2型糖尿病非增生型视网膜病变与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者非增生型视网膜病变（NPDR）与颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）之间的关系。方法选择NPDR组97例,糖尿病正常眼底（NDR）对组照100例。B超检测IMT。结果（1）NPDR组IMT明显高于NDR组（P〈0．01）。（2）NPDR与年龄、病程、收缩压、舒张压、糖化血红蛋白、IMT、尿白蛋白呈正相关（P〈0.05）,与HDL-C、餐后2hC肽呈负相关（P〈0．05）。Logistic回归显示IMT是NPDR的主要危险因素（P〈0.01）。（3）IMT增厚组（60．7G）NPDR发病率明显高于正常组（44．1％）（P〈0.05）。结论T2DM合并颈动脉IMT增厚者NPDR发病率显著增高,推测动脉粥样硬化可能是NPDR的一个重要的相关因素。     

Relationship between metabolic syndrome components and vascular properties in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients without cardiovascular disease or nephropathy

To investigate the effect of metabolic syndrome (MS) components on early atherosclerosis markers, i.e., urinary albumin excretion rate (UAE), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), we studied 536 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes without cardiovascular disease or nephropathy. The MS definition by ATP III was employed. UAE, PWV, and IMT increased significantly with increasing the number of components even before fulfilling the diagnosis of MS. UAE was significantly influenced by high blood pressure, high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol. PWV was significantly increased by high blood pressure. IMT was significantly increased by high blood pressure and abdominal obesity. Multiple regression analysis, including MS components and putative risk factors, indicated that the number of MS components, age and glycosylated HbA1C were independent determinants of UAE, PWV, and IMT. LDL cholesterol and male gender were independent determinants of IMT. In conclusion, UAE, PWV, and IMT increased according to increasing the number of MS in type 2 diabetic patients without cardiovascular disease or diabetic nephropathy. The current observation considering the modifiable factors may help to identify patients who are at high risk of experiencing cardiovascular disease.     

Relationship between diabetic retinopathy microalbuminuria and other modifiable risk factors

BackgroundDiabetic Retinopathy (DR) is an important microvascular complication of diabetes that can lead to irreversible blindness. Microalbuminuria is strongly associated with diabetic retinopathy and can be used as a reliable marker of diabetic retinopathy.AimTo assess the association between DR, microalbuminuria, and other modifiable risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.Methodology3090 patients with T2DM visiting North Delhi Diabetes Centre, New Delhi between July 2016 to October 2019 were evaluated for the clinical and biochemical parameters that included urinary albumin, HbA1C, lipid profiles, serum creatinine estimation and underwent biothesiometry.Results3090 patients (1350 females and 1740 males), with mean age of 52.7 ± 9.2 years and diabetes duration ranging from 1 to 19 years (mean 9.4 ± 6), duration of less than 5 years, 6–10 years and more than 10 years in 52%, 26% and in 22%, respectively. Duration of diabetes was strong predictor of retinopathy (p = 0.001). The HbA1c and BMI in patients with DR was significantly higher than in those without DR. 18.2% patients were diagnosed to have retinopathy. Peripheral neuropathy was observed in 24.2% and was positively associated with DR (p = 0.002). 33.9% and 4.5% patients had microalbuminuria macroalbuminuria, respectively and 9.7% patients had creatinine >1.3 mg/dL. There was significant positive relationship between different grades of retinopathy and albuminuria.ConclusionsOur study is a large real-world study that demonstrates that HbA1c, BMI, duration of diabetes, microalbuminuria and peripheral neuropathy are relatively, yet cohesively contributing factors towards varying grade of retinopathy.     

