抗冷冻蛋白Ⅲ减少家兔卵巢组织冷冻损伤的效果观察

目的:评价抗冷冻蛋白Ⅲ(AFPⅢ)对玻璃化冷冻家兔卵巢组织的影响。方法:收集家兔卵巢30只,随机分为新鲜卵巢组、添加AFPⅢ玻璃化冷冻组(AFPⅢ终浓度为500 ng/ml)和常规玻璃化冷冻组,各组10只,解冻后分析各组卵巢的组织学结构、卵泡形态正常率、卵巢组织超微结构、卵母细胞凋亡率及卵泡存活率。结果:新鲜卵巢组的卵泡形态正常率(91.6%)、卵泡存活率(81.75%)显著高于两冷冻组(P0.01),卵母细胞凋亡率(12.0%)显著低于两冷冻组(P0.01);添加AFPⅢ玻璃化冷冻组卵泡形态正常率(77.5%)、卵泡存活率(45.31%)显著高于常规玻璃化冷冻组(分别为62.1%、37.25%)(P0.01),卵母细胞凋亡率(25.8%)显著低于常规玻璃化冷冻组(41.2%)(P0.01)。结论:家兔冷冻卵巢组织的卵泡形态正常率、卵泡存活率显著低于新鲜组织,冷冻保护剂中加入AFPⅢ可减少家兔卵巢组织冷冻损伤。     

两种冷冻方法对人类卵巢组织卵泡形态和组织增殖活性的影响

目的:探讨玻璃化冷冻和慢速冷冻何者更适于冻存人卵巢组织。方法:将10例因卵巢良性囊肿剔除术获取的人卵巢皮质组织切成薄片后随机分配到新鲜卵巢组(A组)、玻璃化冷冻组(B组)和慢速冷冻组(C组),通过光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察比较卵泡形态变化,免疫组织化学检测组织细胞增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达变化。结果:A、B、C组中形态正常的原始卵泡比例分别占71.4%、70.1%、52.3%;形态正常的初级卵泡比例分别占76.0%、43.5%、31.8%;C组中形态正常的原始卵泡比例和初级卵泡比例均明显低于A、B组(P<0.05);B组形态正常的原始卵泡比例和初级卵泡比例与A组相比无统计学差异(P>0.05)。A、B组中形态正常的原始卵泡超微结构无明显改变,但B组中初级卵泡和C组中原始卵泡和初级卵泡的超微结构存在一定程度的改变。PCNA阳性表达主要见于卵母细胞、颗粒细胞和卵巢组织间质细胞,3组中均有PCNA表达,且表达无统计学差异。结论:玻璃化冷冻较慢速冷冻对人卵巢组织影响小,是一种较适宜的人卵巢组织冷冻保存方法。     

程序化冷冻对人始基卵泡与初级卵泡保存效果的影响

目的:探讨程序化冷冻对人卵巢组织内的始基卵泡与初级卵泡形态与凋亡的影响。方法:采用慢速程序化冷冻保存人的卵巢皮质,采用组织形态学、电镜及原位凋亡检测观察冷冻前后的始基与初级卵泡的形态学变化及凋亡情况。结果:冷冻前后人正常形态的始基卵泡比例无显著变化,而冷冻后形态正常的初级卵泡的比例较新鲜组显著下降(P<0.05)。冷冻后的初级卵泡内线粒体肿胀,胞浆及线粒体出现空泡化,而始基卵泡的超微结构保持良好。冷冻前后2种卵泡的凋亡率比较无差异。结论:程序化冷冻对人初级卵泡的形态损伤严重,对始基卵泡保存较好。     

