成人肾先天性发育不良伴巨输尿管1例

患者女,58岁.体检B超发现盆腔包块2周,于2011年3月21日入我院妇产科,查体下腹压痛,B超见宫后方116 mm × 24 mm,无回声区,示盆腔包裹性积液.3月24 日行腹腔镜探查见右侧腹膜后肿物约12 cm × 2 cm,直肠出血,血肿,遂转入外科,经进一步行盆腔彩超、CT及肾分泌性造影检查示:右肾未见显影;左肾积水,左输尿管扩张:右盆腔腹膜后囊性包块转入泌尿外科,于4月21日行盆腔包块切除术,术中见盆腔腹膜后蜡肠样囊性包块,下端连膀胱,上端经分离达右肾,右肾萎缩仅拇指大小.     

巨大卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤超声表现1例

患者女,32岁,因自觉腹部逐渐增大8年,不明原因尿频1个月就诊.体检于下腹扪及巨大包块.超声显示:于腹盆腔扫查见一巨大囊性包块,上界平脐,左侧达腋前线,超过声窗范围,大小约180mm×140 mm×90 mm,包块从前、左、后三面包绕宫体,包膜厚薄不均,内充满液性无回声,透声尚可,包块内可见强回声带形成网状分隔;子宫及右侧附件未见异常.超声提示:盆腔巨大囊性包块(左侧卵巢多房性黏液性囊腺瘤?).术中所见:左侧卵巢增大至200 mm×180 mm×120 mm,位于左侧阔韧带后,表面光滑,几乎占满整个盆腔.     

卵巢甲状腺肿性类癌超声表现一例

患者女,42岁.因超声体检发现卵巢囊肿6个月入院.术前妇科检查:左侧附件区触及大小4.0 cm×6.0 cm包块,无压痛,右侧附件区未触及包块,无压痛.术前经阴道超声检查:子宫前位,大小5.2 cm×4.8 cm×4.8 cm,子宫内膜厚1.0 cm,肌层回声欠均匀.前壁宫底部可见大小0.9 cm×0.6 cm和0.7 cm×0.5 cm低回声结节.宫内O型节育器回声、位置正常.宫颈内可见多个囊性无回声区,其中一个大小0.5 cm×0.8 cm.右侧卵巢大小正常,左侧卵巢内可见大小5.7 cm×4.2 cm囊实性团块(图1),囊内充满细小点状回声,实质部分内见条点状血流信号,盆腔无液性无回声区.超声诊断:(1)左卵巢囊实性团块.(2)子宫多发小肌瘤.     

经阴道、输尿管双引流治疗输尿管瘘1例

患者女,36岁.在我院妇科行腹腔镜下右侧附件切除术,出院后1周因腹胀痛再入院,超声检查:子宫后方见9.3 cm×5.4 cm×7.1 cm的液性无回声区,无回声区内见絮状及点状回声.超声诊断:盆腔囊性包块.     

超声诊断Ⅰ型阴道斜隔综合征1例

患者女,14岁。12岁月经初潮,1年前月经来潮时下腹坠痛。后因腹痛并大小便困难来我院就诊。超声检查：盆腔见2个子宫回声,左侧宫体大小8.8 cm×3.4 cm×5.0 cm,内见密集点状回声(图1);右侧宫体大小3.4 cm×1.7 cm×3.6 cm,内膜厚0.3 cm;左侧阴道内见5.2 cm×4.4 cm 无回声,内见絮状回声及密集点状回声;左侧卵巢上方见6.6 cm×3.5 cm迂曲无回声,内见密集点状回声(图2)。超声提示：①双子宫;②阴道内囊性包块,考虑积血;③左侧盆腔囊性包块,考虑输卵管积血;④左肾缺如,右肾代偿性增大。手术所见：双子宫,双宫颈,右侧子宫偏小,左侧子宫偏大,连接一侧输卵管及卵巢,输卵管迂曲增粗充血,卵巢包裹粘连,阴道内见右侧偏小宫颈,宫颈左侧有凸起,电刀切开见黏稠血液流出,腹腔镜下行粘连分解术及左侧输卵管开窗整形术,见黏稠血液流出。临床诊断：阴道斜隔(完全性)。     

