MELAS综合征的临床、影像学及病理研究

目的探讨线粒体脑肌病中MELAS综合征患者的临床表现、影像学、组织病理学特点及诊断方法。方法对5例MELAS综合征患者的临床、影像学及神经电生理、肌肉和脑组织病理学特点进行系统分析,3例行肌活检,其中1例患者行肌肉电镜检查;2例行脑活检。结果 MELAS综合征患者主要临床表现为运动不耐受、脑卒中发作、抽搐发作、偏盲、偏头痛发作、听力下降、视力下降。5例患者中血乳酸增高4例,肌电图提示肌源性损害4例,脑电图检查提示重度异常脑电图5例,头颅MRI检查主要为颞、枕、顶叶的不对称病灶;3例患者肌肉组织有破碎红纤维,1例行肌肉电镜检查发现异常线粒体,2例患者脑组织活检可见皮质组织成分层样改变。结论根据患者的临床及影像学特点,并结合肌肉及脑组织活检可对线粒体脑肌病MELAS综合征进行诊断。     

MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床、影像学和肌肉病理分析

目的 探讨MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床表现、影像学特点和肌肉组织病理学改变,提高人们对本病的认识.方法 回顾性分析5例MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床表现、脑影像学改变(MRI和CT),以及骨骼肌活检的组织病理学特点.结果 MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的主要临床表现为局灶性或全身性癫NFDCC发作、听觉和视觉障碍、运动不能耐受、认知功能障碍、脑卒中样发作、血乳酸水平升高等.脑影像学检查可见病灶多位于颞、枕、顶叶皮层脑回处,脑MRI表现为长T1、长T2信号,部分患者头颅CT可见基底节钙化.骨骼肌活检5例患者肌肉组织中均可见破碎红边纤维(RRF),2例行电镜检查均可见异常线粒体聚集.结论 MELAS型线粒体脑肌病是一种以高乳酸血症和卒中样发作为特征的脑和肌肉能量代谢障碍综合征.患者临床表现复杂多样,容易造成误诊,其诊断需在临床表现和影像学特点的基础上,结合骨骼肌活检病理检查发现RRF或异常线粒体聚集,可获得临床确诊.     

MELAS综合征和Leigh病患者临床对比

目的对比研究和总结线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸血症和脑卒中样发作(mitochondrial encephalomyopathywith lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes,MELAS)综合征和Leigh病患者的临床、影像学以及病理学特点。方法对10例MELAS综合征、7例Leigh病和1例MELAS综合征-Leigh病叠加患者的临床、影像学及组织病理学特点进行系统分析。结果 10例MELAS综合征患者主要临床表现为运动不耐受、发作性头痛和脑卒中样发作,脑CT及MRI检查结果示病灶多位于枕、顶、颞叶皮质及皮质下,光镜下观察肌肉组织可见不整红边纤维(ragged red fiber,RRF),抗线粒体抗体(anti-mitochondrial antibody,AMA)免疫组化染色可见大量破碎样棕褐色肌纤维(ragged brown fibers,RBFs),3例MELAS综合征患者行脑活检可见棕色AMA阳性的小血管及神经细胞。7例Leigh病患者主要临床表现为眼外肌麻痹、视力下降、肌阵挛样发作及智力发育迟缓,头颅MRI检查结果示双侧底节区、脑干异常信号,肌肉活检未见RRF。4例MELAS综合征、4例Leigh病患者以及1例MELAS综合征-Leigh病叠加患者行MRS检查结果示病变区乳酸水平明显增高。结论 MELAS综合征和Leigh病的临床及影像学特点相比存在明显差别,前者脑部病灶以脑叶皮质及皮质下受累为主,同时表现为脑和肌肉受累症状,肌肉活检可发现RRF;Leigh病患者主要表现为脑干、基底节及视神经受累表现,肌肉活检未见RRF。     

16例MELAS临床、神经影像与肌肉病理研究

目的探讨线粒体脑肌病并乳酸血症与卒中样发作(MELAS)的临床、影像学及肌肉病理特点。方法对16例MELAS患者的临床表现、影像学及肌肉病理特点进行分析。结果患者主要临床表现为卒中样癫发作(87.5%),其次为头痛、呕吐和智能减退等;头颅MRI提示脑实质片状异常信号,不按血管供应区分布;肌肉活检见破碎红纤维(RRF)。结论MELAS是一种具有特殊临床、影像学表现的线粒体脑肌病,其诊断依赖于肌肉活检病理和基因诊断。     

