不同速率牵张下颌后下齿槽神经的组织学和超微结构改变

目的 研究不同速率牵张延长下颌骨后下齿槽神经的组织学和超微结构改变,为临床上确立合理而安全的牵张速率提供实验依据。方法 ８只山羊随机分为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三组,Ａ、Ｂ组各３只,Ａ组１ｍｍ／ｄ,Ｂ组以２ｍｍ／ｄ牵张,Ｃ组２只动物为对照。牵张延长下颌骨１０ｍｍ,固定２ｗ处死。取下齿槽神经行组织学,透射电镜观察。结果 牵张动物的下齿槽神经均发生了Ｗａｌｌｅｒ变性,以２ ｍｍ／ｄ牵张组神经退行性病变严重而广泛。超微结构病变主要发生于粗大的有髓神经纤维,而细小的有髓神经及无髓神经纤维未见异常。结论 ２ｍｍ／ｄ牵张会对下齿槽神经造成严重损伤,而１ｍｍ／ｄ牵张速率为较适宜而安全的下颌牵张速率。     

不同速率牵张山羊下颌后下齿槽血管变化与血管生成的实验研究

目的:研究不同速率牵张延长山羊下颌骨后下齿槽动静脉的变化和新骨组织内血管生成情况。方法:8只成年山羊随机分为3组,A组(3只)以110 mm/d牵张,B组(3只)以210 mm/d牵张,C组(2只)为对照。A、B两组均牵张延长下颌10 mm,于牵张结束固定后第2周时处死动物,取牵张区下齿槽动静脉及新骨组织行组织学和定量组织学研究,观察下齿槽血管的管壁厚度和管径大小变化,以及新骨中微血管数量变化。结果:两种速率牵张后均未见下齿槽血管壁有病理性改变,但210 mm/d组的血管管径变小,管壁变薄,与对照组相比有显著差异(P<0105)。110 mm/d牵张后微血管密度较210 mm/d牵张后微血管密度高,且新生骨小梁更为成熟,其差异具有统计学意义(P< 0105)。结论:下颌骨牵张后下齿槽血管无明显变化,但快速牵张可能对牵张间隙内血管生成有不良影响。     

Changes in the inferior alveolar nerve after mandibular lengthening with different rates of distraction.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the changes in the inferior alveolar nerve after mandibular lengthening with different rates of distraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bilateral mandibular corticotomies were performed in 8 goats. The mandibles in 6 goats were lengthened 10 mm using a custom-made distractor with 2 different rates of distraction (1 mm/d [n = 3] and 2 mm/d [n = 3]); the other 2 nondistracted mandibles served as a control. The goats with distracted mandibles were killed at 2 weeks after completion of distraction. The inferior alveolar nerve specimens from all animals were harvested and processed for histologic and ultrastructural evaluation. RESULTS: The mandibles were lengthened successfully in the distracted animals. Morphologic changes in the inferior alveolar nerves were observed when compared with the nondistracted controls. Moreover, signs of nerve degeneration, such as demyelination, axonal swelling, axoplasmic darking, and decrease in the number of axons, were more extensive and prominent in those nerves distracted at a rate of 2 mm/d. CONCLUSIONS: Degenerative changes in the inferior alveolar nerve occur after mandibular lengthening by distraction osteogenesis. The distraction rate of 1 mm/d appears to be tolerable and safe for the inferior alveolar nerve, but rapid distraction may cause serious degeneration.     

