职业潜水员认知品质特点的调查与分析

目的 探讨职业潜水员的认知品质特征.方法 选取职业潜水员165人,以普通人群230人、49名海员、66名潜水学员为对照组,运用<瑞文标准推理测验>(中国城市版成年组)、<80.8神经类型测试表>、注意集中检测仪、动作稳定检测仪等量表或仪器进行测试.结果 不同年龄组潜水员神经活动类型、场独立性、动作稳定、反应时、记忆广度、空间知觉、注意集中、暗适应等认知指标的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同学历、工龄的潜水员认知能力水平的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);潜水员的深度知觉、场独立性、注意集中、空间知觉、暗适应成绩明显优于普通人群,而在智力等级、记忆广度指标的成绩明显低于普通人群,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).潜水员神经活动类型、深度知觉、动觉记忆、场独立性、记忆广度、空间知觉、暗适应等指标与海员比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).潜水员神经活动类型、场独立性、注意集中、动作稳定、空间知觉等认知指标明显优于潜水学员,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 潜水职业需要具备特定的认知素质,同时潜水职业也影响着潜水员的认知能力.     

职业潜水员认知品质特点的调查与分析

目的 探讨职业潜水员的认知品质特征.方法 选取职业潜水员165人,以普通人群230人、49名海员、66名潜水学员为对照组,运用<瑞文标准推理测验>(中国城市版成年组)、<80.8神经类型测试表>、注意集中检测仪、动作稳定检测仪等量表或仪器进行测试.结果 不同年龄组潜水员神经活动类型、场独立性、动作稳定、反应时、记忆广度、空间知觉、注意集中、暗适应等认知指标的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同学历、工龄的潜水员认知能力水平的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);潜水员的深度知觉、场独立性、注意集中、空间知觉、暗适应成绩明显优于普通人群,而在智力等级、记忆广度指标的成绩明显低于普通人群,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).潜水员神经活动类型、深度知觉、动觉记忆、场独立性、记忆广度、空间知觉、暗适应等指标与海员比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).潜水员神经活动类型、场独立性、注意集中、动作稳定、空间知觉等认知指标明显优于潜水学员,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 潜水职业需要具备特定的认知素质,同时潜水职业也影响着潜水员的认知能力.     

职业潜水员个性品质特点调查与分析

目的 探讨职业潜水员的个性品质特点.方法 运用<卡特尔十六种人格因素测验>(16PF),选取职业潜水员165人进行团体施测,数据采用SPSS 13.0统计处理.结果 ①不同工龄潜水员在聪慧性、怀疑性、世故性和创造能力因子上差异有显著性(P<0.01);②除恃强性、兴奋性、幻想性和忧虑性因子外,潜水员与常模在其他12个因子中差异有显著性(P<0.05);③与海员相比,潜水员表现为高稳定性、低兴奋性、低敏感性、较强的适应能力、高专业成就能力、高创造性等个性特点(P<0.05);④潜水员与潜水学员在聪慧性、恃强性、忧虑性、新环境中成长能力因素等因子上差异有显著性(P<0.05).结论 职业潜水员作为一个特殊职业群体,有其独特的个性品质特点和要求.     

新护士职业防护知识认知状态调查与分析

目的 了解新毕业临床护士对职业防护知识掌握情况,结合现状提出增强职业安全防护意识和能力的可行性措施.方法 采用问卷调查了解新毕业临床护士的职业防护知识掌握情况及相关内容.结果 59.2%的新护士不知道医院中护士最常见的职业危险因素,知道安全注射的仅有41.2%,91.0%的人不知道什么是标准预防,可见新毕业临床护士对职业防护知识掌握不全面;25.0%的人不知道受到伤害后如何处理及上报程序,说明面对职业危害时缺乏有效,完善的应对措施.结论 应加强职业防护知识的教育,定期组织职业防护知识培训,医院管理者要加大职业安全防护管理的力度,加强相关措施和制度保障.     

医务人员职业暴露及认知现状调查分析

目的：探讨医务人员职业暴露发生原因与防护措施。方法：利用自制的调查表，对某院2007--2008年医务人员职业暴露发生、认知态度及需求情况进行问卷调查。结果：两年期间共发生68例职业暴露，发生率为5．19％，以护士为主（占80．88％），暴露种类以锐器伤为主（占86．76％），暴露源以血液为主（占94．11％），病原体以乙肝（48．53％）、梅毒（23．53％）、丙肝（14．71％）为主，发生原因以医务人员刺伤自己为主（87．76％），防护手套使用率为19．12％，均无使用防护眼镜。职业暴露发生后，有41．18％、22．06％的医务人员表示出害怕与无可奈何心理状态，95．59％的医护人员期望得到职业暴露防护培训及医疗保障。结论：该院医护人员对职业暴露的防护意识较为淡簿，应加强职业安全防护知识培训，健全安全防护组织网络体系，执行安全操作标准，规范操作行为，加强心理干预。     

临床护士职业防护认知状况调查分析

临床护士在为患者提供治疗护理的同时,自身常受到周围存在的生物、物理、化学及社会心理等因素的侵袭.我们对医院临床护士对职业损害的认知情况进行调查分析,旨在提高其职业防护意识,保证她们的自身安全与健康,更好地为患者服务.     

