河南省新型冠状病毒肺炎重症病例影响因素分析

目的 探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎重症病例的影响因素,为优化配置医疗卫生资源和减少死亡的发生提供理论依据.方法 选取截至2020 年3 月31 日国家传染病信息报告系统中河南省新型冠状病毒肺炎确诊病例,采用SPSS 22.0 统计软件,对性别、年龄、职业、基础疾病、发病到就诊时间间隔等因素进行卡方检验,选择有统计学意义的因素进...     

双源双能量CT成像在新型冠状病毒肺炎中的应用价值

目的探讨双源双能量计算机体层成像（CT）不同单能量重建对新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）间质性病灶的显示和图像质量及辐射剂量的影响。 方法回顾性分析2020年1—3月郑州大学第一附属医院收治的20例COVID-19患者的胸部平扫影像学资料。比较同一患者双源双能量CT与常规CT的扫描辐射剂量。同时重建双源双能量CT扫描40、60、80、100、120 keV单能量图像,比较不同单能量图像间质性病灶的CT值和标准差（SD）,计算信噪比（SNR）和对比噪声比（CNR）;由2名经验丰富的肺部诊断医师采用5分法评估不同单能量图像质量,并进行比较。 结果双源双能量CT组的CT容积剂量指数（CTDI_vol）为（6.0±2.4）mGy,较常规CT组的（8.9±2.9）mGy下降了33%,且差异有统计学意义（t=10.694,P<0.001）;双源双能量CT组剂量长度乘积（DLP）和全身有效剂量（ED）分别为（217.5±79.6）mGy·cm和（3.1±1.1）mSv,低于常规CT组的（333.8±109.0）mGy·cm（t=10.727,P<0.001）和（4.67±1.52）mSv（t=10.730,P<0.001）。随着X线能量的升高,单能量图像的SNR和CNR逐渐增加,CT值和SD值逐渐降低,相邻两组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.001）。2名诊断医师的图像质量主观评价一致性较好（Kappa值为0.700~0.857,P<0.001）,不同单能量图像主观评分差异均有统计学意义（P<0.001）,其中80 keV图像主观评分最高。 结论与常规CT相比,使用双源双能量CT降低了辐射剂量;120 keV单能量图像质量客观评价较高,但80 keV单能量图像更有利于间质性病灶的显示,对提示病情进展具有重要意义。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎130例CT分布特点及征象研究

目的探讨2019新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)影像学表现。方法根据纳入标准和排除标准收集2020年1月20日至2月5日来自全国多家医院确诊COVID-19病例130例,按分布特点进行分型,分析其影像学特征。结果(1)分布:单侧14例(10.7%),双侧116例(89.3%);胸膜下型(102例78.4%),小叶核心型99例(76.1%),弥漫型8例(6.1%);(2)数目:单发病灶9例(6.9%),多发病灶113例(86.9%),弥漫8例(6.1%);(3)密度:仅为磨玻璃影(GGO)70例(53.8%),GGO与实变影兼有60例(46.2%);(3)伴随征象:血管增粗100例(76.9%),胸膜平行征98例(75.3%),"细网格征"100例(76.9%),"晕征"13例(10%),"反晕征"6例(4.6%),3例胸腔积液(2.3%),2例肺气囊(1.5%)。未见空洞。35患者行CT复查,21例(60%)好转,14例(40%)加重。结论COVID-19影像学特点主要以胸膜下及小叶核心分布为主,两者均可融合成片,重症者发展为双肺弥漫;最有价值的特征是"胸膜平行征";恢复期表现为边缘收缩的实变影,支气管扩张,胸膜下线或纤维条索影。     

新冠疫情期间定点医疗机构内住院结核病患者对新冠肺炎的风险感知及情绪反应

目的探讨新冠疫情期间定点医疗机构内住院结核病患者,对新冠肺炎的风险感知情绪反应。方法采取便利抽样法选取某传染病专科医院183例肺结核住院患者,于入院期间采用一般资料、新冠疫情风险感知问卷进行调查,对问卷结果进行统计分析。结果共发放183份问卷,回收有效问卷179份,有效回收率为97.81%。疫情期间结核病住院患者对新冠肺炎传播途径、易感人群、预防措施、佩戴何种口罩认知率分别为75.6%、81.8%、81.0%和83.0%。35.8%的调查对象对于目前发生的新冠肺炎疫情感觉焦虑,29.1%感觉紧张。疫情发生后,97.2%的调查对象外出时带防护物品,91.6%强化个人卫生,84.4%减少与他人接触机会。新冠疫情知识获得途径主要是电视和广播,人群最关注的信息是政府防控措施(64.8%)和疫情蔓延程度(62.0%)。结论新冠疫情期间,定点医疗机构内住院结核病患者,能掌握部分新冠肺炎相关知识,但掌握不全;疫情下,患者存在焦虑、紧张等情绪,提示我们当下更需要准确的通过多种途径,多种宣传手段,及时有效将疾病相关知识信息传递给患者,引导患者正确认识疾病,积极应对与防控。     

