Penile electrodiagnosis: penile peripheral innervation

Many electrophysiologic tests have been performed and have proved useful for diagnosing sexual function. However, there have been limitations to the interpretation of the tests because of paucity of details concerning penile innervation. Therefore, electrophysiologic studies were performed in 3 patients with psychogenic impotence and in 15 patients with organic impotence to assess accurately the peripheral somatic innervation of the penis. The glans penis was innervated by the dorsal nerve of the penis. In some patients dual innervation was present at the ventral aspect of the glans penis by the dorsal nerve of the penis and the perineal nerve. The predominant innervation and fiber spectra of the glans by the dorsal nerve of the penis and the crucial role of the glans in sexual arousal and erectile function provide adequate rationale for the measurement of nerve conduction velocity of the dorsal nerve of the penis in sexual dysfunction.     

Progressive painless swelling of glans penis: uncommon clinical manifestation of systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Malignant lymphomatous involvement of the glans penis is a rare phenomenon that can be observed in either primary or secondary cutaneous lymphoma. Multiple papules, solitary nodules of variable size, ulcers, or painless masses have rarely been reported as specific and early manifestations of systemic lymphoma. Other unusual manifestations include priapism (manifested as a painless persistent erection with a flaccid glans penis) and progressive diffuse penile swelling. We report the case of a 74-year-old man presenting with progressive painless induration and swelling of the glans penis associated with mild preputial edema as the initial manifestation of systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.     

Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in Patients With Primary Premature Ejaculation

Purpose

Premature ejaculation has been believed to be psychological in the majority of patients. With few exceptions organic conditions are rarely implicated. We investigated the possible role of sensory function in patients with primary premature ejaculation to determine whether there is an etiological basis for this condition.

Materials and Methods

We performed somatosensory evoked potentials from the penis in 34 patients with primary premature ejaculation and in 30 normally potent men. The latencies and amplitudes of the evoked potentials were measured at the penile shaft (dorsal nerve) and at the glans penis.

Results

Mean latency of dorsal nerve and glans penis somatosensory evoked potentials was 1.51 and 6.80 (significant) msec. shorter, respectively, in the patients than in the normal subjects. In the normal subjects the mean latency of glans penis somatosensory evoked potentials was 0.99 msec. longer than that of the dorsal nerve (not significantly different) but in patients the mean latency in the glans penis was 4.30 msec. shorter (p <0.001). Mean amplitude of glans penis somatosensory evoked potentials was less than that of the dorsal nerve in both groups. However, mean amplitudes of dorsal nerve and glans penis somatosensory evoked potentials were significantly greater in patients than in normal men.

Conclusions

Patients with premature ejaculation have hypersensitivity and hyperexcitability of the glans penis, which may give rise to uncontrolled ejaculation and are believed to be organic implications for premature ejaculation.     

Accessory fold of skin on the ventral surface of the penis: Is it a redundant prepuce?

Variations in the skin of the prepuce are very rare. We report here a variation of the penile skin as observed in an adult male cadaver aged approximately 65 years. The penis was covered by thin nonhairy skin. The glans was not covered with prepuce. There was no evidence of circumcision. The ventral surface of the penis, adjacent to the glans, had a huge fold of skin. This fold resembled the prepuce and had a hole in it. The glans penis had a normal urethral meatus. There was no evidence of hypospadias as the entire ventral surface of the penis was covered completely by the skin. We discuss the clinical importance of this accessory fold of skin.     

平阳霉素结合糖皮质激素多点注射治疗龟头静脉畸形疗效观察

目的：探讨龟头静脉畸形的治疗方法,评价平阳霉素结合糖皮质激素多点注射治疗龟头静脉畸形的疗效。方法：收集2005年7月～2013年7月笔者科室就诊患者17例,明确诊断为龟头静脉畸形,采用阴茎海绵体临时阻断,静脉畸形区域多点注射平阳霉素加氢化泼尼松的溶液。进针深度控制适当,避免过浅产生水疱及溃烂,过深损伤尿道,注射后约5min松开止血带。治疗后注意观察阴茎肿胀情况及龟头血运,4周后复诊,观察疗效并决定下一个疗程治疗时间。结果：所有患者龟头静脉畸形均获得良好疗效。第1次治疗1个月后,静脉畸形明显缩小,龟头外形改善,经过3～4次治疗,龟头静脉畸形可完全治愈。3例患者注射后龟头肿胀明显,其中1例起疱,治疗后均恢复。结论：通过给龟头局部分次多点注射平阳霉素结合皮质激素溶液,可有效治疗龟头静脉畸形,,临时阻断海绵体回流,有利于药物局部作用延长,提高疗效。治疗时应注意保护尿道,避免损伤。     

