可溶性CD40L、MMP-9与颈动脉粥样硬化及急性脑梗死的关系

目的探讨可溶性CD40L(sCD40L)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)与颈动脉粥样硬化及急性脑梗死(ACI)的关系。方法选取首次发病的ACI患者90例和健康对照组30例,采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定血清sCD40L、MMP-9的水平。应用颈动脉超声检测颈动脉内膜状况。比较不同程度颈动脉粥样硬化及不同面积脑梗死患者血清sCD40L、MMP-9的水平变化,并对所有脑梗死患者进行神经功能缺损评分。结果 ACI患者血清sCD40L、MMP-9的水平显著高于对照组(P0.01);大梗死组血清sCD40L、MMP-9水平高于中、小梗死组,中梗死组高于小梗死组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01);随着颈动脉粥样硬化程度加重,脑梗死病情越重及脑梗死面积越大,血清sCD40L、MMP-9的水平也越高;血清sCD40L与MMP-9的水平呈正相关(r=0.887,P0.01)。结论 ACI患者血清sCD40L、MMP-9水平可以反映颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的性质和稳定性、脑梗死面积与病情的严重程度;CD40-CD40L系统可能通过上调MMP-9导致颈动脉粥样硬化斑块不稳定。     

急性脑梗死患者颈动脉斑块稳定性与血浆IL-18、MMP-9的相关性研究

目的 探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)患者颈动脉斑块稳定性与血清白细胞介素-18(IL-18)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)变化的相关性.方法 收集ACI患者200例,另选择相匹配的80名健康体检者为健康对照组.应用彩色多普勒超声检查颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度(ITM)及斑块类型,根据检查结果分为斑块组与非斑块组,其中斑块组分为不稳定斑块组和稳定斑块组两亚组.测定所有观察对象血清IL-18、MMP-9水平,分析各组间IL-18及MMP-9水平的差异,并分别对IL-18、MMP-9水平与颈动脉斑块的稳定性级别(稳定性斑块、不稳定性斑块的斑块稳定性级别分别定义为1级和2级)进行Spearman相关性分析.结果 斑块组139例(包括不稳定斑块组96例、稳定斑块组43例),非斑块组61例.不稳定斑块组患者血清IL-18、MMP-9水平[分别为(230.56±41.79)pg/mL、(90.97±30.08)μg/L]高于稳定斑块组[分别为(209.87±38.67)pg/m L、(66.81±28.67)μg/L](t=2.7595、t=4.4416,均P＜0.01);稳定斑块组IL-18、MMP-9水平高于非斑块组[分别为(171.48±22.51)pg/mL、(47.54±29.03)μg/L] (t=5.8488、t=3.3507,均P＜0.01)及对照组[分别为(167.42±26.47) pg/mL、(39.92±25.99)μg/L](t=6.4337、t=5.2766,均P＜0.01);非斑块组与对照组比较血清IL-18、MMP-9水平差异无统计学意义(t=0.9616、t=1.6394,均P＞0.05).血清IL-18水平、MMP-9水平均与颈动脉斑块稳定性级别相关(分别r=0.4531,P＜0.01;r=0.4588,P＜0.01).结论 ACI患者血清中IL-18、MMP-9水平与颈动脉斑块的稳定性相关.     

急性脑梗死患者血清YKL-40、hs-CRP水平与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的相关性研究

