩末期主肺动脉内径(MPA)增大(P均<0.05);与NPAH组比较,MPAH组RVAW和MPA均明显增大(P均<0.05)。二维应变参数:与正常对照组比较,MPAH组和NPAH组右心室游离壁基底段及中间段Vs、S、SRs均显著减低(P均<0.05);与NPAH组比较,MPAH组右心室游离壁基底段及中间段S及Vs均显著减低(P均<0.05)。结论 2D-STI技术是一种早期、客观评价COPD患者右心室收缩功能的新方法。     

速度向量成像技术评价妊娠期高血压综合征对胎儿左心室功能影响的研究

目的探讨速度向量成像技术(VVI)评价妊娠期高血压综合征对胎儿左心室功能影响的临床价值。方法采集并存储65例妊娠期高血压综合征胎儿和65例正常对照组胎儿的动态标准四腔心切面图像,利用VVI软件测量左心室心肌长轴方向运动指标。结果与对照组相比,24+0周后妊娠期高血压综合征组收缩期峰值应变(S)、应变率(SRs)和舒张期应变率(SRd)均明显减低(P<0.05),28+0周后妊娠期高血压综合征组收缩期峰值速度(Vs)、舒张期峰值速度(Vd)均明显减低(P<0.05)。妊娠期高血压综合征组Vs、Vd均随孕周的增加而增大(P<0.05),而S、SRs和SRd随孕周增加差异无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论妊娠期高血压综合征胎儿心功能在孕期已发生改变;VVI技术可敏感地检测出其左心室功能的变化。     

心肌纵向应变与应变率对胎儿心脏功能的评估

目的 探讨胎儿心肌纵向应变与应变率在评估胎儿心脏功能中的应用.方法 通过Syngo US Workplace VVI工作站处理标准胎儿四腔心动态图(145例),分别获得左心室游离壁、室间隔、右心室游离壁的纵向应变、应变率、收缩期和舒张期速度测值并进行分析.结果 (1)左室心肌速度大小由室壁基底段向心尖段逐渐递减,应变-时间、应变率-时间曲线随节段的变化而保持稳定;(2)左心室游离壁、右心室游离壁、室间隔之间的应变、应变率、收缩期和舒张期速度均无显著性差异(P>0.05);(3)左心室、室间隔、右心室游离壁收缩期和舒张期心肌速度与孕周均呈正相关(P<0.05);(4)左心室、室间隔、右心室的心肌应变率和胎心率均呈正相关(P<0.05).结论 应用VVI检测应变和应变率可用于分析胎儿局部纵向心室壁运动,以及评估胎儿心脏功能.     

速度向量成像技术评价急性肺血栓栓塞患者右心室功能

目的 应用速度向量成像(VVI)技术检测急性肺血栓栓塞(APTE)患者右心室功能的变化,探讨VVI技术对右心室功能的评估价值。 方法 选择APTE患者46例,按肺动脉压力分为轻中度肺动脉高压(PH)组和重度PH组;另选健康志愿者30名作为对照组。常规测量右心室横径、右心室前壁厚度及运动幅度、主肺动脉内径、肺动脉收缩压;启动VVI模式,在心尖四腔切面测量右心室游离壁及室间隔右心室面的基底段、中间段、心尖段的运动速度、应变和应变率(SR),并计算右心室射血分数。 结果 随着肺动脉压力负荷增大,右心室及主肺动脉内径逐渐增加,右心室壁运动幅度及右心室射血分数在轻中度PH组增加,在重度PH组明显减低(P均<0.05)。肺动脉压轻中度增高后,右心室部分心肌运动速度、应变和SR代偿性增强;肺动脉压重度增高后,右心室各节段心肌运动速度、应变和SR均明显减低,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论 VVI技术可定量无创评估APTE患者右心室功能的变化。     