2型糖尿病患者非酒精性脂肪肝与微血管病变关系的研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者中非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)与慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)及糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的关系。方法收集2008年5月至2009年7月上海交通大学附属第一人民医院内分泌代谢科448例T2DM患者的临床资料,按是否合并NAFLD分组,比较两组间CKD和DR的发生率及其与NAFLD的联系。结果(1)448例T2DM患者中NAFLD合并率为59.4%。(2)与无NAFLD组相比,NAFLD组尿白蛋白/肌酐比值(UACR)及CKD和DR的发病率明显升高(P0.01)。(3)Logistic回归分析显示,NAFLD是T2DM患者发生CKD和DR的独立危险因素(OR=1.9,P0.05;OR=2.8,P0.01)。结论T2DM患者中NAFLD与CKD和DR密切相关,提示通过早期诊断和干预NAFLD可预防微血管并发症。     

初发2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变与动脉内膜中层厚度的相关性

目的 探讨初发2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变(DR)与颈、股动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)的关系.方法 选择确诊2型糖尿病且病程在1年以内的患者1236例,其中老年组218例,非老年组1018例.采用GATEwAY2Dfx型彩色多普勒超声仪测定颈、股动脉IMT,并行眼底检查.结果 共检出DR 179例,其中老年DR组36例,非老年DR组143例.老年DR组颈、股动脉IMT为(0.83±0.11)mm和(0.80±0.11)mm,老年对照组为(0.78±0.12)mm和(0.75±0.13)mm,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);非老年DR组颈、股动脉IMT为(0.78±0.13)mm和(0.77±0.13)mm,非老年对照组为(0.72±0.14)mm和(0.71±0.13)mm,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).老年组颈、股动脉IMT≥0.8 mm组DR患病率为21.3%和23.0%,与IMT＜0.8 mm组的8.3%和8.5%比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);非老年组分别为21.3%、23.0%和8.3%、8.5%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01和P＜0.05).以DR为因变量,以年龄、血压、空腹血糖、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、颈、股动脉IMT为自变量进行Logistic回归分析,在校正年龄、血脂、胰岛素等因素后,颈、股动脉IMT仍与DR相关(P＜0.01).结论 初发2型糖尿病患者DR与颈、股动脉IMT具有明显的相关性,早期DR改变即与IMT相关.     

2型糖尿病并发视网膜病变患者血小板-白细胞聚集体的水平及其与血超敏C反应蛋白的关系

观察2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者血小板-白细胞聚集体( PLA)水平和超敏C反应蛋白水平的变化及关系.采用流式细胞术和酶联免疫吸附测定法检测30例增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变患者( PDR组)和30例非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变患者(NPDR组)外周血中血小板—中性粒细胞聚集体(PNA)、血小板-单核细胞聚集体(PMA)和超敏C反应蛋白水平,并与25例单纯糖尿病患者(糖尿病组)和30名健康者(对照组)进行比较.结果显示外周血PNA、PMA和血超敏C反应蛋白水平PDR组高于对照组、糖尿病组和NPDR组,NPDR组亦高于对照组和糖尿病组,糖尿病组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).糖尿病视网膜病变患者PNA、PMA水平与超敏C反应蛋白呈正相关性(r值分别为0.587、0.576,P＜0.05).提示糖尿病视网膜病变患者外周血PLA水平和超敏C反应蛋白浓度增高,PLA水平与糖尿病视网膜病变严重程度及炎性反应正相关,在其发展过程中起着重要作用.     

2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变(DR)与颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)之间的关系.方法 选取2008、2009年在哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院内分泌科确诊的2型糖尿病患者123例作为观察对象,根据眼底检查结果 分为DR组和非DR(NDR)组.采集病史(病程、吸烟、家族史等),同时检测颈动脉IMT、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、糖化血红蛋白、体质量指数等指标.两组颈动脉IMT增厚发生率的比较采用χ2检验,两组平均颈动脉IMT值的比较采用独立样本t检验:应用Logistic回归分析糖尿病DR病变的影响因素.结果 ①DR组IMT增厚的发生率为50.98%(26/51),NDR组为33.33%(24/72),两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.85,P<0.05).②DR组平均颈动脉IMT值为(1.01±0.23)mm,NDR组为(0.91±0.24)mm,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=-2.21,P<0.05).③单因素分析糖尿病DR病变的影响因素为;吸烟(χ2=6.20,P<0.05),病程(t=-4.13,P<0.01),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(t=4.49,P<0.01),颈动脉IMT(t=-2.21,P<0.05),收缩压(t=-2.37,P<0.05).④Logistic回归分析糖尿病DR病变的影响因素为:病程、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、颈动脉IMT、吸烟(χ2值分别为7.77、12.77、6.05、4.15,P均<0.01或0.05).结论 2型糖尿病DR病变患者颈动脉IMT增厚的比例明显增加,且平均颈动脉IMT厚度亦明显增加.2型精尿病合并DR病变与其颈动脉IMT厚度之间关系密切.     