目的 探讨急性脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化性斑块与人类软骨糖蛋白-39(YKL-40)、超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)含量的关系.方法 选取130例急性脑梗死患者和30例正常对照者检测血清YKL40、hs-CRP水平.对急性脑梗死患者结合颈动脉超声检查结果,分为颈动脉IMT正常组30例、颈动脉IMT增厚组30例、颈动脉斑块组70例,其中稳定斑块37例,不稳定斑块33例,测定并比较各组血清YKL40、hs-CRP水平.结果 急性脑梗死组血清YKL40、hs-CRP水平显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01);在急性脑梗死患者中,有颈动脉粥样硬化组血清YKL-40、hs-CRP水平较颈动脉IMT正常组明显升高(P＜0.01),颈动脉IMT斑块形成组血清YKL-40、hs-CRP水平较颈动脉IMT增厚组明显升高(P＜0.01),颈动脉粥样硬化不稳定斑块组血清YKL-40、hs-CRP水平显著高于稳定斑块组;线性相关分析表明YKL-40水平和hs-CRP水平无明显相关性(r=0.04,P＞0.05);Logistic回归分析结果显示:YKL-40、hs-CRP是发生颈动脉粥样硬化的危险因素(OR=1.128,95％C1 1.21～1.87;OR=2.62,95％ CI1.76 ～4.47).结论 YKL-40、hs-CRP可能反映急性脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的炎症程度以及斑块的不稳定程度,病变越重,斑块越不稳定,YKL-40、hs-CRP水平越高,且YKL-40水平独立于hs-CRP水平.     

急性腔隙性脑梗死患者血清C-反应蛋白和白介素-8水平的变化及临床意义

目的 探讨急性腔隙性脑梗死患者血清高敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白介素-8水平(IL-8) 的变化及在发病机制中的作用.方法 分别检测36例腔隙性脑梗死、36例脑梗死和36例健康对照者血清hs-CRP和IL-8含量.结果 腔梗组和脑梗组hs-CRP含量分别为(10.42±0.68)、(18.45±1.28)mg/L,均显著高于对照组的(1.28±0.47)mg/L(P＜0.01),CI组hs-CRP含量亦显著高于健康对照组(P＜0.01);腔梗组和脑梗组IL-8含量分别为(29.65±18.24)、(36.57±19.01)ng/ml,显著高于对照组的(25.98±16.87)ng/ml(P＜0.01),在脑梗患者中,大面积脑梗死(≥9ml)hs-CRP为(21.36±1.48)mg/L,显著高于小面积脑梗死组(<9ml)的(15.30±0.97)mg/L(P＜0.01),2组IL-8含量分别为(38.1±19.87)、(33.45±18.67)ng/ml,差异亦有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 炎症过程参与了脑小血管病变;hs-CRP和IL-8水平与脑缺血程度以及脑的小血管病变范围密切相关.hs-CRP 及IL-8是预测脑梗死患者病情严重程度的重要生化指标.     

急性脑梗死患者血清可溶性CD40L与C-反应蛋白含量的改变及其意义

目的 探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)患者血清可溶性CD40L(sCD40L)和C-反应蛋白(CRP)含量的改变及其意义.方法 采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫法及比浊法检测40例ACI患者及30人正常对照者的血清sCD40L和CRP含量,比较不同病情、不同梗死面积ACI患者的血清sCD40L和CRP含量变化,对二者之间的关系进行相关性分析.结果 ACI组血清sCD40L[(3.57±0.86) ng/ml]、CRP[(17.53±7.61) mg/L]的含量明显高于正常对照组(均P<0.01),ACI病情重度组、大面积梗死组血清sCD40L、CRP的含量明显高于病情中度、轻度组和小面积、腔隙性脑梗死组,病情中度组、小面积梗死组又明显高于病情轻度组、腔隙性脑梗死组(均P<0.05).血清sCD40L与CRP含量呈正相关(r=0.817,P<0.01).结论 ACI患者血清sCD40L、CRP含量升高,并与病情严重程度和梗死面积有关.提示其可作为判断ACI病情的血清生物学指标.     