Leiomyom der Glans Penis

Glans penis leiomyomas are uncommon as primary nonepithelial tumors of the urogenital tract. Only 4 cases are described until today. We saw an other case of an 12 years old boy with a leiomyoma of the glans penis. Clinically the lesion presented as a yellow induration with no symptoms as pain, pruritus or bleeding. The biopsy revealed histological a leiomyoma in the subcutis of the glans penis with no symptoms of malignancy. Because of suspected functional and cosmetic deficiency a total resection was not performed. None of the cases described in the literature showed in the follow up malignancy or recurrency. 18 months postoperatively our patient is furthermore well and without symptoms. Nevertheless the leiomyoma of that localization is rare, this tumor should be included in the differential diagnosis of the neoplasms of the glans penis.     

Severe ischemia of the glans penis following circumcision: A successful treatment via pentoxifylline

Severe ischemia or necrosis of glans penis is rare. We report the case of an 11-year-old boy with severe glanular ischemia occurring 24 h after circumcision. This was successfully treated with pentoxifylline injection for 5 days, and while the black color of the glans penis changed to brownish at 48 h, appearances were close to normal at 5 days. The patient did not require any surgical intervention, and was discharged without sequelae. We suggest that pentoxifylline might be considered as a treatment of choice for severe ischemia of glans penis.     

Ischaemic necrosis of the glans penis: a complication of urethral catheterization in a diabetic man

Ischaemic necrosis of the glans penis is rare. Diabetic patients commonly have small vessel disease which may affect the penis. We report the case of a man with extensive diabetic vascular disease, in whom partial penectomy was necessary for ischaemia of the glans penis, following urethral catheterization. The decision to use a urethral catheter in diabetics, particularly those with evidence of vascular disease, must be made with the knowledge that internal compression caused by the catheter may cause irreversible ischaemic changes. In such patients, a suprapubic catheter should be considered as an alternative.     

Strangulation of glans penis by hair

Three cases of strangulation of the glans penis by hair are reported. Ensuing complications such as urethrocutaneous fistula and gangrene of the glans are described. The need for prompt diagnosis and treatment is stressed.     

Distal ligament in human glans: a comparative study of penile architecture

To elucidate the anatomic distal ligament of the human glans penis and associated clinical implications, we compared the structures of the glans penis and corpora cavernosa in dogs, rats, and humans. From May 2001 to March 2003, gross dissection, microscopic examinations, and stains for elastic fibers and collagen subtypes were made in the penises of 11 adult human male cadavers, 7 dogs, and 5 rats. A distal ligament in the human glans penis replaces the os penis that is present in dogs or rats, also termed the baculum, but retains collagen types I and III as common structural and interlocking components, respectively. The intercavernosal septum is complete, and intracavernosal pillars (ICPs) are abundant in dogs, absent in rats, and moderately developed in humans. A tunica with numerous elastic fibers exists to fulfill the requirements of erectile function in humans but not in dogs or rats, since it is essential for establishing tissue strength to serve as a buttress. We may conclude that in dogs and rats, the strong os penis is designed for ready intromission and is associated with a pair of well-developed nonelastic corpora to serve as a buttress for the os penis. These structures are necessary for the rigorous coitus observed in dogs. The less compliant corpus cavernosum is suitable for the flipping action observed in a mating male rat. These specific anatomic designs may provide explanations for the individual requirements for the specific physiologic functions that differ from species to species. Although there is no os in the human glans, a strong equivalent distal ligament is arranged centrally and acts as a supporting trunk for the glans penis. Without this important structure, the glans could be too weak to bear the buckling pressure generated during coitus and too limber to serve as a patent passage for ejaculation, and it could be too difficult to transmit the intracavernosal pressure surge along the entire penis during ejaculation. Given the common histologic nature of the distal ligament, which is associated with the tunica albuginea and serves a similar function as the os penis observed in the dog and the rat, one may ask whether the healing process of a tunica may take as long as that required in a bony structure. Further research is required to answer this question.     