不同浓度保护剂对超速冻存小鼠卵巢组织的效果观察

目的:寻找适宜的小鼠卵巢组织超速冻存低温保护剂种类及浓度。方法:以不同浓度二甲亚砜(DMSO)和丙二醇(PROH)(1.5　mol/L、3　mol/L)作低温保护液时,观察超速冻存法对小鼠卵巢组织的冻存效果。解冻后行自体和异体卵巢的肾被膜下移植。通过对受体动情期的恢复及激素水平测定等方法对冻存效果进行观察。结果:低浓度组DMSO和PROH动情期的恢复率分别为75%和71%;血清E2分别为(10.5和16.8)×10-9　mmol/L,与作为对照的慢速程序法组无显著性差异(66.7%和100%;11.7×10-9　mmol/L和12.1×10-9　mmol/L)。高浓度动情期的恢复率分别为100%和62.5%;血清E2分别为14.1×10-9　mmol/L(DMSO)和7.4×10-9　mmol/L(PROH),与慢速组比也无显著性差异。结论:两种浓度的DMSO和PROH均适用于超速冻存法,尽管高浓度的DMSO在超速冻存时可取得较好的动情周期恢复率,但血清E2 水平的结果以低浓度的PROH为好。     

两种玻璃化法冻存小鼠卵巢的研究

目的:探讨2种玻璃化法对小鼠卵巢组织、器官形态和功能保存作用的影响。方法:以改良的DMEM-F12为玻璃化液,分别采用常规玻璃化法(A组)和超速玻璃化法(B组)冻存小鼠卵巢组织及器官,解冻后通过组织学观察、卵巢组织异体、卵巢器官自体肾被膜下移植,观察动情周期恢复率、恢复时间、卵泡发育状况,并分别以新鲜卵巢组织异体移植、卵巢器官自体移植(C组)为对照,评价2种玻璃化法的冻存效果。结果:①A组、B组、C组卵巢组织异体移植小鼠动情周期出现率为100%,出现动情周期分别10.5±5.4d、8.0±2.2d、6.3±1.0d。A组与C组比,差异显著(P<0.05);B组与C组无差异,A组与B组间也无差异(P均>0.05)。②A组、B组、C组卵巢器官自体移植小鼠动情周期出现率为100%,出现动情周期分别为9.4±0.9d、6.9±1.1d、6.1±1.1d,A组与B、C组相比有统计学差异(P<0.05),而B组与C组间无差异(P>0.05)。移植存活的卵巢组织、器官内均可见不同发育阶段的卵泡,形态正常。结论:2种玻璃化法可有效地冻存卵巢组织及器官,但超速玻璃化法效果较优。     

兔卵巢组织玻璃化冷冻的实验研究

目的:探讨玻璃化冷冻法保存兔卵巢组织的效果。方法:随机将25只新西兰雌兔分为对照组(5只)、慢速冷冻组(10只)和玻璃化冷冻组(10只),比较各组冻融前后卵巢组织学、超微结构、卵泡凋亡(原位末端标记法,TUNEL)和子宫系膜内移植后卵巢功能的恢复情况。结果:新鲜组织、慢速冷冻复苏组织和玻璃化冷冻复苏组织中正常形态卵泡比例分别为87.36%、81.96%和82.72%,两冷冻组正常卵泡比例均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义?P(0.05),但玻璃化冷冻组与慢速冷冻组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组间卵泡凋亡比率分别为21.4%、13.5%和17.1%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组移植后兔动情周期出现率均为100%,动情周期出现天数差异无统计学意义?P>0.05);移植存活的卵巢组织内可见各级形态正常的卵泡发育。结论:玻璃化冷冻可有效保存卵巢组织的结构和功能,是一种简单、可行的兔卵巢组织冷冻保存法。     

两种冷冻保护剂玻璃化冷冻小鼠卵巢的比较研究

目的:探讨两种玻璃化冷冻保护剂对小鼠卵巢组织学和功能的影响。方法:将23只4周龄ICR雌鼠随机分为新鲜卵巢移植组(6只)、去势组(5只)、EG40组(6只)和ED20组(6只)。EG40组和ED20组分别应用乙二醇(EG)和联合应用EG与二甲基亚砜(DMSO)玻璃化冷冻小鼠卵巢组织,一周后解冻,将一部分复苏卵巢组织自体移植入小鼠肾被膜下,另一部分组织行组织学观察。移植术后5d开始观察所有小鼠的动情周期,一个月后处死小鼠,对存活的卵巢组织行组织学观察。结果:EG40组、ED20组和新鲜卵巢移植组小鼠动情周期出现率均为100%,出现动情周期的天数分别为10.2±1.2d、8.0±0.9d和6.8±1.0d,EG40组动情周期出现天数明显多于新鲜卵巢移植组(P<0.01);ED20组与新鲜卵巢移植组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。移植存活的卵巢组织内可见不同发育阶段的卵泡,形态正常,但冻融卵巢组织内卵泡数量比新鲜组织少。结论:联合应用玻璃化冷冻保护剂EG和DMSO对小鼠卵巢组织学和功能的影响较小。     