牵张成骨延长一侧下颌骨对颞下颌关节的影响

目的：研究牵张成骨（DO）延长一侧下颌骨对双侧颞下颌关节（TMJ）的影响。方法：用DO技术将8只山羊的一侧下颌骨延长10mm，在牵张完成后第8和16周分别处死4只动物，取双侧关节作组织学和扫描电镜研究。结果：下颌一侧DO术后双侧髁状突发生适应性改建，髁突表面超微结构正常。结论：在适当的牵张条件下延长一侧下颌骨不会对TMJ造成病理性损害。     

不同牵张速率对山羊下颌骨牵张成骨中新骨形成的影响

目的:探讨山羊下颌骨牵张成骨中不同牵张速率对术后新骨形成的影响。方法:12只山羊随机分为3组,每组各4只,在对动物右下颌骨行骨皮质切开术后进行牵张,第1组动物以0.8mm/d的牵张速率进行牵张,第2组动物以1.6mm/d的牵张速率进行牵张,第3组动物以2.0mm/d的牵张速率进行牵张,随机选取实验组4只动物未手术侧正常下颌骨作为对照组。将各组新骨组织和对照组下颌骨组织分别进行骨密度检测和三点弯曲测试,对采用不同速率进行骨牵张后动物下颌骨新骨的生物力学强度和骨密度进行了对比观察。结果:0.8mm/d牵张组新骨骨密度值显著高于其余各牵张组,0.8mm/d牵张组新生骨三点弯曲实验指标均大于另2牵张组。结论:采用0.8mm/d的牵张速率进行牵张能最快促进新骨形成,提高成骨质量。     

山羊下颌牵张成骨的超微结构观察及新骨钙磷元素测定

目的为进一步探索DO的成骨方式和新骨改建过程提供实验依据。方法标本取自6只山羊双侧下颌骨牵张成骨形成的新生骨组织及其邻近原骨组织,用扫描电镜观察骨组织断面的超微结构,同时用X线能谱仪测定新骨Ca/P原子个数比及其动态变化。结果牵张间隙超微结构观察显示大量新骨组织生成,其骨质密度和钙、磷元素含量随牵张后固定时间的延长而趋于正常骨组织。结论山羊下颌牵张成骨形成的新生骨段可逐渐改建为具有正常结构的骨组织。     

不同牵张速率对下颌骨延长后新骨生成的影响

目的 :研究不同牵张速率延长下颌骨时对新骨生成的影响。方法 :将 12只山羊随机分为三组 ,行双侧下颌体骨皮质切开术后以三种不同牵张速率 (0 .5mm/d ,1mm/d ,2mm/d)向前延长下颌 10mm。牵张完成后第 2、4周各处死 2只山羊 ,取双侧牵张间隙内新骨组织作X光片、组织学、扫描电镜和能谱仪分析。结果 :以 0 .5mm/d和1mm/d牵张下颌骨后形成的新骨质量要好于 2mm/d。结论 :在牵张延长下颌骨时 ,1mm/d可能是最适宜的速率     

牵张成骨延长山羊下颌骨后下齿槽神经的组织学变化

目的 :研究下颌骨牵张成骨术后不同时间内下齿槽神经的组织学改变。方法 :对 8只成年山羊行双侧下颌体骨皮质切开术 ,经口外安置自行研制的下颌牵张器 ,以每天 1mm的速率向前牵引延长其中 6只山羊的下颌骨10mm。于牵张结束后第 2、4、8周各处死 2只动物 ,取双侧下齿槽神经作组织学检查 ,另 2只未牵张的山羊作对照。结果 :下齿槽神经受牵张力作用发生了一定程度的沃勒变性 ,主要表现为髓鞘肿胀、碎裂及轴索数目减少。但随着固定时间的延长 ,受损神经纤维逐渐得以再生。结论 :下颌骨牵张成骨术后下齿槽神经发生了轻度的退行性变 ,但这种退行性变在适宜的速率牵张下是可逆的     

Changes in parathyroid hormone-related protein and 3-dimensional trabecular bone structure of the mandibular condyle following mandibular distraction osteogenesis in growing rats.