4例MELAS综合征患者的内分泌激素水平研究和文献复习

目的 探讨经基因及肌肉病理证实的4例线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作（mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes,MELAS）综合征患者的激素水平改变情况,并进行文献复习。 方法 2009年10月～2011年12月北京天坛医院神经内科住院的4例MELAS综合征患者,4例患者均为男性,表现为卒中样发作、癫痫、身材矮小。1例患者存在第二性征发育迟滞,1例患者合并糖尿病。2例患者进行肌肉活检,4例患者进行线粒体基因检测和内分泌激素检查。 结果 2例肌肉活检结果显示存在破碎红纤维,4例线粒体基因检测结果显示存在线粒体基因（A3243G）的突变。内分泌激素检查显示4例患者均存在内分泌异常,其中黄体生成素轻度降低1例,泌乳素增高2例,睾酮显著降低1例,甲状腺素轻度降低2例,胰岛素降低1例。 结论 MELAS综合征患者常合并内分泌异常,可存在多种内分泌激素水平的改变,包括性腺相关、甲状腺素、胰岛素等。应重视对MELAS综合征患者内分泌紊乱的诊断和治疗     

线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和脑卒中样发作的临床、影像学及病理学特点(附1例报告)

目的 探讨线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和脑卒中样发作(MELAS)的临床、影像学及病理特点.方法 回顾性分析1例MELAS患者的临床资料.结果 本例患者临床表现为以卒中样发作为主,有时伴癫癎发作、精神症状等,每次均为急性起病,经过治疗症状可有不同程度的缓解.头颅MRI提示以皮质受损为主,病灶起自右侧颞叶,每次发病的病损部位按顺时针方向发展,新的病灶总是累及从未发病的部位.其肱二头肌活检,病理结果 示出现破碎红纤维. 结论 MELAS患者临床表现多样,影像学改变明显,且对诊断帮助较大,但确诊仍需肌肉活检.     

线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作综合征的临床特点分析

目的探讨线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作(MELAS)综合征的临床、影像学、肌肉病理及分子生物学特点。方法回顾性分析6例MELAS患者的临床资料。结果首发症状表现为肢体抽搐4例,轻偏瘫1例,失语1例;其他症状包括发作性头痛和视力障碍。合并心脏功能异常2例,ECG提示预激综合征。6例患者行血乳酸运动试验,均为阳性。6例患者MRI检查显示大脑皮质和皮质下与血管分布不一致的长T_1、长T_2病灶。3例伴有脑萎缩,其中2例为小脑萎缩,1例为全脑萎缩。1例患者4个月后复查头颅MRI提示病灶完全消失。磁共振波谱可见病灶内多个体素的乳酸峰值升高,N-乙酰天冬氨酸值降低,乳酸/胆碱比降低。2例患者肌肉组织活检的病理均见到不同程度的萎缩肌纤维,未见到破碎红纤维。5例患者基因检测发现线粒体DNA(mtDNA)A3243G点突变,1例患者发现mtDNA T3271C点突变。结论 MELAS综合征临床表现复杂多样,以头痛、肢体抽搐及反复卒中样发作为突出特点。卒中样发作期影像学主要表现为脑内与供血区分布不一致的病灶;血乳酸运动试验阳性;典型肌肉病理检查MGT染色可见破碎红纤维;分子遗传学检查可发现基因突变。最终确诊有赖于基因检测。     

编码酶复合体Ⅰ亚单位的线粒体基因新突变导致的MELAS综合征

目的:报道4例由编码酶复合体Ⅰ中NADH脱氢酶(ND)亚单位的线粒体基因(mtDNA)突变所导致的线粒体脑肌病患者,分析其临床及骨骼肌病理改变特点.方法:4例患者的发病年龄在6 ～21岁之间,病程在7～ 20年.其中1例为MELAS、3例为MELAS/Leigh叠加综合征.对4例患者进行肌肉活检和mtDNA全长测序检查.结果:骨骼肌病理检查发现1例同时存在破碎红纤维(RRFs)及SDH深染的血管(SSVs),2例仅有SSVs,另1例未见异常.4例患者均携带mtDNA编码的ND基因突变,分别为位于ND3编码区的T10191C(p.S45P)、ND4编码区的A11470C(p.K237N)、ND5编码区的T13046C(p.M237T)点突变以及累及ND5和ND6编码区的单一大片段缺失( 13025-13033:14417-14425),后3种突变均为新发现的致病性突变.结论:ND基因突变是导致部分MELAS或MELAS/Leigh叠加综合征患者的分子病理学基础,这些患者的骨骼肌病理检查常缺乏典型的线粒体脑肌病的病理改变,如RRFs.     