冻融人卵巢组织与体细胞共培养对卵泡生长发育和卵巢组织内分泌影响

目的评价冻融人卵巢组织与人早孕蜕膜细胞共培养对卵巢组织内分泌和卵泡生长发育的影响。方法 2008年3月至8月将冻融的人卵巢组织与人早孕蜕膜单层细胞共培养。实验分四组:A组:经玻璃化冻融卵巢组织与人早孕蜕膜单层细胞共培养;B组:经程序化冻融卵巢组织与人早孕蜕膜单层细胞共培养;C组:经玻璃化冻融卵巢组织单独培养;D组:经程序化冻融卵巢组织单独培养。冻融卵巢组织在共培养体系中培养14d,培养期间隔天吸取1次培养液,测定培养液中雌二醇、孕酮含量,并比较培养前后冻融卵巢组织中总体卵泡存活率(TFSR)、卵泡生长率(GFR)。结果 A组和B组,TFSR培养前后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),GFR培养前后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);C组和D组,培养前后TFSR、GFR比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。TFSR、GFR培养后A组和B组比较,差异无统计学意义,C组和D组比较差异亦无统计学意义。A组与C组、D组、B组与C组、D组分别比较TFSR、GFR均差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。四组间雌二醇、孕酮水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论两种冷冻方法冻融的卵巢组织经体外培养仍具有内分泌功能,原始卵泡...     

自制冷冻环人卵巢组织玻璃化冷冻的可行性研究

目的探讨应用自制冷冻环进行人卵巢组织玻璃化冷冻的效果。方法2008年5月至9月在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院收集5例人卵巢组织标本,以乙二醇、二甲基亚砜、蔗糖作为冷冻保护剂,自制冷冻环为载体进行玻璃化冷冻。并观察卵巢新鲜组织和冻融后组织始基卵泡和初级卵泡的形态学变化、凋亡情况、超微结构变化及体外培养内分泌功能。结果新鲜及冻融后组织形态正常卵泡比值分别是89.46±4.94、84.47±4.66,无统计学意义(P>0.05)。凋亡面积分别是(0.07±0.02)%、(0.10±0.05)%,无明显增加(P>0.05)。超微结构无明显改变。新鲜组织及冻融后组织体外培养上清液雌二醇含量分别(2549.73±711.87)pmol/L、(2514.87±714.66)pmol/L,无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论自制冷冻环可作为一种便宜、方便、可行的人卵巢组织低温保存的可替代方法。     

卵巢组织超速冷冻的初步探讨

随着低温生物学技术的发展和在生殖医学中的应用，卵巢组织库的建立将为那些可能发生卵巢功能早衰的妇女提供保存生育力的可能。本研究应用超速冷冻的方法，对小鼠卵巢组织进行超速冷冻并快速复温，观察始基卵泡的形态学变化，以及始基卵泡的凋亡，探讨应用超速冷冻的方法及冻存小鼠卵巢组织的可行性。     

Follicular viability and morphology of sheep ovaries after exposure to cryoprotectant and cryopreservation with different freezing protocols