PURPOSE: Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is commonly performed for mandibular reconstruction during the growth period. We tested the hypothesis that parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in mandibular condylar cartilage and underlying trabecular bone in growing individuals undergo changes in response to distraction forces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Animals underwent unilateral mandibular distraction using a distractor that we devised, and unoperated animals were evaluated as controls. DO procedure was performed: 3 days' latency period, 0.4 mm/day rate, total 4.0 mm. Changes in cartilage morphology, PTHrP activity, and 3-dimensional trabecular bone structure changes measured by micro-computed tomography were examined at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks of consolidation. RESULTS: A marked irregularity was noted in the superior portion of the distracted side's condylar cartilage that resolved after distraction ceased. PTHrP was more strongly expressed in the hypertrophic layer of condylar cartilage on the distracted side than in controls, up to 6 weeks after the end of distraction. Subchondral trabecular bone volume, percent bone volume, and trabecular number in the superior and posterior regions of the condyle decreased significantly by 2 weeks after distraction. These parameters returned to normal in the posterior condyle, but not in the superior part of the condyle by 6 weeks following distraction. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that unilateral mandibular distraction in growing rats causes temporary morphologic alterations of trabecular bone structure on the distracted side accompanied by increased production of PTHrP in the mandibular condyle.     

山羊双侧下颌骨牵引成骨动物模型的建立

目的:建立一个可行性良好的山羊下颌骨牵引成骨模型。方法:将6只山羊的下颌骨截断,安置牵引器,延迟期4 d后以0.5 mm/次,2次/d的速度牵引10 d;随后进入固定期。分别于固定期的2、4、6、8周处死动物,进行大体标本和放射学观察。结果:牵引过程被所有山羊耐受,牵引长度达到预期效果。结论:山羊是一种良好的牵引成骨动物模型;该模型有助于DO临床的应用及研究。     

胶原海绵在下颌骨牵张成骨早期成骨中的作用

目的建立山羊双侧下颌骨牵张成骨动物模型,研究胶原海绵在山羊下颌骨牵张成骨早期成骨中的作用。方法将6只山羊的下颌骨截断,安置牵张器,延迟4d后以每次0.5mm、每天2次的速率连续牵张10d,随后进入固定期。于固定期2、4、6、8周处死动物,行大体标本、X线观察,骨密度、骨矿物质质量测定,苏木精-伊红染色后的组织形态学观察。结果牵张过程被所有山羊耐受,下颌骨牵张长度达到预期效果。加入胶原海绵的实验侧牵张区新骨早期成骨效果明显好于同期的对照侧。结论山羊是一种良好的牵张成骨动物模型。胶原海绵可加速牵张区新骨早期成骨,缩短牵张成骨的固定期。     

Microscopic changes in the condyle and disc in response to distraction osteogenesis of the minipig mandible.

PURPOSE: Unilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO) has been shown to cause gross changes in the mandibular condyle and articular disc. The purpose of this study was to correlate histologic findings with these gross changes in a minipig distraction model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Semiburied distractors were placed via submandibular incisions in 15 minipigs. Two unoperated animals served as controls. The protocol consisted of 0-day latency and rates of 1, 2, or 4 mm/day for a 12-mm gap. After the minipigs were killed (at 0, 24, or 90 days), ipsilateral and contralateral condyles and discs were harvested, decalcified, prepared for standard paraffin embedding, and evaluated to determine changes in 1) morphology and thickness of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone and 2) morphology of the disc. RESULTS: In control animals, there were no degenerative changes in the articular cartilage and underlying condylar bone; there were no significant differences in the mean articular cartilage thickness. The temporomandibular joint discs were normal. In experimental animals, distracted condyles showed increasing degenerative changes and mean articular cartilage thickness as the DO rate increased. The discs were thinner. These changes were present, but to a lesser degree, in the contralateral condyles. After 90 days, degenerative changes in the condyles and discs were reduced, after remodeling, except in the 4 mm/day DO group. CONCLUSIONS: Histologic changes in the condyles and temporomandibular joint discs in response to mandibular DO correlated with previously reported gross changes. These changes were greater at higher distraction rates and remodeling back to normal occurred in mandibular condyles distracted at 1 mm/day.     