Application of machine learning in CT images and X-rays of COVID-19 pneumonia

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread worldwide. X-ray and computed tomography (CT) are 2 technologies widely used in image acquisition, segmentation, diagnosis, and evaluation. Artificial intelligence can accurately segment infected parts in X-ray and CT images, assist doctors in improving diagnosis efficiency, and facilitate the subsequent assessment of the severity of the patient infection. The medical assistant platform based on machine learning can help radiologists make clinical decisions and helper in screening, diagnosis, and treatment. By providing scientific methods for image recognition, segmentation, and evaluation, we summarized the latest developments in the application of artificial intelligence in COVID-19 lung imaging, and provided guidance and inspiration to researchers and doctors who are fighting the COVID-19 virus.     

Prolonged viral positivity induced recurrent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in patients receiving anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment: Case reports

Introduction:The outbreak of novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is the most important current health problem. The number of patients is increasing worldwide. Pneumonia is the most life-threatening complication of the disease. Prolonged viral shedding in hematological patients with COVID-19 has been demonstrated; however, data on COVID-19 patients receiving anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy are limited. Accordingly, focusing on humoral immunity, herein, we present 4 COVID-19 patients who were on anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment and had prolonged pneumonia.Patient concerns:Two of 4 patients were on rituximab and the other 2 were on obinutuzumab therapy.Diagnosis:The polymerase chain reaction test results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 were positive for all 4 patients and their COVID pneumonia lasted for >50 days.Interventions:Although all patients were treated with an adequate amount of convalescent plasma, prolonged polymerase chain reaction positivity and prolonged pneumonia were possibly due to the lack of ability of the immune system to initiate its antibody response.Outcomes:Despite the administration of standard therapies, recurrent pneumonia observed in the present case series of non-neutropenic patients, in whom primary malignancies were under control.Conclusions:It is suggested that further investigations should be performed to understand the underlying pathophysiology.     

Radiation dose levels in chest computed tomography scans of coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia: A survey of 2119 patients in Chongqing,southwest China

To investigate computed tomography (CT) diagnostic reference levels for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia by collecting radiation exposure parameters of the most performed chest CT examinations and emphasize the necessity of low-dose CT in COVID-19 and its significance in radioprotection.The survey collected RIS data from 2119 chest CT examinations for 550 COVID-19 patients performed in 92 hospitals from January 23, 2020 to May 1, 2020. Dose data such as volume computed tomography dose index, dose-length product, and effective dose (ED) were recorded and analyzed. The radiation dose levels in different hospitals have been compared, and average ED and cumulative ED have been studied.The median dose-length product, volume computed tomography dose index, and ED measurements were 325.2 mGy cm with a range of 6.79 to 1098 mGy cm, 9.68 mGy with a range of 0.62 to 33.80 mGy, and 4.55 mSv with a range of 0.11 to 15.37 mSv for COVID-19 CT scanning protocols in Chongqing, China. The distribution of all observed EDs of radiation received by per patient undergoing CT protocols during hospitalization yielded a median cumulative ED of 17.34 mSv (range, 2.05–53.39 mSv) in the detection and management of COVID-19 patients. The average number of CT scan times for each patient was 4.0 ± 2.0, and the average time interval between 2 CT scans was 7.0 ± 5.0 days. The average cumulative ED of chest CT examinations for COVID-19 patients in Chongqing, China greatly exceeded public limit and the annual dose limit of occupational exposure in a short period.For patients with known or suspected COVID-19, a chest CT should be performed on the principle of rapid-scan, low-dose, single-phase protocol instead of routine chest CT protocol to minimize radiation doses and motion artifacts.     

