慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者血清TGF-β1水平变化与肝纤维化的关系

目的探讨血清转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)与肝纤维化指标的关系。方法分别采用ELISA及RIA法测定71例慢性乙型病毒性肝炎(慢乙肝)患者血清TGF-β1、透明质酸(HA)、层粘连蛋白(LN)及Ⅲ型前胶原蛋白(PCⅢ)水平,并与30例健康者对照。结果慢乙肝组患者血清TGF-β1、PCⅢ、HA及LN水平均显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.001,P<0.01),且随肝病严重程度增加,升高更明显;血清TGF-β1水平与PCⅢ、HA及LN均呈正相关性(P<0.01,P<0.05,P<0.005)。结论检测慢乙肝患者血清TGF-β1水平在一定程度上反映肝纤维化情况,与HA等其他肝纤维化指标联合检测,动态观察肝纤维化进程,可为临床对肝纤维化的早期发现提供非创伤性的诊断依据。     

血清TGF-β1、BMP-7水平与肝纤维化的关系及其临床意义

目的 通过检测慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者血清TGF-β1、BMP-7水平在肝纤维化不同分期(S)和炎症分级(G)的表达情况,初步探讨其在慢性肝炎肝纤维化发生过程中可能发挥的作用.方法 分别采用ElISA、RIA法检测100例CHB患者、20例健康体检者血清中TGF-β1、BMP-7水平和透明质酸(HA)、层黏蛋白(LN)、IV型胶原(IV-C)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PcⅢ)水平.结果 肝纤维化早期,TGF-β,即明显升高、BMP-7显著降低,灵敏度优于HA、LN、Ⅳ-C和PC Ⅲ;随肝纤维化程度的加重.TGF-β1.逐渐升高,与HA、LN、IV-C、PCⅢ均呈正相关(P<0.01),而BMP-7逐渐下降,与HA、LN、IV-C、PCⅢ均呈负相关(P<0.01);TGF-β1 与BMP-7呈负相关(P<0.01);Sperman相关分析显示,血清TGF-β1水平与肝纤维化、炎症分级分期呈正相关(P<0.01),BMP-7与肝纤维化、炎症分级分期呈负相关(P<0.01).结论 TGF-β1和BMP-7密切参与肝纤维化的形成过程,BMP-7可能通过抑制细胞中促纤维化生长因子TGF-β1 信号通道蛋白Smad2/3的活性,从而抑制TGF-β1的表达,二者均可作为早期肝纤维化的诊断指标.     

自身免疫性肝病患者肝纤维化血清标志物检测的意义

目的 探讨血清透明质酸(HA)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、Ⅳ型胶原(CⅣ)和层粘连蛋白(LN)对自身免疫性肝病(ALD)患者肝纤维化诊断及鉴别的意义.方法 采用增强化学发光免疫分析法对37例原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)患者、25例自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)患者、33例肝硬化患者、37例病毒性肝炎患者及20例健康体检者血清HA、PCⅢ、CⅣ、LN进行检测,并对部分患者在治疗6个月后再次检测上述指标,同时和部分肝功能指标进行相关性分析.结果 ALD患者4项肝纤维化指标均高于健康对照组(均P<0.05);AIH组4项指标均高于病毒性肝炎组(均P<0.01),ROC曲线下面积分别为0.823、0.849、0.824和0.830; PBC组CⅣ和LN低于肝硬化组(P<0.05);两组ALD患者在经治疗6个月后,上述指标均明显下降(均P<0.05).结论 肝纤维化血清标志物HA、PCⅢ、CⅣ和LN对于ALD患者肝纤维化的诊断及和病毒性肝炎的鉴别具有一定价值,并能间接反映肝脏炎症的情况.     

血清基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子-1诊断肝纤维化的临床价值

目的：比较慢性病毒性肝炎患者肝纤维化不同阶段血清基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子-1（TIMP-1）水平，探讨血清TIMP-1诊断肝纤维化的临床价值。方法：用酶免及放免法检测40例慢性病毒性肝炎患者和12例健康体检者血清TIMP-1、透明质酸（HA）、Ⅲ型前胶原氮端肽（PⅢNP）、Ⅳ型胶原（CⅣ）、层粘连蛋白（LN）水平。所有患者同时行肝脏穿刺活检，将五项血清学指标与肝纤维化分期（S）及炎症分级（G）进行相关性分析，采用ROC曲线确定血清TIMP-1诊断肝纤维化及早期肝硬化的截断值。结果：血清TIMP—1在肝纤维化早期即明显升高，各分期间差异有显著性，与S、G及其他四项血清学指标正相关，与S相关性最强。血清TIMP-1以258．28μg／L为截断值，诊断肝纤维化（S≥2）的灵敏度为0．966，特异度为0．909；以389．30μg／L为截断值，诊断早期肝硬化（S=4）的灵敏度为0．833，特异度为0．882。结论：血清TIMP-1能明确区分肝纤维化不同时期，可作为肝纤维化无创性诊断的新指标。     

肝纤维化四项血清学指标及肝图象动态分析研究

慢性乙型病毒性肝炎是常见病和多发病,由于该病不易彻底治愈,后期常常引起肝纤维化,发展为肝硬化。Ⅲ型前胶原(PC-Ⅲ)、Ⅳ型胶原(Ⅳ-C)、层粘连蛋白(LN)和透明质酸(HA)与肝脏功能密切相关。为了观察血清PC-Ⅲ、Ⅳ-C、LN和HA在肝纤维化过程中的变化,我们应用放射免疫分析(RIA)方法,对151例慢性病毒性肝炎患者血清PC-Ⅲ、Ⅳ-C、LN和HA含量进行了检测,并与肝组织定量纤维图象分析进行了对比分析,现将结果报告如下。     