Histological changes in the temporomandibular joint in rabbits depending on the extent of mandibular lengthening by osteodistraction

We studied the histological changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) after unilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis in rabbits. Eight rabbits were used, two of which served as controls and the other six had distraction of the left mandibular body after a latency period of 7 days at a rate of 0.5mm a day for a total of 2mm (n = 2), 3.5mm (n = 2), and 5mm (n = 2) of distraction. After a 14-day consolidation period, TMJs from both sides were harvested and prepared for histological examination under an optical microscope using haematoxylin and eosin stain. We found no degenerative or inflammatory changes in either TMJ in any of the groups. Endochondral ossification in the condyle was greater on the opposite side in the experimental group than in the condyles of the control group. Endochondral ossification was active in the 3.5-mm group.     

Differences in mandibular distraction osteogenesis after corticotomy and osteotomy

Corticotomy or osteotomy was performed on opposing sides of the mandibles in 18 goats. A custom-made distractor was used to lengthen the mandible at a rate of 1 mm/day for 10 days (total 10 mm elongation). Six goats were sacrificed respectively at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after completion of distraction. The distracted calluses were harvested and processed for radiographic, histologic, and scanning electron microscopic evaluation as well as Ca/P ratio analysis. The regenerate bone in the corticotomy side showed more bone formation and earlier mineralization than in the osteotomy side. The results of this study suggest that preservation of intramedullary vessels is beneficial to bone regeneration following mandibular osteodistraction, and that performing corticotomy may be a simple but effective way to promote the maturity of the distracted callus and shorten the time for fixation.     

张应力诱导生长期山羊颅骨缝改建的实验研究

目的：研究处于生长发育期山羊颅骨冠状缝受张应力作用后的变化规律，探讨牙面矫形治疗的生物学原理。方法：选用处于生长期山羊12只，在颅骨冠状缝两侧安放自行研制的牵张器以每天0．4mm的速率进行骨缝牵张，连续加力8d后停止。在牵张结束后第0，2，4和8周分别处死3只动物，取骨缝标本进行X线检查和组织学观察。另选2只同龄山羊作为正常对照。结果：所有实验动物的冠状缝均被成功分离。在实验早期(0，2周)，扩大骨缝中可见大量胶原纤维沿牵张力方向有序排列，骨缝边缘有大量的成骨细胞并出现幼稚骨小梁。在实验后期(4，8周)，牵张骨缝新生骨组织改建活跃，骨缝组织结构最终基本恢复到正常状态。结论：骨缝组织受牵张力作用后将发生活跃的膜内成骨反应，主要集中于骨缝边缘，扩大的骨缝可以通过适应性改建恢复其正常结构。     

双侧下颌牵张成骨对转化生长因子β1在颞下颌关节髁突表达的影响

目的　研究狗的双侧下颌牵张成骨中颞下颌关节髁突的形态改变及转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)在髁突的 表达。方法　16只狗随机分为4组,每组4只,分别为牵张6 d组、牵张后固定2周组、牵张后固定8周组及正常对 照组。各实验组的牵张频率均为1 mm/d,1次/天。对每组动物的髁突标本进行苏木精-伊红染色及TGF-β1的免 疫组化染色观察。结果　苏木精-伊红染色可见实验组动物的髁突纤维软骨早期有不同程度的损伤,增殖带、肥 大带细胞增生活跃,软骨钙化层及其深层软骨成骨活跃;TGF-β1阳性染色主要定位在肥大带细胞胞浆、周围基质和 成骨反应活跃处的成软骨细胞、成骨细胞及周围基质。牵张后固定2周时这种改建修复现象最明显,8周时逐渐恢 复至正常对照组的表现。结论　双侧下颌牵张成骨对颞下颌关节髁突影响主要表现为髁突纤维软骨组织形态学 的改变和软骨、骨的改建活动,但随着固定时间的延长这种改变逐渐修复。     

Influence of distraction rates on the temporomandibular joint position and cartilage morphology in a rabbit model of mandibular lengthening