速度向量成像联合小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷实验评价兔心肌梗死后存活心肌

目的 评价速度向量成像(VVI)联合小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷实验检测兔心肌梗死模型存活心肌的价值。方法 结扎新西兰大白兔冠状动脉左心室支,建立心肌梗死兔模型。于术后8周对实验动物行小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷实验,采用VVI检测局部室壁给药前后应变及应变率的改变;处死实验动物后,取心脏进行氯化三苯四氮唑(TTC)染色观察坏死心肌,以TTC结果为金标准,计算VVI诊断存活心肌的敏感度和特异度。结果 给予小剂量多巴酚丁胺后,非存活心肌节段应变和应变率较给药前均无明显改变(P均>0.05);存活节段收缩期应变和应变率随剂量增加而增加,与给药前比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05),舒张期应变率亦有增加趋势,与给药前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。VVI联合小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷实验诊断存活心肌的敏感度和特异度在左心室长轴切面为77.42%(24/31)和82.35%(42/51),在左心室短轴切面为84.31%(43/51)和88.73%(126/142)。结论 VVI联合小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷实验评价心肌梗死后存活心肌准确、无创,具有潜在临床应用价值。     

二维斑点追踪技术评价2型糖尿病患者右心室功能

目的 探讨斑点追踪显像(STI)技术评价2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者右心室功能的价值。 方法 依据是否合并糖尿病微血管病变,将44例T2DM患者分为无微血管病变组(T2DM Ⅰ组,n=19)和合并微血管病变组(T2DM Ⅱ组,n=25),另选28名性别、年龄相匹配的健康志愿者为正常对照组(NC组)。应用STI技术于静息状态下采集心尖四腔切面二维图像,分析右心室游离壁各节段峰值应变、应变率指标。 结果 与NC组比较,T2DM Ⅰ组各节段收缩峰值应变率(SRs)、舒张早期峰值应变率(SRe)以及基底部的收缩期峰值应变(ε)和舒张晚期峰值应变率(SRa)减低(P<0.05),T2DM Ⅱ组各节段的ε、SRs、SRe、SRa明显减低(P<0.05);与T2DM Ⅰ组比较,T2DM Ⅱ组基底部的ε、SRs、SRe明显减低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 STI技术测量右心室游离壁应变及应变率能够无创地评价T2DM患者右心室功能。     

胎儿超声心动图血流动力学参数与孕龄的关系

目的 探讨孕20~34周正常胎儿各孕周心脏房室瓣口、大动脉瓣口、胎儿静脉系统及重要生理通道的血流峰值速度随孕龄增长的变化规律。方法 回顾性分析2529名孕龄20~34周的正常单胎胎儿超声心动图资料,应用回归分析检测各参数与孕龄的相关性。结果 正常胎儿二尖瓣口和三尖瓣口舒张早期E峰、舒张晚期A峰和E峰/A峰,主动脉瓣口和肺动脉瓣口收缩期峰值流速,主动脉弓横弓部和动脉导管收缩期峰值流速和舒张期峰值流速,肺静脉左心房开口处收缩期S峰、舒张期D峰和心房收缩期A峰均随孕周增加略有增加;下腔静脉收缩期S峰、舒张期D峰及心房收缩期A峰无明显变化。上述胎儿血流动力学参数均与孕周存在相关关系(P均<0.05)。结论 胎儿超声心动图技术可评价心脏血流动力学状态,为胎儿超声心动图检查提供指导。     

三维斑点追踪成像技术评价不同左心室构型高血压患者左心室收缩功能

目的 探讨三维斑点追踪成像(3D-STI)技术评价不同左心室构型高血压患者左心室收缩功能的价值。方法 随机抽取原发性高血压患者90例和30名健康志愿者(N组),根据Ganan分类方法将原发性高血压患者分为正常构型组40例(Ⅰ组)、向心性重构组20例(Ⅱ组)、向心性肥厚组15例(Ⅲ组)及离心性肥厚组15例(Ⅳ组)。采用3D-STI技术获取左心室整体纵向收缩期峰值应变(GLS)、径向收缩期峰值应变(GRS)、圆周收缩期峰值应变(GCS)、面积收缩期峰值应变(GAS)及左心室射血分数(LVEF),并分析各组间参数的变化规律。结果 GAS随着左心室重构程度加重呈逐渐递减趋势(P<0.05),Ⅰ组GAS峰值小于N组(P<0.05);Ⅱ、Ⅲ组GLS峰值低于N、Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅱ组GRS峰值高于其余各组(P<0.05);Ⅳ组GLS、GRS、GCS、GAS峰值均低于其余各组(P<0.05)。左心室GLS、GCS、GAS、GRS与LVEF相关(r=-0.42、-0.50、-0.58、0.41,P均<0.05)。结论 3D-STI技术为分析不同左心室构型高血压患者的心肌形变提供了新方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.