可溶性细胞间粘附分子-1与乙型肝炎患者肝细胞损伤和肝纤维化关系的研究

【目的】探讨可溶性细胞间粘附分子-1(sICAM-1)在慢性乙型病毒性肝炎(CHB)、重型乙型病毒性肝炎(CSH)及肝硬化(LC)患者血清中的水平及其与肝纤维化的关系。【方法】MCAM-1的检测采用ELISA法．并同时采用放免法检测血清透明质酸(HA)、山型前胶原蛋白(PⅢP)、层粘蛋白(LN)及Ⅳ型胶原(CⅣ);以20例健康献血员作对照(NC)。【结果】CHB、CSH、LC患者血清sICAM-1水平均高于对照组。血清sICAM-1水平随着患者肝损害的加重而升高．并且其升高与LN、CⅣ、PⅢP、HA水平的升高相关。【结论】CHB,CSH,LC患者血清MCAM-1水平升高．可反映肝细胞损伤程度及肝纤维化程度。     

病毒性肝炎患者血清中肝纤维化标志物的联合测定

目的 联合测定病毒性肝炎患者血清中肝纤维化标志物以全面分析肝纤维化情况.方法 放射免疫法检测血清肝纤维化标志物HA、PCⅢ、LN.结果 病毒性肝炎患者血清HA含量从轻度慢肝到肝硬化各组变化显著,与正常对照及前一组比较差异均有显著性(P＜0.01),尤其在肝硬化时升高明显.但血清PCⅢ、LN含量在各检测组和对照组间差异显著 (P＜0.01),中度与轻度慢肝组间差异显著(P＜0.01),而重度与中度、肝硬化与重度慢肝组间差异均无显著性(P＞0.05).肝硬化组血清LN平均水平明显高于慢性肝炎组水平,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).肝硬化组血清PCⅢ平均水平明显低于重度慢肝组(P＜0.05).结论 慢性病毒性肝炎病人血清HA、PCIII、LN水平能综合反映肝纤维化的程度.     

210例肝病患者血清肝纤维化指标检测结果分析

目的 探讨血清透明质酸(HA)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PC-Ⅲ)、Ⅳ型胶原(Ⅳ-C)和层黏连蛋白(LN)检测在肝纤维化诊断中的价值及其临床意义.方法 采用放射免疫法检测210例肝病患者及55例健康者血清HA、PC-Ⅲ、Ⅳ-C和LN水平.结果 慢性乙型病毒性肝炎(简称慢性乙肝)、肝硬化、肝癌患者血清LN、HA、PC-Ⅲ和Ⅳ-C水平高于健康者(P＜0.05),肝硬化、肝癌患者血清LN、HA和Ⅳ-C水平高于慢性乙肝患者(P＜0.05),肝硬化、肝癌患者血清PC-Ⅲ水平与慢性乙肝患者比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05),急性肝炎、丙型病毒性肝炎患者血清LN、HA、PC-Ⅲ和Ⅳ-C水平与健康者比较没有统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 LN、HA、PC-Ⅲ和Ⅳ-C是反映肝脏状况和肝纤维化程度的良好指标,动态观察其变化可用于判断患者病情进展,也可用于判断患者治疗效果.     

慢性肝病患者血清TIMP-1和TIMP-2的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)和乙型肝炎后肝硬化(LC)患者血清中的基质金属蛋白酶-1组织抑制因子(TIMP-1)、基质金属蛋白酶-2组织抑制因子(TIMP-2)的变化及其临床意义。方法用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测75例CHB患者和41例乙型肝炎后LC患者血清TIMP-1、TIMP-2含量,并与30名健康献血员比较。结果CHB轻度、中度、重度和LC A级、B级、C级患者血清TIMP-1均明显高于正常对照组(P均<0.01),与透明质酸(HA)、层黏连蛋白(LN)、Ⅳ型胶原(CⅣ)呈正相关(r=0.935、0.836、0.910,P均<0.01);CHB重度和LC A级、B级、C级患者血清TIMP-2均明显高于正常对照组(P均<0.01),与HA、LN、CⅣ呈正相关(r=0.765、0.623、0.716,P均<0.01)。结论血清TIMP-1、TIMP-2在慢性肝病患者肝纤维化过程中明显升高,并与肝纤维化指标呈正显著性相关,可作为判断肝纤维化程度的指标。     

抗核抗体与血清四项肝硬化指标联合检测在丙型病毒性肝炎纤维化诊断中的意义

目的：探讨抗核抗体（ANA）与血清透明质酸（HA）、Ⅲ型前胶原（PCⅢ）、层黏蛋白（LN）、Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ-C）联合检测在肝病诊断中的意义。方法：采用间接免疫荧光法（IIF）、放射免疫分析法和酶联免疫法（ELISA）检测72例慢性丙肝患者的血清ANA,HA,LN,PCⅢ和Ⅳ-C水平,并与由年龄、血小板计数、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶及透明质酸四项指标构成的判别肝纤维化程度的指数模型（FibroIndex）比较,同时与48例健康体检者比较。结果：慢性丙型病毒性肝炎（丙肝）患者的血清HA,LN,PCⅢ和Ⅳ-C水平与对照组比较,均有不同程度升高（P〈0.01）,且随着病程的发展逐渐升高。结论：血清HA,LN,PCⅢ和Ⅳ-C可较好地反映肝纤维化程度,与ANA联合检测可提高对慢性丙肝肝纤维化的诊断水平。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.