Clinical characteristics,treatment, and prognosis of 74 2019 novel coronavirus disease patients in Hefei: A single-center retrospective study

Since December 2019, pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), namely 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has rapidly spread from Wuhan city to other cities across China. The present study was designed to describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of 74 hospitalized patients with COVID-19.Clinical data of 74 COVID-19 patients were collected to analyze the epidemiological, demographic, laboratory, radiological, and treatment data. Thirty-two patients were followed up and tested for the presence of the viral nucleic acid and by pulmonary computed tomography (CT) scan at 7 and 14 days after they were discharged.Among all COVID-19 patients, the median incubation period for patients and the median period from symptom onset to admission was all 6 days; the median length of hospitalization was 13 days. Fever symptoms were presented in 83.78% of the patients, and the second most common symptom was cough (74.32%), followed by fatigue and expectoration (27.03%). Inflammatory indicators, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) of the intensive care unit (ICU) patients were significantly higher than that of the non-ICU patients (P < .05). However, 50.00% of the ICU patients had their the ratio of T helper cells to cytotoxic T cells (CD4/CD8) ratio lower than 1.1, whose proportion is much higher than that in non-ICU patients (P < .01).Compared with patients in Wuhan, COVID-19 patients in Anhui Province seemed to have milder symptoms of infection, suggesting that there may be some regional differences in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between different cities.     

Multicenter analysis and a rapid screening model to predict early novel coronavirus pneumonia using a random forest algorithm

Early determination of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia from numerous suspected cases is critical for the early isolation and treatment of patients.The purpose of the study was to develop and validate a rapid screening model to predict early COVID-19 pneumonia from suspected cases using a random forest algorithm in China.A total of 914 initially suspected COVID-19 pneumonia in multiple centers were prospectively included. The computer-assisted embedding method was used to screen the variables. The random forest algorithm was adopted to build a rapid screening model based on the training set. The screening model was evaluated by the confusion matrix and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis in the validation.The rapid screening model was set up based on 4 epidemiological features, 3 clinical manifestations, decreased white blood cell count and lymphocytes, and imaging changes on chest X-ray or computed tomography. The area under the ROC curve was 0.956, and the model had a sensitivity of 83.82% and a specificity of 89.57%. The confusion matrix revealed that the prospective screening model had an accuracy of 87.0% for predicting early COVID-19 pneumonia.Here, we developed and validated a rapid screening model that could predict early COVID-19 pneumonia with high sensitivity and specificity. The use of this model to screen for COVID-19 pneumonia have epidemiological and clinical significance.     

老年人新型冠状病毒肺炎防控的权威指南荟萃

新型冠状病毒肺炎人群普遍易感。老年人免疫功能减弱,且多合并慢性基础疾病,感染后往往进展迅速且多为重症病例。死亡病例也多见于老年人。目前的诊疗方案主要针对普通成人,尚缺乏适用于老年人的防控指南。本文在普通成年人新型冠状病毒肺炎防控指南的基础上,针对老年人群的特点,对目前发布的最新的权威指南中老年病区、养老机构及老年人防控要点进行梳理,供基层医养机构参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎患者4S呼吸康复指引

2019新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)感染的肺炎具有高度传染性,本文结合4S(simple,safe,satisfy,save)呼吸康复内容和2019新型冠状病毒肺炎的诊治标准,对2019-nCoV所致的肺炎患者提供可行的呼吸康复指引.     

Convalescent plasma therapy for patients with severe COVID-19: A case series study

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel acute respiratory infectious disease that can lead to multiple-organ dysfunction in patients with severe disease. However, there is a lack of effective antiviral drugs for COVID-19. Herein, we investigated the efficacy and safety of convalescent plasma (CP) therapy for treating severe COVID-19 in an attempt to explore new therapeutic methods.The clinical data of 3 imported patients with severe COVID-19 who underwent treatment with CP and who were quarantined and treated in a designated COVID-19 hospital from March 2020 to April 2020 were collected and analyzed.The 3 patients, including a 57-year-old male, 65-year-old female, and 59-year-old female, were clinically classified as having severe COVID-19. The main underlying diseases included hypertension, diabetes, sequelae of cerebral infarction, and postoperative thyroid adenoma. The common symptoms included cough, fever, and shortness of breath. All patients received antiviral drugs and other supportive treatments. Additionally, CP treatment was administered. At 48 to 72 hours after the CP transfusion, all 3 of the patients exhibited an improvement and alleviation of symptoms, an elevated arterial oxygen saturation, and decreased C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels. The counts of the total lymphocytes and T lymphocytes (CD3+) and their subsets (CD4 + and CD8+) were also obviously increased. Repeated chest computed tomography also revealed obvious absorption of the lesions in the bilateral lungs. Only 1 patient had a mild allergic reaction during the CP infusion, but no severe adverse reactions were observed.The early treatment with CP in patients with severe COVID-19 can rapidly improve the condition of the patients, and CP therapy is generally effective and safe.     