急性脑梗死患者血清甲壳质酶蛋白40水平与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的 探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)患者血清甲壳质酶蛋白40(YKL-40)水平与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法对78例ACI患者(ACI组)和34名健康体检者(正常对照组,NC组)进行血清YKL-40水平检测;并对ACI患者采用彩色多普勒超声仪进行颈动脉超声检查,测定其颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)及颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的性质.结果 ACI组患者血清YKL-40水平明显高于NC组(P＜0.001) 共有74例(94.9％) ACI患者存在颈动脉IMT异常.其中,管腔狭窄组(颈动脉IMT＞ 1.4 mm)的血清YKL-40水平明显高于斑块形成组(IMT 1.2 ～1.4 mm)及内膜增厚组(IMT 1.0～1.1 mm)(均P＜0.05);而斑块形成组与内膜增厚组比较差异无统计学意义.有64例患者(82.1％)存在颈动脉粥样硬化斑块(不稳定斑块40例,稳定斑块24例),12例患者(15.4％)表现为颈动脉内膜粗糙.其中,不稳定斑块组血清YKL-40水平明显高于稳定斑块组和内膜粗糙组(均P＜0.01);而稳定斑块组与内膜粗糙组的差异无统计学意义.结论 ACI患者血清YKL-40水平明显升高,并且与颈动脉粥样硬化程度有关.     

调脂治疗对急性脑梗死患者血清hs-CRP、IL-18及MMP-7水平的影响及颈动脉斑块的干预作用

目的 探讨不同剂量阿托伐他汀调脂治疗对急性脑梗死患者血清高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素-18(IL-18)及基质金属蛋白酶-7(MMP-7)的影响,观察其对颈动脉斑块的干预作用.方法 144例急性脑梗死患者根据颈动脉超声检查结果分为颈动脉稳定斑块组(n=72)和颈动脉易损斑块组(n=72),抽血检查后分别随机分为小剂量组36例(阿托伐他汀10mg/d,口服)和大剂量组36例(阿托伐他汀40mg/d,口服).比较治疗前和治疗后4周血清hs-CRP、IL-18和MMP-7水平;观察治疗前及治疗后6个月颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT值)、斑块面积及斑块回声变化.结果 治疗前,在同一种性质斑块中,两治疗组(小剂量和大剂量组)间血清hs-CRP、IL-18和MMP-7水平比较,差异均无显著性(P均＞0.05).对两种性质斑块间血清hs-CRP、IL-18和MMP-7水平进行比较,无论是小剂量组还是大剂量组,三项指标均以易损斑块组高于稳定斑块组(均P＜0.05或P＜0.01);在同性质斑块组中,无论是接受小剂量还是大剂量阿托伐他汀治疗,治疗后血清hs-CRP、IL-18和MMP-7水平均明显下降,但大剂量组三项指标下降幅度均大于小剂量组(P均＜0.01).治疗6个月后,小剂量组IMT值及斑块面积稍下降,差异无显著性(P均＞0.05),而大剂量组IMT值及斑块面积均明显下降,两项指标均低于小剂量组,差异具有显著性(P均＜0.01).治疗后,小剂量组斑块回声信号无明显改善,而大剂量组低回声斑块回声增强例数高于小剂量组,差异具有显著性(P＜0.01).结论 血清hs-CRP、IL-18和MMP-7的水平可作为检测AS易损性的血清学生物指标;大剂量阿托伐他汀调脂治疗能迅速降低脑梗死患者的血清炎性因子水平,具有更强的抗炎作用,在一定程度上可逆转和稳定斑块.     