糖尿病视网膜病变与勃起功能障碍的关系

目的探讨糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）与勃起功能障碍（ED）的关系。方法对2型糖尿病（T2DM）合并视网膜病变组（DR组）22例、T2DM无视网膜病变组（非DR组）92例用国际勃起功能指数（IIEF）评分,比较两组间的评分情况。结果DR组的评分明显低于非DR组（P〈0．05）,DR组的ED发生率明显高于非DR组（P〈0．05）。结论糖尿病视网膜病变与ED的发生密切相关。     

Visual symptomatology in patients with sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy.

AIMS: To assess the level of visual symptomatology in patients with sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: Questionnaires were completed by patients undergoing first photocoagulation treatment for diabetic maculopathy or proliferative retinopathy during a 2-month period throughout the UK, and at 9 months' follow-up. RESULTS: There were high levels of visual symptomatology prior to the first laser treatment and at follow-up for both patients with maculopathy or with proliferative retinopathy. Only 25.1% of patients with maculopathy and 17.2% of patients with proliferative retinopathy were asymptomatic in terms of reading, seeing the television screen, recognizing faces or with their night vision at baseline. For those with maculopathy 20.1% were aware of colour vision abnormality in the eye to be treated at baseline and 9.5% were aware of new central scotomata since the treatment. Of those with proliferative retinopathy, 13% said that they had given up driving due to poor eyesight and 19% were aware of new peripheral field defects since the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: There are high levels of visual symptomatology for patients with sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in the UK despite that fact that screening should aim to detect retinopathy prior to visual loss occurring. Patients should be aware that there may not be any significant improvement in their vision with laser treatment, and that the main aim of treatment is to reduce the likelihood of further visual deterioration.     

2型糖尿病住院患者2 454例视网膜病变的危险因素分析

目的调查上海地区2型糖尿病住院患者糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）的患病率及其特点,并探讨影响DR的危险因素。方法入选2型糖尿病住院患者共2454例,收集详细临床资料,并对其进行免散瞳眼底摄片以确定DR及其分级。应用趋势检验及logistic逐步回归等方法分析DR患者分布特点及危险因素。结果2型糖尿病住院患者DR的患病率为32．7％。随着年龄的增长、病程的延长及HbA1C水平的增高,DR患者比率逐渐增高（P〈0．05）。糖尿病病程（0R=1．107,95％CI1．089～1．125,P〈0．0001）,HbA1C水平（0R=1．071,95％CI1．0241．119,P=0．0026）,收缩压水平（OR=1．016,95％CI1．010～1．022,P〈0．0001）是2型糖尿病患者发生DR的独立危险因素,诊断年龄与DR发生风险也具有关联趋势（OR=0．991,95％C10．981～1．000,P=0．0556）。结论住院患者DR患病率较高。病程长、血糖情况控制差及高血压是影响2型糖尿病住院患者发生DR的独立危险因素。     

Relationship between kidney findings and systemic vascular damage in elderly hypertensive patients without overt cardiovascular disease