Primary Cavernous Hemangioma of the Glans Penis: Rare Case Report with a Review of the Literature

Hemangiomas of the urinary tract are rare lesions, and those of the glans penis are even rarer. A 23-year-old man with a hemangioma of the glans penis treated successfully with intralesional sclerotherapy is presented. Other options for the management of this disorder are discussed.     

Augmentation of glans penis using injectable hyaluronic acid gel

Recently, injectable hyaluronic acid gel has been widely used in soft-tissue augmentation. We performed this study to identify the feasibility of hyaluronic acid gel for the augmentation of the glans penis. In experiment I, 0.2 cm(3) of hyaluronic acid gel (HA) was injected into the dermis of the glans penis of 25 New Zealand white rabbits via a 30 G needle. At 3, 7, 14, 30, and 90 days after injection, histological changes of glans were studied, respectively. In experiment II, 0.5 cm(3) of HA was injected into the dermis of the glans penis of 14 Beagle dogs via a 27 G needle. At 6 months after injection, histological changes of the glans penis were also evaluated. At the time of autopsy, the lung, liver, and spleen were studied for systemic adverse reaction in each separate experiment.In experiment I, various sized cavities filled with amorphous basophilic materials were noted in the lamina propria and corpus spongiosum of the glans penis. All implants were positively stained on alcian blue. The intensity decreased in a time-dependent manner. Until 14 days, minimal inflammatory reactions were noted, but no signs of inflammation were identified at 90 days. With the gradual decrease of inflammation, fibrosis and deposition of collagen were noted. In experiment II, implants were well maintained at 6 months after injection in the lamina propria. Grade 1 of the inflammatory reaction was noted in one case. In both the experiments, all the specimens were free from any foreign body reaction and systemic adverse reactions.In conclusion, these results suggest that hyaluronic acid gel can be easily injected into the lamina propria of the glans penis and reside until 6 months. Injectable hyaluronic acid gel has a potential as a new bioimplant for the augmentation of the glans penis.     

Tuberculid of the penis with a scab on the nodule

Tuberculids of the penis are extremely rare. The clinical features of tuberculids of the penis have been reported as ulceration or scars. We have experienced a case of tuberculid of the penis that appeared as a scab on nodule. A 56-year-old man presented with a 4-month history of a painless subcutaneous nodule at the glans penis. Pathological findings of the nodule showed granulomatous inflammation. Tuberculin tests were strongly positive, but tubercle bacilli could not be detected. The diagnosis was tuberculid of the penis and the patient received antituberculosis chemotherapy. The present paper reports an interesting and rare case of tuberculid of the penis with a scab on nodule.     

海绵体神经在前列腺尖部及远端的行程与分布

目的 观察海绵体神经在前列腺尖部及其远端的行程和分布,探讨海绵体神经与周围 组织的关系.方法 3具成年男性尸体尿道和阴茎标本,自前列腺尖部至阴茎头连续切片行HE染色和神经纤维嗜银染色,观察海绵体神经在前列腺尖部及其远端尿道膜部阴茎的行程与分布.结果 海绵体神经纤维束行于前列腺尖部和尿道膜部约3点到9点处,距离尿道腔约3～5 mm,向远端进入阴茎海绵体近段.自尿道膜部向前走行与海绵体静脉丛并行进入海绵体中隔.结论 海绵体神经在前列腺尖部以及阴茎近段与尿道及海绵体静脉关系密切,该部位尿道和海绵体静脉相关手术容易损伤海绵体神经.     

Coagulation of a giant hemangioma in glans penis with holmium laser

A 21-year-old man presented with an enlarged giant hemangioma on glans penis which also causes an erectile dysfunction （ED） that partially responded to the intracavernous injection stimulation test. Although the findings in magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） indicated a glandular hemangioma, penile colored Doppler ultrasound revealed an invaded cavernausal hemangioma to the glans. Surgical excision was avoided according to the broad extension of the gland lesion. Holmium laser coagulation was applied to the lesion due to the cosmetically concerns. However, the cosmetic results after holmium laser application was not impressive as expected without an improvement in intracavernous injection stimulation test. In conclusion, holmium laser application should not be used to the hemangiomas of glans penis related to the corpus cavernosum, but further studies are needed to reveal the effects of holmium laser application in small hemangiomas restricted to the glans penis.     