OBJECTIVE: To test the toxicity of cryoprotectant in sheep ovarian tissue and to determine optimal conditions for freezing hemiovary cortex. DESIGN: Small follicles (<60 microm in diameter) were isolated enzymatically for viability testing. Dead and live follicles were identified by using trypan blue staining, and follicle morphology was examined histologically. SETTING: Centre hospitalo-universitaire de Biologie de la Reproduction, H?pital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France. ANIMAL(S): Lambs 5 to 6 months of age. Intervention(s): Two-millimeter slices of hemiovarian cortex were prepared for cryoprotectant toxicity tests and freezing procedures. Main Outcome Measure(s): Follicular mortality and histologic structure. RESULT(S): For freezing procedures, the concentration of cryoprotectant was increased to 2 M on the basis of results of cryoprotectant toxicity tests in fresh tissues. Follicular mortality rates were 4.6% with of 2 M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 3.8% with 2 M of propylene glycol (PROH). After freezing with semiautomatic seeding, follicular mortality rates were 8.4% (2 M of DMSO) and 12.4% (2 M of PROH). Tissue morphology was well preserved with 1.5 M of DMSO or PROH. With 1.5 M DMSO, results of the slow cooling protocol (2 degrees C/min) without seeding and the standard very slow cooling protocol (0.3 degrees C/min) were similar. CONCLUSION(S): Optimal survival of primordial follicles in the sheep was obtained by using a slow cooling protocol with semiautomatic seeding at 2 M of DMSO.     

Parameters affecting successful transplantation of frozen-thawed human fetal ovaries into immunodeficient mice

OBJECTIVE: To compare the development and survival of human fetal follicles frozen-thawed with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and propandiol (PROH) in immunodeficient mice, to study the effects of host treatment with FSH, and to compare kidney and subcutaneous transplantation. DESIGN: Controlled histologic study. SETTING: Major tertiary care and referral academic center.Twenty-one women undergoing second-trimester pregnancy termination.Microscopic morphometric analysis and immunocytochemistry for proliferating-cell nuclear antigen in human fetal ovaries grafted into immunodeficient mice. RESULTS: Renal grafts that were frozen-thawed with DMSO rather than PROH survived better in the hosts (79.6% compared with 58.8%), but significantly more follicles were identified in grafts frozen-thawed with PROH (P<.001). Follicular development was observed only in FSH-treated hosts, and follicular survival and development was better in the kidney than the subcutaneous site.CONCLUSION(S): This is the first report showing development of human fetal follicles in immunodeficient mice. Freezing-thawing with PROH seems to support development and survival better than with DMSO. The kidney is a better transplantation site than the subcutaneous site, probably because of its superior vascularization. Administration of FSH to the host is essential for follicular development. Follicular development and growth was better in ovarian grafts from older fetuses, as they contained more formed follicles.     

Methods for cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue

Human ovarian tissue can be successfully cryopreserved, with good survival and function after thawing. Experimental animal studies regarding ovarian tissue cryopreservation resulting in live-born offspring preceded the present freezing systems in humans. On the basis of current knowledge, the standard method for human ovarian cryopreservation is slow programmed freezing, using human serum albumin-containing medium, and propanediol, dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) or ethylene glycol as a cryoprotectant, combined with sucrose. Vitrification is still at the experimental stage. Whole organ cryopreservation is an interesting experimental option. Transplantation of the frozen-thawed tissue is a feasible method to utilize the tissue in infertility treatment. Ovarian function has been restored in humans. Because one healthy child has already been born from cryopreserved tissue, tissue cryopreservation should perhaps be offered to all young girls and women who can be predicted to undergo premature ovarian failure due to cancer treatment or genetic causes. Maturation of follicles in vitro from frozen-thawed tissue is another option that is still under development.     

Comparison of two freezing protocols in an open freezing system for cryopreservation of rat ovarian tissue