中青年无症状脑梗死患者血清高敏C-反应蛋白、同型半胱氨酸、尿酸水平与颈动脉内-中膜厚度的关系

目的探讨中青年无症状脑梗死(SCI)患者血清高敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、尿酸水平与颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)的关系。方法检测96例中青年SCI患者(SCI组)及100名正常对照者(正常对照组)的血hs-CRP、Hcy、尿酸水平。患者均行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查,根据IMT将SCI组分为内膜正常亚组、内膜增厚亚组、稳定斑块亚组及不稳定斑块亚组。结果 SCI组血清hs-CRP、Hcy、尿酸水平及IMT均显著高于正常对照组(均P0.001)。将SCI组患者分为内膜正常亚组16例,内膜增厚亚组34例,稳定斑块亚组28例,不稳定斑块亚组18例。与内膜正常亚组比较,内膜增厚、稳定斑块及不稳定斑块亚组的血hs-CRP、Hcy和尿酸水平显著增高(均P0.01)。不稳定斑块亚组的血hs-CRP、Hcy和尿酸水平显著高于内膜增厚亚组及稳定斑块亚组(均P0.01)。Pearson相关性分析显示,SCI组颈动脉IMT与血hs-CRP、Hcy、尿酸水平呈正相关(r=0.891,r=0.757,r=0.531;均P0.01)。结论血清hs-CRP、Hcy、尿酸水平与中青年患者颈动脉粥样硬化及其严重程度紧密相关。     

强化降脂治疗对急性脑梗死患者血清炎症因子hs-CRP、IL-8、IL-6及MMP-9水平的影响

目的 探讨短期内使用阿托伐他汀强化降脂对急性脑梗死患者血清高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的影响,以了解其对脑梗死炎症抑制和颈动脉斑块稳定作用.方法 120例急性脑梗死患者患者根据颈动脉超声检查结果分为颈动脉稳定斑块组(n=60)和颈动脉易损斑块组(n=60).抽血检查后随机分为常规治疗组60例(阿托伐他汀10mg/d,口服)和强化治疗组60例(阿托伐他汀40mg/d,口服).所有患者药物治疗前和治疗后2w检测血脂及血清hs-CRP、IL-8、IL-6和MMP-9水平.结果 治疗前常规治疗组和强化治疗组中血脂及血清hs-CRP、IL-8、IL-6和MMP-9水平差异无显著性(均P＞0.05).治疗后2w,强化治疗组中LDL-C、血清hs-CRP水平明显低于常规治疗组,差异具有著性(P＜0.01),强化治疗组中两亚组(尤其是易损斑块组)血清IL-8、IL-6和MMP-9水平明显低于常规治疗组,差异具有显著性(P＜0.01).结论 阿托伐他汀强化降脂能迅速降低脑梗死患者的血清炎症因子水平,具有抑制炎症和稳定斑块的作用.     

PAS三联疗法对急性脑梗死患者血脂、血清sCD40L及MMP-9水平及颈动脉易损斑块稳定性的影响

目的 探讨普罗布考、阿司匹林、他汀类药物(PAS)三联疗法对急性脑梗死患者血脂、血清超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、可溶性CD40配体(sCD40L)及基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)水平的影响,观察其对颈动脉易损斑块稳定性的影响.方法 根据颈动脉超声检查结果分为颈动脉稳定斑块组(n=45)和颈动脉易损斑块组(n=90).将稳定斑块组作为对照组,按随机数字法将易损斑块组分为AS组(n=45,阿司匹林100mg/d,阿托伐他汀20mg/d,口服)和PAS组(n=45,AS基础上加用普罗布考片,0.25/次,2次/日,口服).比较治疗前后血脂、血清hs-CRP、sCD40L和MMP-9水平;观察治疗前后颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT值)、斑块Crous积分及斑块回声变化.结果 治疗后4w,两组中TG、TC、LDL-C、血清hs-CRP、sCD40L和MMP-9水平均下降,PAS组中各项指标下降幅度均大于AS组,差异具有显著性(P均＜0.01);治疗后12个月,两组IMT值和斑块Crous积分较治疗前减少,且PAS组两项指标低于AS组,PAS组低回声斑块回声增强例数高于AS组(P均＜0.01).结论 PAS三联疗法是一种安全有效的治疗方法,具有更强的降脂抗炎作用,可逆转和稳定斑块.     