Polyarteritis nodosa of the penis.

The course of polyarteritis nodosa in a patient showing an isolated nodule localized to the glans penis is described. The underlying disease was not recognised and the patient was wrongly thought to have a penile cancer. Treatment with radiotherapy and Bleomycin had no effect and he subsequently died in uraemia. Postmortem examination revealed polyarteritis nodosa involving the kidneys and also causing localized changes to the glans penis.     

包皮环切术对阴茎头振动感觉阈的影响

目的:比较单纯包皮过长患者与正常人,以及单纯包皮过长患者在包皮环切术前、术后阴茎头振动感觉阈变化,评估手术对阴茎头敏感度的影响。方法:使用生物振动测试仪,对73例正常志愿者(对照组)及96例包皮过长手术患者(实验组)手术前后示指、阴茎头2个部位皮肤进行振动感觉阈测定,了解体表部位感觉敏感度的改变。结果:阴茎头/示指振动感阈指数对照组为2.39±1.72,实验组术前为1.97±0.71,两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。实验组阴茎头/示指振动感阈指数术前为1.97±0.71;术后1、2、3个月分别为2.64±1.38、3.09±1.46、2.97±1.20;手术前、后比较存在统计学差异(P(0.05)。结论:正常人与包皮过长患者阴茎头/示指振动感阈指数无统计学差异;包皮环切术后患者阴茎头振动感减弱。     

Resurfacing and reconstruction of the glans penis

OBJECTIVES: To describe the techniques and results of surgical reconstruction of glans penis lesions. METHODS: Seventeen patients (mean age: 53.2 yr) were treated by resurfacing or reconstruction of the glans penis for benign, premalignant and malignant penile lesions. The aetiology of the lesions was one Zoon's balanitis, four lichen sclerosus, one carcinoma in situ, five squamous cell carcinomas, and six squamous cell carcinomas associated with lichen sclerosus. Five cases were treated by glans skinning and resurfacing; five cases by glans amputation and reconstruction of the neoglans, and seven cases by partial penile amputation and reconstruction of the neoglans. Glans resurfacing and reconstruction were performed with the use of a skin graft harvested from the thigh. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 32 mo. All patients were free of local premalignant/malignant recurrence. Patients who underwent glans resurfacing reported glandular sensory restoration and complete sexual ability. Patients who underwent glansectomy or partial penectomy with neoglans reconstruction maintained sexual function and activity, although sensitivity was reduced as a consequence of glans/penile amputation. CONCLUSIONS: In selected cases of benign, premalignant or malignant penile lesions, glans resurfacing or reconstruction can ensure a normal appearing and functional penis, without jeopardizing cancer control.     

Hypervascularity of the glans penis diagnosed with cutaneous temperature measurements

Hypervascularity of the penis is a complication that has been described after deep dorsal vein arterialization. We present a patient with hypervascularity of the penis which was diagnosed with cutaneous temperature measurements of the penis. Our patient underwent both pre- and post-operative cutaneous temperature measurements taken at seven locations along the shaft and glans of the penis with the Physitemp BTE-2A Thermal Sensitivity Tester. After deep dorsal vein arterialization our patient's cutaneous temperature at the glans increased 4.2 degrees C. After ligation of the distal deep dorsal vein for hypervascularity, the cutaneous temperature at the glans decreased 1.3 degrees C.We present a novel technique using cutaneous tempewrature measurements which may be used as a test for the efficacy of arterial revascularization and its potential complications.     

Glans penis reconstruction with the pedicled deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap

This is a report on a novel technique of neoglans reconstruction in a patient with an amputated glans penis as a result of a gunshot injury. A pedicled deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEAP) flap measuring 7 x 4 cm and centralizing the uppermost perforators in the right abdominal region was used. The distal penile skin was used to elongate the urethra. A subcutaneous tunnel was created alongside the penis and underneath the mons pubis. The flap was passed through this tunnel, fashioned into the shape of a glans, and secured in place around the neourethra. The patient had a satisfactory neoglans and a functional urethra at 4-month follow-up. The pedicled DIEAP flap is a suitable option for reconstruction of the glans penis.