AIM: To compare two freezing protocols in an automatic open-vessel freezing system for cryopreservation of rat ovarian tissue. METHODS: Ovarian tissue was transplanted heterotopically into the neck muscle, either without cryopreservation (group 1, n = 6) or with cryopreservation after equilibration with 1.5 mol/L dimethyl sulfoxide and propanediol (protocol A, group 2, n = 6) or 1.5 mol/L ethyl glycol (protocol B, group 3, n = 6). The ovarian tissue was examined with LIVE/DEAD fluorescent viability staining and histologically after isotransplantation. RESULTS: The healthy follicular loss (intact oocyte and >50% granulosa cells alive) due to cryopreservation was 15.5% with protocol A and 12.2% with protocol B. Histological examination showed follicles in all developmental phases in all groups: group 1, 35.5 +/- 5.7/mm(2) (mean +/- SD); group 2, 16.0 +/- 5.0/mm(2); group 3, 17.3 +/- 5.7/mm(2). The differences between groups 1 and 2 and between groups 1 and 3 were significant (P < 0.001). The difference between groups 2 and 3 was not significant (P = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that the use of an open freezing system with both freezing protocols allows cryopreservation of rat ovarian tissue with equally good survival rates.     

Morphological alterations and DNA fragmentation in oocytes from primordial and primary follicles after freezing-thawing of ovarian cortex in sheep

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate DNA fragmentation in the oocyte of primordial and primary follicles and morphology of these follicles after freezing and thawing of ovarian cortex in sheep using two freezing protocols. DESIGN: Fragmentation of DNA was evaluated by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) technique. SETTING: Fertility clinic in a large university hospital. ANIMALS: Five- to 6-month-old lambs. INTERVENTION(S): Two-millimeter-thick slices of hemi-ovary cortex were prepared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Histological structure and DNA fragmentation. RESULT(S): In the frozen fragments, the percentage of morphologically normal follicles was significantly lower for both protocols compared with the case of the control group of fresh fragments. There was no significant difference between the two types of freezing protocols (60.4% +/- 13.2% vs. 68.4% +/- 13.7%). However, the distribution of abnormalities (nucleus, cytoplasm, and nucleus and cytoplasm) was dissimilar. The results of the TUNEL technique for the three groups showed no significant difference, but the percentage of the TUNEL-positive follicles was slightly lower for the frozen fragments for both protocols with respect to the control group. CONCLUSION(S): The freezing and thawing process of the ovarian cortex does not induce fragmentation of the DNA on the oocyte of primary and primordial follicles.     

Follicle development in grafted mouse ovaries after cryopreservation and subcutaneous transplantation

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the impact of freezing, thawing, and subcutaneous transplantation on follicular development in grafted mouse ovaries. STUDY DESIGN: The mice were divided into 3 groups: control (group 1), frozen-thawed grafting (group 2), and frozen-thawed grafting with human menopausal gonadotropin injection (group 3). After freezing and thawing, the ovaries were transplanted into the subcutaneous tissue. Two weeks after transplantation, grafted ovaries and blood samples were collected. RESULTS: Ovaries from group 3 contained significantly more follicles (246 +/- 43 follicles) than group 2(P <.05). The pattern and intensity of Cx37 immunohistochemical staining was similar in all groups. Follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations were significantly decreased in group 2 after ovarian grafting. CONCLUSION: In mice, gonadotropin treatment before subcutaneous grafting improved the survival of growing follicles. Subcutaneous ovarian transplantation may restore ovarian function and could obviate many of the problems that are related to ovarian banking for humans.     

Vitrification as an alternative means of cryopreserving ovarian tissue

Because of the simplicity of vitrification, many authors have investigated it as an alternative to slow freezing for cryopreserving ovarian tissue. In the last decade, numerous studies have evaluated vitrification of ovarian tissue from both humans and animals.Different vitrification solutions and protocols, mostly adapted from embryo and oocyte vitrification, have been applied. The results have been discrepant from species to species and even within the same species, but lately they appear to indicate that vitrification can achieve similar or even superior results to conventional freezing. Despite the encouraging results obtained with vitrification of ovarian tissue from humans and different animal species, it is necessary to understand how vitrification solutions and protocols can affect ovarian tissue, notably preantral follicles. In addition, it is important to bear in mind that the utilization of different approaches to assess tissue functionality and oocyte quality is essential in order to validate the promising results already obtained with vitrification procedures. This review summarizes the principles of vitrification, discusses the advantages of vitrification protocols for ovarian tissue cryopreservation and describes different studies conducted on the vitrification of ovarian tissue in humans and animal species.