生长底物对培养胚胎大鼠脊髓运动神经元的作用

目的：为了研究几种生长底物对培养的胚胎大鼠脊髓运动神经元生长特性的作用。方法：采用胚胎大鼠脊髓腹侧组织进行分离培养，建立脊髓运动神经元原代分散细胞培养，并应用免疫组织化学染色进行鉴定；选取生长底物如多聚赖氨酸(PLL)、Ⅰ型胶原、层粘连蛋白(LN)、PLL和LN联合等进行包被，观察脊髓运动神经元的生长特性。结果：PLL用0.01mol/L硼酸溶解，细胞生长良好；Pu和LN联合包被时，脊髓运动神经元存活率高，细胞分散良好。结论：PLL和LN联合包被培养脊髓运动神经元，是研究胞体和突起较理想的方法。     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对培养的背根神经节的影响

目的 探讨胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)在体外促进正常胚胎大鼠背根神经节(DRGn)的存活及突起生长情况。方法 用原代分离培养法建立体外胚胎大鼠背根神经节单细胞培养体系，通过活体观察、MTT微量比色法、NSE免疫组织化学染色观察不同浓度GDNF对体外培养的正常感觉神经元的影响。结果 GDNF组培养的DRG神经元存活数量增加，神经元突起的长度比对照组明显增长。结论 GDNF能明显促进体外培养的正常大鼠胚胎背根神经节感觉神经元的存活及突起生长，表明GDNF对正常大鼠胚胎发育期感觉神经元具有神经营养作用。     

GDNF促进大鼠背根神经元的存活和突起生长

探讨胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)对正常胚胎大鼠背根神经节(DRGn)的存活及突起生长的作用。本实验采用神经组织原代分离培养的方法建立体外胚胎大鼠背根神经节单细胞培养体系，从细胞形态学及应用MTT。法观察1μg／L、10μg／L、50μg／L和100μg／L GDNF对体外培养的正常感觉神经元生长的影响。结果表明：GDNF能明显促进体外培养的正常大鼠背根神经节感觉神经元的存活及突起生长。提示GDNF对正常大鼠胚胎发育期感觉神经元具有神经营养作用。     

聚吡咯和背根神经节及游离细胞联合培养形态学观察

目的：探讨聚吡呼和周围神经组织的生物相容性。方法：取新生大鼠的背根神经节及细胞与聚吡咯膜联合培养,免疫细胞化学双重染色,光镜和扫描电镜观察。结果：背根神经节中,雪旺氏细胞生长迁移活跃;神经细胞突起借助雪旺氏细胞向外延伸,同时雪旺氏细胞和神经元又可借助这些神经突起向外迁移。游离神经细胞能在聚吡咯膜上良好生长,伸出多极突起及分枝。结论：在体外,聚吡咯与大鼠周围神经组织有较好的生物相容性。     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子体外对脊髓运动神经元的作用

目的 :观察不同浓度的胶质细胞源性神经营养因子 (GDNF) ,对大鼠胚胎脊髓运动神经元生长活性的作用。方法 :取大鼠胚胎脊髓腹侧组织体外分离 ,进行原代细胞培养 ,应用抗神经微丝单克隆抗体 (mAb)SMI32进行运动神经元的免疫细胞化学染色 ,从细胞形态学及应用MTT比色法 ,研究GDNF对大鼠脊髓运动神经元的影响。结果 :GDNF能明显促进体外培养的大鼠脊髓运动神经元存活及突起的生长 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且具有剂量依赖的趋势。结论 :不同浓度的GDNF对体外培养的大鼠胚胎脊髓运动神经元 ,有不同程度的促生长作用     

体外培养过程中神经胶质细胞与神经元的相互作用

目的：运用体外培养神经元与腔质细胞相互作用的形态学指标为神经损伤性疾病的研究提供理论基础及相关的神经移植方法。方法：采用原代分离培养的方法，首先将胚胎小鼠的脊髓胶质细胞进行传代培养；然后，小鼠的脊髓神经细胞接种在胶质细胞表面进行培养，最后进行形态学观察不同时间神经元的生长状况。站果：神经元在腔质细胞表面生长活跃，突起仅局限于腔质细胞生长．并且神经突起沿着胶质细胞生长旺盛的部位生长，相反，裸区几乎没有神经元的贴壁生长和突起的延伸，培养10天后，胶质细胞表面的神经元大部分退化死亡。结论：胚胎神经元早期可能刺激腔质细胞产生生物括性物质，这些括性物质能够促进神经元的贴壁和突起的生长，当神经元分化成熟时，这种功能丧失。     

GDNFR-〆在体外培养的大鼠脊髓和背根节神经元中分布的免疫组织化学研究

目的　观察胶质细胞源性神经营养因子受体 - α(GDNFR- α)在体外培养的大鼠脊髓和背根节神经元中的分布 ,探讨 GDNF对脊髓运动神经元和感觉神经元的作用。　方法　原代培养脊髓和背根节神经元 ,5 d后行抗 GDNFR- α多克隆抗体免疫组织化学 SP法染色。　结果　 GDNF免疫反应存在于体外培养的脊髓神经元、背根节神经元以及胶质细胞中。　结论　 GDNF可能对脊髓神经元、背根节神经元和胶质细胞的生理功能具有一定的调节作用     

GDNFR-α在体外培养的大鼠脊髓和背根节神经元中分布的免疫组织化学研究

目的观察胶质细胞源性神经营养因子受体-α(GDNFR-α)在体外培养的大鼠脊髓和背根节神经元中的分布,探讨GDNF对脊髓运动神经元和感觉神经元的作用. 方法原代培养脊髓和背根节神经元,5d后行抗GDNFR-α多克隆抗体免疫组织化学SP法染色. 结果 GDNF免疫反应存在于体外培养的脊髓神经元、背根节神经元以及胶质细胞中. 结论 GDNF可能对脊髓神经元、背根节神经元和胶质细胞的生理功能具有一定的调节作用.     

神经再生素促大鼠背根神经节生长作用的研究

目的研究神经再生素（NRF）对体外培养新生大鼠背根神经节生长及NF—H表达的影响。方法体外大鼠背根神经节（DRG）培养;免疫荧光细胞化学、实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot等方法。结果免疫荧光细胞化学结果提示,NRF能促进背根神经节神经突起的生长,浓度为2．0mg／L时生长状况最佳;实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot结果提示,NRF能增加体外培养的背根神经节NF-H mRNA和蛋白的表达,在浓度为2．0mg／L时表达最高。结论NRF能促进体外培养背根神经节神经突起的生长和NF—H的表达,表明NRF对发育期感觉神经元具有神经营养作用。     

体外获得高纯度大鼠背根神经节神经元的原代培养

目的：建立一种切实可行的胚胎大鼠背根神经节神经元培养及纯化方法。方法：用显微解剖获取足够数量的胚胎大鼠背根神经节,通过胰蛋白酶+EDTA消化、交替使用NB培养基与加入了5-氟-2-脱氧尿嘧啶核苷酸/尿苷的抗有丝分裂NB培养基等方法,在体外获得纯化的背根神经节神经元,采用神经丝蛋白免疫细胞化学染色法与DAPI染核的方法鉴定并测定神经元的纯度。结果：获得的背根神经节神经元在体外生长良好,纯度可达到96%以上。结论：本实验方法可以获得大量高度纯化的大鼠背根神经节神经元。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.