Few studies have investigated the influence of age on the relationships between systemic vascular damage, kidney dysfunction, and intrarenal hemodynamic changes in patients with hypertension without overt cardiovascular disease. The authors enrolled 126 elderly patients with hypertension (aged ≥65 years) and 350 nonelderly patients with hypertension (aged <65 years). Carotid intima‐media thickness, renal resistive index, and aortic pulse wave velocity were performed in all patients. Elderly patients with hypertension had lower estimated glomerular filtration rates and higher albuminuria, renal resistive index, carotid intima‐media thickness, and aortic pulse wave velocity compared with nonelderly patients with hypertension (P < .001). Carotid intima‐media thickness independently correlated with renal resistive index and estimated glomerular filtration rate in nonelderly patients with hypertension, whereas it was significantly related to renal resistive index only in elderly patients with hypertension. Aortic pulse wave velocity was independently associated with albuminuria in nonelderly patients with hypertension, whereas it did not independently correlate with any indexes of renal damage in elderly patients with hypertension. Age is an important modifier of the relationships between renal function and renal hemodynamics with subclinical vascular involvement in elderly persons without cardiovascular disease.     

Association of osteocalcin,osteoprotegerin, and osteopontin with cardiovascular disease and retinopathy in type 2 diabetes

Background

Novel biomarkers of vascular disease in diabetes could help identify new mechanistic pathways. Osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, and osteopontin are key molecules involved in bone and vascular calcification processes, both of which are compromised in diabetes. We aimed to evaluate possible associations of osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, and osteopontin with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) among people with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Materials and Methods

Osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, and osteopontin concentrations were measured at enrolment in 848 participants with T2D from the Sapienza University Mortality and Morbidity Event Rate (SUMMER) Study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02311244). Logistic regression models and propensity score matching were used to assess possible associations of osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, and osteopontin with a history of CVD and with evidence of any grade of DR adjusting for confounders.

Results

Previous CVD was reported in 139 (16.4%) participants, while 144 (17.0%) had DR. After adjusting for possible confounders, osteocalcin but not osteoprotegerin or osteopontin concentrations were associated with a history of CVD (Odds Ratio [OR] and 95% CI for one standard deviation (SD) increase in osteocalcin concentrations (natural log): 1.35 (1.06–1.72), p = 0.014). Associations with prevalent DR were seen for osteoprotegerin (OR for one SD increase in osteoprotegerin concentrations (natural log): 1.25 (1.01–1.55), p = 0.047) and osteopontin (OR for one SD increase in osteopontin concentrations (natural log): 1.25 (1.02–1.53), p = 0.022), but not osteocalcin.

Conclusions

In T2D, higher serum osteocalcin concentrations are associated with macrovascular complications and higher osteoprotegerin and osteopontin concentrations with microvascular complications, suggesting that these osteokines might be involved in pathways directly related to vascular disease.     

Familial clustering of diabetic retinopathy in South Indian Type 2 diabetic patients.

AIM: The aim of the study was to determine whether there is familial clustering of diabetic retinopathy among South Indian Type 2 diabetic subjects. METHODS: During the period September 1991 to September 1997, 322 families with at least two diabetic siblings who were registered at our centre and had undergone a retinal examination were selected for the study.The sibling with the longest duration of diabetes was defined as the proband. The prevalence of retinopathy was compared between the siblings of probands with and without retinopathy. RESULTS: Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed in 11.2% of the siblings of the probands without diabetic retinopathy and in 35.3% of the siblings of the probands with diabetic retinopathy (P < 0.0001). The increased prevalence of retinopathy among siblings of probands with retinopathy represented all grades of retinopathy, namely non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy with and without maculopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, although the latter did not reach statistical significance due to the small numbers. Hypertension, metabolic control and the duration of diabetes among the probands did not affect the clustering of retinopathy. The odds ratio for retinopathy in the siblings of probands with retinopathy after adjusting for age, glycosylated haemoglobin, duration of diabetes, proteinuria and other confounding variables was 3.37(95% confidence interval 1.56-7.29, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Familial clustering of diabetic retinopathy was three times higher in siblings of Type 2 diabetic subjects with diabetic retinopathy.     