The 2019 novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19) pandemic: A zoonotic prospective

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),a novel coronavirus(CoV),has recently emerged as a significant pathogen for humans and the cause for the recent outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19) throughout the globe.For developing any preventive measure,an understanding of the zoonotic pattern for this virus is a necessity.We should have a clear knowledge of its reservoir host,its distribution pattern and spreading routes.Information about zoonotic reservoirs and its transmission among them can help to understand the COVID-19 outbreaks.In this article,we discuss about the bats as the zoonotic reservoir of several CoV strains,co-existence of bats and CoV/viruses,the sequence similarity of SARS-CoV-2 with bat SARS-like CoV,the probable source of the origin of SARS-CoV-2 strain and COVID-19 outbreak,intermediate host of CoVs and SARS-CoV-2,human to human transmission and the possibility to maintain the zoonotic barriers.Our knowledge about the zoonotic reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 and its transmission ability may help develop the preventive measures and control for the future outbreak of CoV.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎与肝功能损伤的关系初探:一项多中心研究

目的分析新型冠状病毒肺炎病例的临床特征,初步探讨不同临床分型与肝功能损伤的关系。方法纳入2020年1月23日到2020年2月8日7家新型冠状病毒感染定点医院连续收治的确诊病例。根据国家卫生健康委员会发布的《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版修正版)》进行临床分型(轻型、普通型、重型、危重型)。研究数据采用SPSS19.0统计学软件进行分析。定量资料采用中位数(四分位数间距)表示,定性资料采用频数和率表示。两组数据之间的差异性分析采用秩和检验。结果纳入了符合标准的32例确诊病例,轻型或普通型28例(87.50%),重型或危重型4例(12.50%)。4例(12.50%)患者合并有1项基础疾病(支气管哮喘、冠心病、恶性肿瘤、慢性肝脏疾病各1例),1例(3.13%)患者同时合并有高血压和恶性肿瘤。实验室检查结果提示:总队列病例的丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)分别为26.98(16.88~46.09)U/L和24.75(18.71~31.79)U/L,白蛋白(Alb)和总胆红素(TBil)分别为39.00(36.20~44.20)g/L和16.40(11.34~21.15)μmol/L。轻型或普通型亚组的ALT和AST分别为22.75(16.31~37.25)U/L和23.63(18.71~26.50)U/L,其中ALT>40 U/L有6例(21.00%),AST>40 U/L有1例(3.60%);Alb和TBil分别为39.70(36.50~46.10)g/L和15.95(11.34~20.83)μmol/L。重型或危重型亚组的ALT和AST分别为60.25(40.88~68.90)U/L和37.00(20.88~64.45)U/L,其中ALT>40 U/L有3例(75.00%),AST>40 U/L有1例(25.00%);Alb和TBil分别为35.75(28.68~42.00)g/L和20.50(11.28~25.00)μmol/L。结论多中心回顾性研究结果提示新型冠状病毒肺炎合并肝功能损伤在轻型和普通型患者中少见,而在重型和危重型患者中多见。因此,应当加强对重症患者治疗期间的肝功能监测与评估。     

The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on liver injury in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction:The evidence for the incidence and severity of liver injury in Chinese patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to summarize the incidence of liver injury and the differences between liver injury markers among different patients with COVID-19 in China.Methods:Computer searches of PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and medRxiv were used to obtain reports on the incidence and markers of liver injury in Chinese patients with COVID-19, from January 1, 2020 to April 10, 2020. (No. CRD42020181350)Results:A total of 57 reports from China were included, including 9889 confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection. The results of the meta-analysis showed that among the patients with early COVID-19 infection in China, the incidence of liver injury events was 24.7% (95% CI, 23.4%–26.4%). Liver injury in severe patients was more common than that in non-severe patients, with a risk ratio of 2.07 (95% CI, 1.77–2.43). Quantitative analysis showed that the severe the coronavirus infection, the higher the level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspertate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and the lower the level of albumin (ALB).Conclusion:There is a certain risk of liver injury in Chinese patients with COVID-19, and the risk and degree of liver injury are related to the severity of COVID-19.     