服药人员对美沙酮维持治疗的认知调查分析

目的了解美沙酮维持治疗(MMT)门诊服药人员对美沙酮长期维持治疗的认知,为今后有针对性的采取干预措施提供依据。方法应用统一制定的问卷进行一对一调查,并进行描述性分析。结果 MMT门诊服药人员对美沙酮维持治疗的认知存在一定的误区,43.61%认为低剂量维持治疗较好,60.47%打算逐渐降低剂量并且退出治疗。结论 MMT门诊应根据服药人员在美沙酮维持治疗中认知上的误区,采取针对性的干预工作,着重做好服药人员的心理干预,以提高服药人员治疗的依从性。     

邢台医专护理专业学生职业防护认知调查与分析

目的 调查分析邢台医专130名护理专业学生临床实习前职业防护认知存在的问题并采取相应的对策.方法 采用自行设计的问卷,在学生临床实习前2周进行开放式问卷调查结果学生对职业防护认知不足,个人防护意识淡薄,未能全面掌握对锐器伤后的正确处理方法.结论　学校应通过开设职业防护课程等途径,使学生认识到职业防护对自身安全的重要性.     

基层医院手术室护士职业防护认知调查分析

目的了解基层医院手术室护士职业防护认知状况,为提高基层医院手术室护士职业防护知识水平和防护能力提供参考。方法采用自制的问卷调查表,对7所基层综合医院的手术室护士进行一般情况、手术室护士职业危险因素的认知、护士对职业危险预防与处理的认知和护士职业防护培训情况等4个方面进行调查。结果调查对象中,对手术室护士职业危险因素41.88%完全了解、54.64%部分了解、3.48%不了解,得分8.31±1.72;对职业危险预防与处理知识40.58%完全了解、54.30%部分了解、5.12%不了解,得分12.23±2.01;护士职业的防护培训情况:45.22%培训到位、51.30%部分到位、3.48%不到位,得分9.22±1.81。结论基层医院手术室护士职业防护认知水平较低,职业防护能力不足,需要得到全面的培训。     

医护人员对血源性传播疾病职业暴露认知情况的调查分析

目的通过对部分医师、护士的问卷调查,试图了解医护人员对职业暴露的认知情况及从中寻找对策。方法采用整群抽样方法,向医院6个科室的医师、护士发放调查表。采用不记名问卷调查方法,在规定时间内回收进行统计。结果大部分人员表示对职业暴露的概念有了解,但仅小部分能真正掌握。同时医生护士均表示需增加培训及防护用品,并要求医院加强管理。结论调查显示医护人员对职业暴露的掌握有欠缺,需加强职业安全防护培训、增加相应的防护用品、加强职业暴露的管理。     

Hearing acuity in professional divers

Pure tone audiograms and relevant history were recorded in 164 professional divers aged 19 to 66 yr, mean 30.9. A close correlation exists between hearing impairment and increasing age, increasing diving experience, and acoustic trauma. A statistically significant elevation (P = 0.01) of the high-frequency hearing threshold is demonstrated in smokers as compared to those who had never smoked. The divers' hearing threshold was elevated in the high frequencies in all age groups as compared to ISO normality curves. It was, however, lower than that of a Norwegian standard population at a young age, but in their fourth decade of life, the divers' high frequency hearing was at the same level as that of the standard population. We conclude that professional diving may cause a more rapid deterioration of high-frequency hearing than seen in a standard population and that smoking may be an additional hazard to high-frequency hearing.     

Lung function over six years among professional divers

Aims: To analyse longitudinal changes in pulmonary function in professional divers and their relation with cumulative diving exposure.

Methods: The study included 87 men at the start of their education as professional divers. At follow up one, three, and six years later, 83, 81, and 77 divers were reexamined. The median number of compressed air dives in the 77 divers over the follow up period was 196 (range 37–2000). A group of non-smoking policemen (n = 64) were subjected to follow up examinations in parallel with the divers. Assessment of lung function included dynamic lung volumes, maximal expiratory flow rates, and transfer factor for carbon monoxide (Tl_CO). The individual rates of change of the lung function variables were calculated by fitting linear regression lines to the data, expressed as percent change per year.