重组β细胞营养因子与老年2型糖尿病患者心血管功能损伤的相关性分析

目的探讨重组β细胞营养因子与老年2型糖尿病患者心血管功能损伤的相关性。方法选择2016年1月～2017年1月襄阳市第一人民医院老年病科收治的老年2型糖尿病患者108例(观察组),同期收集我院健康体检者50例(对照组)。观察2组重组β细胞营养因子和心血管功能差异,采用ROC曲线预测重组β细胞营养因子对老年2型糖尿病患者1年内发生心血管不良事件的预测价值。结果与对照组比较,观察组重组β细胞营养因子明显升高,差异有统计学意义[(1.33±0.34)μg/L vs (0.93±0.35)μg/L,P=0.000]。与对照组比较,观察组颈动脉内膜中层厚度、左心室质量指数、胰岛素抵抗指数明显增高,估算肾小球滤过率、LVEF明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。Pearson线性相关性分析显示,重组β细胞营养因子与老年2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度、左心室质量指数、胰岛素抵抗指数呈正相关(r=0.243,P=0.012;r=0.274,P=0.001;r=0.303,P=0.000),与估算肾小球滤过率、LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.212,P=0.028;r=-0.244,P=0.012)。重组β细胞营养因子预测老年2型糖尿病患者1年内发生心血管不良事件的ROC曲线下面积为0.705,敏感性为0.692,特异性为0.791,差异有统计学意义(P=0.006)。结论重组β细胞营养因子在老年2型糖尿病患者中升高,与心血管功能损伤有关,可以作为心血管不良事件的预测指标。     

外周血管内皮功能、炎症因子与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的关系

目的研讨外周血管内皮功能、炎症因子与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)的相关性。方法纳入疑似冠心病受试者95例,经冠状动脉造影(coronary angiography,CAG)分为冠心病组(n=51)即CAG阳性及对照组(n=44)即CAG阴性,对入选患者进行肱动脉血流介导的血管舒张功能(flow-mediated dilatation,FMD)及硝酸甘油依赖的血管扩张(nitroglycerin-mediated dilatation,NMD)检测。并检测血液中炎症因子指标:超敏C-反应蛋白、白细胞介素-2、白细胞介素-4、白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-10及肿瘤坏死因子-α、干扰素-γ。结果 (1)冠心病组FMD明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(4.13%±3.67%vs.6.52%±4.58%,P=0.006);两组NMD比较,差异无统计学意义(17.7%±0.76%vs.16.9%±6.61%,P=0.59)。(2)两变量关联性分析示FMD与吸烟(r=-0.2860,P=0.002)、原发性高血压(r=-0.177,P=0.043)、尿酸(r=-2.2,P=0.016)、冠状动脉病变(r=-0.31,P=0.001)呈负相关性;与性别(r=0.193,P=0.03)、高密度脂蛋白(r=0.175,P=0.045)呈正相关性。(3)多重线性回归分析示冠状动脉病变与FMD呈负相关性(β=-1.011,P=0.001,t=-3.277)。冠心病组白细胞介素-2浓度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义[(4.15±0.34)pg/m L vs.(3.98±0.42)pg/m L,P=0.03]。结论肱动脉FMD在冠心病预测、诊断上有一定临床应用价值,在反映冠状动脉病变上有一定的参考价值。     

血清尿酸与我国2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的相关性研究

目的 探讨血清尿酸（SUA）与我国T2DM患者DR的关系. 方法 采用四分位法将T2DM患者SUA水平分为4组,眼底镜诊断有无DR.采用Logistic多元回归分析SUA与DR发病率的关系. 结果 SUA＞ 212 μmol/L后即为DR危险因素.随着SUA升高（212～288、289～335、≥366μmol/L）,影响程度增加,OR（95％CI）值分别为3.85（1.98～6.84）、5.12（2.25～8.10）、5.71（2.99～8.87）. 结论 SUA是DR的危险因素,降低SUA水平应为其治疗的重要环节.