Mobile computed tomography for the efficient allocation of medical resources in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: A case report

Rationale:The highly contagious Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection raise social and economic burden. Medical staff and resources are being diverted for the care of patients with COVID-19. There are problems for healthcare systems, including burnout syndrome for the medical staff and exhaustion of medical resources.Patient concerns:The patient was a 65-year-old woman presenting with fever, cough, and dyspnea due to COVID-19 pneumonia. She received antiviral agents, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and conservative treatment. Although her clinical condition improved, there was no significant improvement in portable chest X-ray results.Diagnoses:Due to concerns over the propagation of infection when transferring to patients for scanning and the need for excessive medical personnel to move patients, we moved a mobile chest computed tomography (CT) machine to an isolation ward for CT scanning.Interventions:We report our experience using mobile chest CT to effectively allocate medical resources and assess treatment response in patient with COVID-19 pneumonia.Outcomes:Follow-up mobile CT scans disclosed progressive resolution of the multifocal ground-glass opacities and mixed consolidations distributed peripheral to subpleural spaces. During the mobile chest CT scan, there were no adverse or unforeseen events. Three medical personnel were required to performed mobile chest CT, including a clinician, a nurse, and a radiologist.Lessons:As a result of using mobile chest CT on COVID-19 patients, the number of medical personnel required for CT scanning decreased by about 83%, rapid, and safe compared with a patient who performed conventional CT.     

Dementia and outcomes from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThe number of positive and death cases from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still increasing until now. One of the most prone individuals, even in normal situations is patients with dementia. Currently, no study provides clear evidence regarding the link between dementia and COVID-19. This study aims to analyze the relationship between dementia and poor outcomes of COVID-19 infection.Materials and MethodsWe systematically searched the PubMed and Europe PMC database using specific keywords related to our aims until October 25th, 2020. All articles published on COVID-19 and dementia were retrieved. The quality of the study was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) tool for observational studies. Statistical analysis was done using Review Manager 5.4 software.ResultsA total of 24 studies with 46,391 dementia patients were included in this meta-analysis. This meta-analysis showed that dementia was associated with composite poor outcome [RR 2.67 (95% CI 2.06 – 3.47), p < 0.00001, I² = 99%, random-effect modeling] and its subgroup which comprised of risk of COVID-19 infection [RR 2.76 (95% CI 1.43 – 5.33), p = 0.003, I² = 99%, random-effect modeling], severe COVID-19 [RR 2.63 (95% CI 1.41 – 4.90), p = 0.002, I² = 89%, random-effect modeling], and mortality from COVID-19 infection [RR 2.62 (95% CI 2.04 – 3.36), p < 0.00001, I² = 96%, random-effect modeling].ConclusionsExtra care and close monitoring should then be provided to patients with dementia to minimize the risk of infections, preventing the development of severe and mortality outcomes.     

Personalized ß-lactam dosing in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pneumonia: A retrospective analysis on pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic target attainment

Pathophysiological changes are important risk factors for critically ill patients with pneumonia manifesting sub-therapeutic antibiotic exposures during empirical treatment. The effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on antibiotic dosing requirements is uncertain. We aimed to determine the effect of COVID-19 on ß-lactam pharmacokinetics (PK) and PK target attainment in critically ill patients with a personalized dosing strategy.Retrospective, single-center analysis of COVID-19 ± critically ill patients with pneumonia (community-acquired pneumonia or hospital-acquired pneumonia) who received continuous infusion of a ß-lactam antibiotic with dosing personalized through dosing software and therapeutic drug monitoring. A therapeutic exposure was defined as serum concentration between (c_ss) 4 to 8 times the EUCAST non-species related breakpoint).Data from 58 patients with pneumonia was analyzed. Nineteen patients were tested COVID-19-positive before the start of the antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia or hospital-acquired pneumonia. Therapeutic exposure was achieved in 71% of COVID-19 patients (68% considering all patients). All patients demonstrated c_ss above the non–species-related breakpoint. Twenty percent exceeded c_ss above the target range (24% of all patients). The median ß-lactam clearance was 49% compared to ß-lactam clearance in a standard patient without a significant difference regarding antibiotic, time of sampling or present COVID-19 infection. Median daily doses were 50% lower compared to standard bolus dosing.COVID-19 did not significantly affect ß-lactam pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients. Personalized ß-lactam dosing strategies were safe in critically ill patients and lead to high PK target attainment with less resources.