PURPOSE: Although various aspects of bone formation during distraction osteogenesis have been studied extensively, there are only limited experimental data concerning the influence of mandibular distraction rates on structural alterations in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). In this study, a rabbit model of unilateral mandibular distraction was used to test the effects of various strain schedules on the position and morphology of the TMJ. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-two immature white female rabbits were used. The distraction procedure was performed using physiologic (2,000 microstrains, 1 per day) and elevated strain magnitudes (20,000 microstrains, 1 per day), as well as high strain magnitudes (200,000 and 300,000 microstrains, 1 per day). The investigation of the TMJ included clinical, radiologic, and histologic aspects. RESULTS: Clinical and radiologic examinations at the end of the distraction period showed no evidence of joint luxation even at maximal distraction rates. Histologic and ultrastructural analyses revealed a positive correlation between the degree of mechanical loading and the development of degenerative alterations in the cartilage. In samples distracted at hyperphysiologic strain magnitudes, all cartilaginous layers were reduced in the regions of the TMJ that had been exposed to the higher pressure forces. The fibrous layer became nearly completely destroyed. CONCLUSIONS: These experimental data show that distraction schedules with single but hyperphysiologic loads may lead to degenerative or even early arthrotic changes in the condyle. These data support the principle that distraction protocols should be performed without extensive mechanical loading on the TMJ.     

Reconstruction of curved mandibular angle defects using a new internal transport distraction device: an experiment in goats

A new internal distraction device, comprising a square-bodied bow, a transport plate, a traction mechanism, and two stabilisers, was developed to allow transportation of bone around an arc. Eight adult goats were studied. A curved mandibulectomy 3cm long was made on the mandibular angle. The distractor was implanted to restore the defect. The bone was distracted at a rate of 1mm per day after a 5-day latent period. Distraction lasted 25 to 32 days. Curvilinear distraction was successful in six of the eight goats. After consolidation periods of four or eight weeks, smooth curved bone masses were restored in the distracted areas. Radiographically, there was considerable bone density in the distraction area and opaque columns streamed in the direction of distraction. Histological examination showed membranous bony regeneration in the restored bone. These results suggest that restoration of curved bone defects using the new internal transport distraction device was feasible in goats.     

Use of an internal bidirectional distractor to elongate goats' mandibles

We investigated the feasibility of using an internal bidirectional mandibular distractor to elongate the mandibular bodies and rami of 4 mature male goats. An osteotomy was made at the right mandibular angle and the distractor placed within the osteotomy and allowed to heal in place for 5 days. The mandibles were simultaneously distracted vertically and horizontally at a rate of 0.5mm/day for 30 days. After a 12-week consolidation period, all the goats were killed for gross, radiographic, and histological evaluation. Smooth new bone had been restored in the distracted area after 12 weeks' consolidation, and the gross, radiographic, and histological evaluations showed that the new bone was similar to the native bone. These results suggest that the internal bidirectional distractor could permit bidirectional distraction osteogenesis in a goat model.     

牵引成骨重建缺损山羊下颌骨髁突的实验研究

目的：通过建立山羊牵引成骨延长下颌支重建下颌支高度动物模型,对山羊下颌支牵引成骨区新骨的组织及组织形态学进行观察,为牵引成骨术在下颌支缺损区的临床应用提供理论依据。方法：12只山羊随机分为4组,每组3只。实验用山羊在下颌切迹下方截骨,切除一侧髁突及其颈部,左右随机。再于下颌支后缘形成转移盘。牵引延长下颌支,于牵引结束后2、4、8、12周分别进行大体、组织学及组织形态学观察,并用Axioplan2imaging显微图像分析系统进行处理,结果采用SPSS12.0软件包进行t检验。结果：从牵引结束后4周始,通过牵引成骨形成的新髁突已经具备与正常山羊髁突相似的外形;组织学及组织形态学结果显示,牵引区新骨随时间推移,钙化程度增加。至牵引结束后6周时,牵引区新骨矿化率为（1.35±0.57）μm/d,已经接近正常山羊下颌支矿化率（0.95±0.13）μm/d（P〉0.05）。结论：以山羊作为下颌支及髁突缺损牵引成骨重建动物模型具有较好的重复性,与临床情况具有相似性。牵引结束后6周,可以考虑拆除牵引器,以利新骨在生理状态下进行功能改建。