The neuroendocrinology of stress and the pathophysiology and therapy of depression and anxiety

Clinical and preclinical studies have gathered substantial evidence that stress response alterations play a major role in the development of major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The stress response, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) system and its modulation by corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH),corticosteroids,and their receptors, and the roles of natriuretic peptides and neuroactive steroids are described. We review the role of the HPA system in major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder and its possible relevance for treatment. Impaired glucocorticoid receptor function in major depression is associated with an excessive release of neurohormones such as CRH, to which a number of signs and symptoms characteristic of depression can be ascribed. In panic disorder, a role of central CRH in panic attacks has been suggested. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is causally involved in sodium lactate-induced panic attacks. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical data on its anxiolytic activity suggest that nonpeptidergic ANP receptor ligands may be potentially useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by a peripheral hyporesponsive HPA system and elevated CRH concentrations in the CSF. This dissociation is probably related to an increased risk of this disorder. We further review recent data that describe an important role of GABA(A)-receptor modulatory,3 alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids in major depression, anxiety, and its treatment. Antidepressants are effective in both depression and anxiety disorders and have major effects on the HPA system,especially on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Normalization of HPA system abnormalities is a strong predictor of the clinical course, at least in major depression and panic disorder. Currently,CRH-R1 or glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and ANP receptor agonists are being studied and may provide future treatment options more closely related to the pathophysiology of these disorders.     

Polymorphisms of DRD4 and DRD3 and risk of avoidant and obsessive personality traits and disorders

We investigated whether polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and polymorphisms of the dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) were associated with personality disorder symptomatology rather than with personality traits such as novelty seeking. DNA was obtained from 145 depressed patients in a clinical trial. These patients were assessed for the presence of personality disorder symptoms and disorders. The 2-repeat allele of the DRD4 exon III polymorphism was associated with increased rates of avoidant and obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. The T,T genotype of the DRD4 -521 C>T polymorphism was also associated with increased rates of avoidant and obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. The Gly9,Gly9 genotype of the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism was associated with increased rates of obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. None of these three polymorphisms were associated with novelty seeking or other temperament traits on the Temperament and Character Inventory. Our results suggest that genetic polymorphisms of DRD4 and DRD3 may well be associated with personality traits, and that conflicting findings to date may arise from the problem of phenotype definition.     

沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用

本文目的是对沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用进行综述,以期为地中海贫血患儿的心理康复提供参考。地中海贫血是以珠蛋白生成障碍为主要特征的遗传性疾病,由于长期输血治疗,患儿存在较多的心理和行为问题。沙盘游戏疗法作为一种有效、实用的儿童心理治疗方法,对提高地中海贫血患儿的康复效果、改善生存质量有重要的临床意义。     

癫痫共病抑郁的机制及临床诊疗

本文目的是探讨癫痫共病抑郁的可能机制及临床诊疗。癫痫是一种常见的、慢性的、致残性的神经疾病,癫痫患者生活质量下降,存在明显的负性情绪,常伴发各种精神疾病。癫痫与抑郁具有共同的神经生物学基础,可能存在共同的发病机制。本文从癫痫共病抑郁的发病机制、临床诊断及治疗方面予以总结归纳。     

Seclusion and restraint and prediction of violence

The authors studied the use of seclusion and restraint on an inpatient unit in a state psychiatric hospital. Of 69 randomly selected inpatients, 51% experienced seclusion or restraint at least once. More psychotic than nonpsychotic patients required seclusion or restraint. However, neither psychosis/nonpsychosis nor voluntary/involuntary admission status predicted the likelihood of violent threats or actions. Patients experiencing seclusion and restraint showed a nonsignificant trend toward longer mean length of stay in the hospital. The frequency of patient behavior leading to seclusion or restraint appeared to be directly related to the stimulation caused by the presence of many staff members and other patients.     

Modulators and inhibitors of gamma- and beta-secretases

Most gene mutations associated with Alzheimer's disease point to the metabolism of amyloid precursor protein as a potential cause. The beta- and gamma-secretases are two executioners of amyloid precursor protein processing resulting in amyloid-beta. Significant progress has been made in the selective inhibition of both proteases, regardless of structural information for gamma-secretase. Several peptidic and nonpeptidic leads were identified for both targets.