右侧输尿管囊肿并多发结石1例

1 病例报告 女,32岁.以右侧腹部胀痛不适2个月,加重伴发热、尿频、尿痛1周就诊.查体:右肾区叩击痛阳性.患者取平卧位,盆腔常规扫查:膀胱充盈好,于右侧膀胱三角区探及一4.1 cm×3.2 cm囊性包块,壁光滑,纵切面上可见囊肿与扩张的输尿管盆腔段相通.实时观察见囊肿呈周期性增大与缩小.右侧输尿管全程扩张,上段内径9 mm,中段内径10 mm,下段内径19 mm,下段输尿管内壁增厚,内探及多个大小不等强回声团,后伴声影,范围约3.4 cm×1.0 cm,右肾肾盂轻度分离.左肾、左侧输尿管未见异常.超声诊断:右侧输尿管囊肿伴右侧输尿管下段多发结石、右肾轻度积水.     

卵巢巨大内胚窦瘤合并畸胎瘤超声表现1例

<正>患者女,37岁。因腹胀、腹痛1个月余入院。无月经来潮,已婚,未孕,查体:肛诊扪及盆腔巨大包块,质地韧。AFP:1 210 ng/ml,CA125:779.9U/ml。超声检查示:盆腹腔偏右侧可见一巨大囊实混合回声团,上至脐上三指,下至耻骨联合,包块以实性为主,边界清,内见多条分隔及不规则液性无回声区,CDFI示包块内部可见线状血流信号(图1);盆腔探及大小约3.5cm×3.0cm囊性回声团,内可见范围约1.0cm×0.8cm稍高回声团,内未见明显血流信号;盆腔未见正常子宫回声。超声诊     

肾上腺海绵状血管瘤并发血肿的超声表现1例

患者男,14岁.发现右侧肾上腺区占位2周.查体:未见明显异常.超声所见:右侧肾上腺区见一以囊性为主的囊实性包块,该包块将右肾向下推移,与下腔静脉壁紧邻,大小约9.6 cm×6.9 cm,边界清楚,有包膜,囊内透声差,内实性部分回声不均匀,可见斑块及条索状强回声及絮状回声(图1),彩色多普勒:包块内未见明确血流信号.超声诊断印象:右侧肾上腺区囊实性包块,考虑肿瘤合并出血可能性大.CT:右侧肾上腺区血肿,大小约9 cm×8 cm,不除外肿瘤合并出血可能.     

先天性双子宫、双阴道、右侧阴道闭锁并右肾缺如1例

患者女,12岁,因经期下腹胀痛,右侧为甚来我院检查。11岁月经初潮。超声检查:盆腔内可见两个子宫图像,呈蝶形,左、右侧子宫大小分别为3.7cm×2.8cm×3.6cm、4.4cm×2.0cm×3.2cm,子宫肌壁回声均质,于右侧宫颈处可见一7.5cm×4.7cm的囊性包块,内可见散在的低回声光点,包块似与右侧子宫宫腔相延续(图1)。CDFI:囊性包块周边可见血流信号。双侧附件区未见明显异常回声。左肾大小形态正常,实质回声均质,集合系统未见分离及局限性异常回声;右肾区未见肾脏图像,腹腔其他位置亦未见肾脏图像。超声提示:①双子宫;②盆腔囊性包块(右侧阴道闭锁可能);…     

超声检测卵巢甲状腺肿合并单纯囊肿1例

患者女,41岁,发现右下腹包块1个月。超声检查：子宫增大,不规则,实质回声欠均匀,子宫壁见多个低回声团,边界较清晰,左侧壁较大者为3．5cm×2．5cm×3．5cm。右侧附件区探及大小约6．0cm×5．0em×5．3cm以囊性为主混合性肿块,边界尚清,壁厚,囊壁见稍高回声团,大小约1．3em×1．0cm×1．0cm及囊壁内侧环状强回声。盆腔内探及无回声区,深度约1．4cm。超声提示：①子宫多发性肌瘤;②右侧附件区囊实性肿块,考虑右侧卵巢占位病变,右卵巢囊腺瘤？     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.