Results: The annual reductions in forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expired volume in one second (FEV₁) were 0.91 (SD 1.22) and 0.84 (SD 1.28) per cent per year in divers, which were significantly higher than the reductions in the policemen of 0.24 (SD 1.04) and 0.16 (SD 1.07) per cent per year (p < 0.001). The annual reduction in the maximal expiratory flow rates at 25% and 75% of FVC expired (FEF_25% and FEF_75%) were related to the log₁₀ transformed cumulative number of dives in a multiple regression analysis (p < 0.05). The annual reductions in Tl_CO were 1.33 (SD 1.85) and 0.43 (SD 1.53) per cent per year in divers and policemen (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: FVC, FEV₁, maximal expiratory flow rates, and Tl_CO were significantly reduced in divers over the follow up period when compared with policemen. The contrasts within and between groups suggest that diving has contributed to the reduction in lung function.

     

Hearing deterioration in professional divers: an epidemiologic study

Hearing acuity was measured in 116 professional divers. After approximately 6 yr they were retested. At most frequencies, the divers had higher hearing thresholds than otologically normal subjects at the same age, both at the first and at the final examination. The divers' hearing deteriorated faster than that of the otologically normal subjects. The young divers' hearing thresholds were lower than in unscreened nondivers at comparable age, but the gap closed gradually with increasing age. Accordingly, the divers' hearing deteriorated faster than that of unscreened nondivers. Some of the divers had suffered permanent hearing loss from acute barotrauma. Considering the regular noise exposure during commercial diving, this must have contributed significantly to the observed hearing deterioration.     

Health status of professional divers and offshore oil industry workers

AIMS: To compare the health status of UK professional divers and age-matched non-divers and to contrast offshore divers (OSDs) with non-offshore divers (NOSDs). METHODS: A postal survey sent to 2958 male professional divers, registered with the UK Health & Safety Executive (HSE) before 1991, and 2708 men who had worked in the offshore oil industry in 1990-92 (non-divers). The questionnaire addressed lifestyle, occupation and health status. RESULTS: In all, 56% of divers and 51% of non-divers responded. Three per cent of participants reported ill-health retirement or being off-work on sickness benefit with no difference between groups. Divers were less likely to report asthma or hypertension. Health-related quality of life (SF-12) was within normal limits for both groups but the mental component summary was higher in divers who were also less likely to be receiving medical treatment. Divers were more likely than non-divers to report 'forgetfulness or loss of concentration' (18% versus 6%, OR 3.8, 95% CI 2.7-5.3), musculoskeletal symptoms (41% versus 34%, OR 3.8, 95% CI 2.7-5.3) and 'impaired hearing' (16% versus 11%, OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.0). These differences were attributable to increased symptom reporting in OSDs and were not present for NOSDs, with the exception of cognitive symptomatology which was commoner in both OSDs (22%, OR 4.8, 95% CI 3.4-6.8) and NOSDs (9%, OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.3) than in non-divers (6%). CONCLUSIONS: There was increased symptom reporting in OSDs. However, there was no evidence to suggest any major impact on long-term health of UK divers who had started their career before 1991.     

Characteristics of the response to exercise in professional saturation divers

Exercise testing with measurements of expired minute ventilation (VE), oxygen uptake (VO2), and carbon dioxide elimination (VCO2) was done in 63 professional saturation divers, in the screening programs for selection of divers, to 10 different experimental and operational saturation dives. Their experience as divers averaged 9.8 yr (range 1-20), and they averaged 276 days (range 5-900) in saturation. The maximal pressure they had ever been exposed to averaged 2.01 MPa (range 0.8-5.1). The divers were compared with a control group of 47 offshore workers and policemen matched for age, height, and smoking habits and with reference values for the general healthy population. There were no significant differences in peak work load achieved, VO2peak and VCO2peak. VE at VO2peak and the corresponding ventilatory equivalents for oxygen uptake (VE(peak)/VO2peak) and carbon dioxide elimination (VE(peak)/VCO2peak) were significantly higher in divers (P less than 0.05), but VE, VE/VO2 and VE/VCO2 were not different at lower work loads. VE(peak)/VCO2peak correlated positively with years of diving experience when corrected for age (P less than 0.01). Divers had higher tidal volumes and lower breathing frequencies at ventilations lower than 40% of VE(peak), but maximal tidal volumes were not different. Tidal volume at a VE of 30 liter.min(-1) correlated negatively with FEV1 (P less than 0.05). The results are in agreement with the transient changes in pulmonary function and exercise tolerance demonstrated after a single saturation dive, and indicate that these changes may not be completely reversible.     

Relation of alveolar size to forced vital capacity in professional divers

Eight cases have been studied in which both lung function and histological morphometric data was available on divers' lungs. A correlation was found between the increase in forced vital capacity measured at routine annual medical examination and the morphometric measurement of alveoli by mean cord length. The results suggest that reduction of forced expiratory volume in one second may be due to narrowing of small airways by distention of the alveoli.