以乳酸血症和脑卒中样发作为主要临床表现的线粒体脑肌病

目的：报告线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和腩卒中样发作（MELAS）病1例,进行相关文献复习并探讨其临床表现、影像学和组织病理学特征。方法：对线粒体脑肌病MELAS患者的临床表现、影像学、组织病理学、免疫组化结果、辅助检查等情况进行分析,同时参考国内外文献对该病的报道。结果：MELAS的主要临床表现为发作性头痛和呕吐、全身性癫痫、精神障碍、脑卒中样发作、血乳酸增高;肌电图示神经源性改变;脑MRI示病灶多位于顶、枕、颞脑回处;肌肉活检见破碎样红纤维和异常线粒体,符合线粒体脑肌病MELAS的特征。结论：线粒体脑肌病MELAS的诊断主要根据临床表现和影像学特点,肌肉活检可确诊。     

MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床特点及诊断分析

目的 探讨MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床特点,以及容易与其混淆的几种疾病的鉴别诊断.方法 观察总结我院近年收治的10例MELAS型线粒体脑肌病患者的临床表现.结果 MELAS型线粒体脑肌病首发症状多为抽搐、间断性头痛和呕吐,或肌无力、运动不耐受,伴有轻度肌肉萎缩或卒中样发作、轻偏瘫、偏盲、失语等,症状反复发作,逐渐出现...     

Customer, Client, Consumer, Recipient, or Patient

Since the arrival of managed care, there has been a trend toward changing the basic terminology used to address clinicians and patients. Instead of the term patient, third party payors frequently use terms such as customer, client, consumer or recipient. One study demonstrated that patients prefer to be called patients. To investigate the preferred term to refer to patients and to be referred to by patients, we mailed a questionnaire to 100 physicians in four medical specialties each and to 100 psychologists. The overall response rate was 61%. Physicians overwhelmingly preferred to refer to patients by the patient's last name, their second preference was the patient's first name. Psychologists preferred to refer to the patients by first name, their second preference was the patient's last name. No group favored using terms such as client, customer, consumer, or recipient. Most physicians and psychologists preferred being referred to as doctors and nobody favored the term provider.     

Fasciitis, perimyositis, myositis, polymyositis, and eosinophilia

Several groups of cases of fasciitis and myositis with eosinophilia are reported. The common features are inflammation into fascia and/or perimysium, and/or muscle fibers; eosinophilia in blood and/or in muscle biopsy. The following classification of 24 cases is suggested: at one end of the spectrum are fasciitis with eosinophilia: diffuse fasciitis (Shulman syndrome): 10 cases (3 with hematological complications); 2 cases of diffuse fasciitis with muscle atrophy; 3 cases of restricted fasciitis. Relapsing perimyositis with eosinophilia belong to the same spectrum, either diffuse (5 cases) with myalgias, or localized (2 cases). Other cases are focal myositis or multiple myositis, polymyositis with eosinophilia. The relationship among these cases is discussed. There is a continuum among the different groups. The pathophysiology remains unknown.     

高海拔地区缺血性卒中患者单核 细胞/HDL-C比值与脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的相关性

