HPLC法测定复方川贝片中盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的:采用HPLC法测定复方川贝片中盐酸麻黄碱的含量.方法:使用kromasilC18柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(1∶1),流速为1.0ml·min-1,检测波长254nm.结果:采用反相高效液相色谱法测定复方川贝片中盐酸麻黄碱的含量,盐酸麻黄碱的线性范围为0.498～7.47μg·ml-1,r=0.9996,回收率为98.08%(RSD=2.16%).结论:本方法快速、准确,可作为该复方制剂的质量控制标准.     

HPLC法测定链麻滴鼻液中硫酸链霉素和盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的建立测定链麻滴鼻液中硫酸链霉素和盐酸麻黄碱含量的高效液相色谱法,消除焦亚硫酸钠对硫酸链霉素含量测定的影响。方法色谱柱为Diamonsil C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为0.014mol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠的0.05mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-乙腈(78∶22);检测波长硫酸链霉素195nm,盐酸麻黄碱207nm;流速1.0mL·min-1。结果硫酸链霉素质量浓度在44.40³10.80μg·mL-1范围内,与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系。(r=0.999 8,n=7),平均回收率为103.4%(RSD=3.4%);盐酸麻黄碱质量浓度在20.224310.80μg·mL-1范围内,与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系。(r=0.999 8,n=7),平均回收率为103.4%(RSD=3.4%);盐酸麻黄碱质量浓度在20.224⁸0.896μg·mL-1范围内,与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9,n=7),平均回收率为99.5%(RSD=1.0%)。结论该方法专属性强、测定结果准确、精密度高、线性好,加入甲醛能够消除辅料中焦亚硫酸钠对硫酸链霉素含量测定的影响。     

RP-HPLC测定复方麻黄碱滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸林可霉素和地塞米松磷酸钠含量的方法学研究

目的 建立反相高效液相色谱法测定复方麻黄碱滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸林可霉素和地塞米松磷酸钠含量的方法.方法采用Dikma C18(150 mm x4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,甲醇-0.05mol·L-1硼砂缓冲液(用磷酸调节pH值至6.0)(4753)为流动相,检测波长为241nm.结果盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸林可霉素、羟苯乙酯(尼泊金乙酯)和地塞米松磷酸钠的分离度完全达到要求.盐酸麻黄碱浓度在2.55～30.63 mg·mL-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9);盐酸林可霉素在2.58～30.98 mg·mL-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6);地塞米松磷酸钠在49.53～594.30 μg·mL-1内线性关系良好(r=1.000 0);平均回收率分别为99.75%(RSD为0.77%)、102.11%(RSD为0.94%)、99.69%(RSD为0.72%).结论 本方法准确、专属、简便、快速,能有效地控制产品的质量.     

HPLC测定小儿热咳口服液中的盐酸麻黄碱

目的 采用HPLC法测定小儿热咳口服液中盐酸麻黄碱的含量.方法 采用Hypersil BDS C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6μm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-1％磷酸(3∶97),流速1.0 mL· min-1,检测波长206 nm,柱温25 ℃.结果 盐酸麻黄碱对照品的线性范围为12.0 ～ 120.0 μg·mL-1(r =0.9996),平均回收率为97.7％,RSD=1.9％(n=6).结论 所用方法快速、简便、重复性好,可用于小儿热咳口服液的质量控制.     

小儿咳喘灵颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱含量测定的2种HPLC法比较

目的:比较测定小儿咳喘灵颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱含量的2种高效液相色谱(HPLC)法。方法:(1)法色谱条件:色谱柱为Phenomenex C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(1:1),检测波长为254nm;(2)法色谱条件:色谱柱为Phenomenex C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-磷酸溶液(内含0.02mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾、0.01mol.L-1磷酸)=5:95,检测波长为210nm。结果:(1)法盐酸麻黄碱的检测浓度在0.08～40μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为101.72%,RSD=2.77%;(2)法盐酸麻黄碱的检测浓度在0.4～400μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=1.0000),平均回收率为99.60%,RSD=2.91%。结论:2种HPLC法结果均准确,专属性、重现性均好,但(1)法提取更完全,未使用有机溶剂,操作性更强。     

HPLC法测定小儿麻甘颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的建立小儿麻甘颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱含量的测定方法。方法采用HPLC法测定含量,Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相:甲醇-水(45∶55,v/v),流速:1.0mL.min-1,检测波长:254nm,柱温:30℃。结果盐酸麻黄碱在1.7248~21.56μg.mL-1(r=0.9998,n=6)浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系;样品在24h内基本稳定;平均加样回收率为99.0%,RSD=1.1%(n=6)。结论本测定方法简便、快捷、准确,为小儿麻甘颗粒质量评价提供依据。     

HPLC同时测定止嗽定喘丸中的盐酸麻黄碱及盐酸伪麻黄碱

目的 建立止嗽定喘丸中盐酸麻黄碱与盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量测定方法.方法 采用固相萃取技术处理样品,HPLC测定,色谱柱为Shim - pack VP - ODS C18(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1％磷酸溶液(5∶95),检测波长210 nm,流速1 mL· rain-l.结果 4.41～147.0 μg·mL-1盐酸麻黄碱、2.33 ～116.6 μg·mL-1盐酸伪麻黄碱与峰面积的线性关系良好(r=0.9999),回收率分别为100.02％、97.73％(n=9).结论　所用方法准确可靠、重复性好,可作为止嗽定喘丸的质量控制.     

HPLC测定止嗽青果片中麻黄碱的含量

目的 采用HPLC测定止嗽青果片的含量.方法色谱柱用C18柱(250 mm× 4.6 mm,5μm),乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(5∶95)为流动相,流速1.0 mL· min -,检测波长210 nm.结果盐酸麻黄碱在10.0～50.0 μg·mL-1呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98.8%,RSD=...     

高效液相色谱法同时测定鼻灵滴鼻液中的三种主要成分的含量

目的建立同时测定鼻灵滴鼻液中三种主要成分(盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸林可霉素、地塞米松磷酸钠)含量的高效液相色谱法。方法Dikma C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为0.05 mol.L-1硼砂溶液(用磷酸调节pH值至6.0)-甲醇(53∶47),检测波长:241 nm,流速:1.0 mL.min-1,柱温:25℃。结果三种主要成分的峰有良好的分离,盐酸麻黄碱浓度在8.02~12.07 mg.mL-1(r=0.999 9),盐酸林可霉素浓度在8.07~12.11 mg.mL-1(r=0.999 6),地塞米松磷酸钠浓度在160.22~240.09μg.mL-1(r=0.999 9)与峰面积有良好的线性关系。结论该测定方法简便、准确、快速,适用于鼻灵滴鼻液中三种主要成分的含量的同时测定。     

HPLC法测定咽痒咳合剂中盐酸麻黄碱与盐酸伪麻黄碱含量

目的:建立咽痒咳合剂中有效成分盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量测定方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.01 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾(磷酸调至pH 2.5)-三乙胺(5∶95∶0.15),流速:1.0 ml.min-1,检测波长:208 nm。结果:盐酸麻黄碱在9.0～56.3μg.ml-1(r=0.999 6)、盐酸伪麻黄碱在6.9～42.9μg.ml-1(r=0.999 6)的浓度范围内均线性关系良好,回收率均在95%～105%之间,RSD均小于2%。结论:本方法操作简便、重复性好,可有效检测其含量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.