目的 研究高海拔地区缺血性卒中患者单核细胞/HDL-C比值（monocyte/HDL-C ratio,MHR）与颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,ICSA）程度的相关性。 方法 回顾性连续纳入2017年6月-2021年6月在青海省人民医院住院治疗的高海拔地区（海拔2260～4080?m）的急性缺血性卒中患者,依据DSA上脑血管狭窄程度（以狭窄最严重的动脉为准）分为无狭窄组、轻度狭窄（狭窄率≤50%）组、中度狭窄（狭窄率50%～70%）组、重度狭窄（狭窄率≥70%）组及闭塞（100%）组。比较5组患者的临床资料、实验室检查指标和MHR,并采用logistic回归模型计算不同程度血管狭窄的独立危险因素。 结果 共纳入349例患者,其中无狭窄组69例、轻度狭窄组78例、中度狭窄组41例、重度狭窄组84例、闭塞组77例。5组中年龄、性别分布、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、糖尿病比例方面差异均有统计学意义,实验室检查中白细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞、血小板计数以及血红蛋白、HDL-C水平和MHR差异也有统计学意义。多因素logistic回归分析显示,相对于无动脉狭窄,高龄为脑血管轻度狭窄（OR?1.061,95%CI?1.027～1.097,P＜0.001）,中度狭窄（OR?1.057,95%CI?1.017～1.099,P＝0.005）,重度狭窄（OR?1.096,95%CI?1.057～1.137,P＜0.001）,闭塞（OR?1.036,95%CI?1.001～1.072,P＝0.046）的独立危险因素;相对于无动脉狭窄,高MHR为轻度狭窄（OR?1.041,95%CI?1.009～1.074,P＝0.011）,中度狭窄（OR?1.082,95%CI?1.045～1.119,P＜0.001）,重度狭窄（OR?1.096,95%CI?1.062～1.131,P＜0.001）,闭塞（OR?1.101,95%CI?1.067～1.136,P＜0.001）的独立危险因素;相对于无动脉狭窄,单核细胞计数升高是中度狭窄（OR?1.684,95%CI?1.569～2.725,P=0.027）、重度狭窄（OR?3.529,95%CI?1.541～5.766,P=0.002 ）和闭塞（OR?5.446,95%CI?4.453～6.917,P=0.002）的独立危险因素。 结论 高龄、高MHR和单核细胞计数升高在高海拔地区对急性缺血性卒中患者的脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄程度具有一定预测价值。     

Pregabalin effect on steady-state pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, topiramate, valproate, and tiagabine

By reducing neuronal excitability through selective binding to the α(2)δ subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels, pregabalin effectively treats epilepsy, chronic pain, and anxiety disorders. To evaluate if pregabalin coadministration affects pharmacokinetics of other antiepileptic drugs, population pharmacokinetic analyses using NONMEM software were performed on data from three epilepsy trials involving seven antiepileptic drugs with pregabalin as add-on therapy. Results demonstrated that pregabalin did not alter the steady-state plasma concentrations of carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, tiagabine, topiramate, and valproate. Furthermore, the small percent change in the population estimate of antiepileptic drug plasma clearance values (-2% to +7%) suggests that pregabalin coadministration exerted no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of these antiepileptic drugs, with the possible exception of tiagabine (+34.9%). These findings are in agreement with those of previously published reports. A further clarification study is necessary for tiagabine. In conclusion, it appears that pregabalin can be coadministered with other antiepileptic drugs without concern for significantly altering their pharmacokinetic profiles.     

Clobazam, Oxcarbazepine, Tiagabine, Topiramate, and Other New Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Clinical investigators recently have studied at least 21 new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in people with epilepsy. This review briefly examines 15 of these new AEDs: clobazam (CLB), dezinamide, flunarizine (FNR), loreclezole, milacemide (MLM), MK-801, nafimidone, ORG-6370, oxcarbazepine (OCBZ), progabide (PGB), ralitoline, stiripentol, tiagabine (TGB), topiramate (TPM), and zonisamide (ZNS). CLB, PGB, and TGB represent agents that act on the GABA system, and MLM acts on the glycine system. MK-801 and ZNS (in part) are excitatory amino acid antagonists, and FNR is a calcium-channel antagonist. OCBZ is a keto analogue of carbam-azepine, which is not metabolized to the epoxide and may have fewer side effects. The remaining agents are novel compounds with a variety of suspected mechanisms. TPM appears especially effective for intractable partial seizures but has a high incidence of cognitive side effects. None of these new AEDs is useful for all patients with inadequate seizure control or ongoing toxicity. The role of each will require further clinical study and experience.     

Consecutive Gas Chromatographic Determination of Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Primidone, Phenylethylmalondiamide, Carbamazepine, Trimethadione, Dimethadione, Ethosuximide, and Valproate from the Same Serum Specimen

A quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the consecutive determination of phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, phenylethylmalondiamide, carbamazepine, trimethadione, dimethadione, ethosuximide and valproate from a single serum specimen of 1.2 ml. After extraction from serum by two different procedures, the anticonvulsants are chromatographed without further purification on a 3% OV 17 column either with or without derivative formation by means of "on-column" methylation. Multiple internal standards are employed in order to enhance the reproducibility of drug-concentration measurement.