人体运动量及能耗的测量方法

正确评价人体运动量是研究运动与健康、训练与训练效率之间关系的关键。近几十年来，研究们一直在寻找一种能客观、准确、可靠评估人体运动的方法。近几年出现的基于加速度计的运动数据处理装置为评估人体运动提供了新的思路和实际方法。本对近年来这方面的研究进展作了一个较为详细的综述。并对基于三维加速度计的新型人体运动数据处理装置应用于评估人体运动的原理和具体方法进行了介绍。     

轻便低成本型人体平衡功能测量系统研究与开发进展

人体平衡的控制与保持机制十分复杂,老龄化、中风、肢体残障等因素都会导致人体运动平衡功能的障碍,因此平衡功能的测试与评价在该类相关疾病的诊断与评判中起着至关重要的作用。本文总结了目前人体平衡功能研究的常用设备与方法及其局限,提出了基于微电子传感器系统的穿戴式人体运动捕捉系统、基于体感游戏设计的平衡检测与康复训练系统等几种轻便低价的新型人体平衡测量与训练设备的设计思路与方法。     

基于可穿戴式传感装置的帕金森运动症状量化评估的研究进展

帕金森病(PD)运动症状的量化评估是PD诊疗中的一个难题;基于MEMS(微机电系统)运动传感器的可穿戴式装置可以跟踪PD病人设定动作和自主运动等运动信息,从而实现帕金森运动症状的实时和客观的量化评估。首先介绍MEMS运动传感器技术及用于帕金森运动症状量化评估的典型性可穿戴式系统,包括其局限性;然后对震颤/异动症、缓慢运动、肌肉僵直、姿势步态障碍等4个主要运动症状的量化评估方法及其与神经科医生临床判断相关性分别进行对比和分析;同时对PD症状波动等运动并发症对运动症状量化评估的影响进行讨论。介绍MEMS运动传感技术在PD运动症状量化评估中的应用及其精确性,为基于可穿戴式传感装置的帕金森运动症状定量评估研究提供一个基础框架。     

基于三轴加速度计的中老年足部训练系统

本研究设计了一种基于三轴加速度计的中老年足部训练系统,利用三轴加速度计、微处理器和无线蓝牙等器件组成数据采集平台,将采集到的足部运动加速度数据,通过无线蓝牙模块传送到智能手机上。利用智能手机平台,引导中老年进行各种下肢肌肉群的训练,用自编的App应用程序进行加速度数据的预处理、小波变换及其重构、去噪和特征提取,获取训练情况,并做出合理的评价和评估。     

Peabody运动发育量表及配套运动训练方案在运动发育落后患儿中的应用

目的探讨Peabody运动发育量表（PDMS-2）评估方法对发育落后患儿各运动能区发育水平的判断，评价其配套训练方案在改善这些患儿运动技能中的应用价值。方法选取0～5岁运动发育落后患儿56例进行运动发育水平评估（用PDMS-2量表），结果显示单纯粗大运动发育落后患儿12例，单纯精细运动发育落后患儿5例，整体运动功能发育落后患儿39例，随机将这56例患几分为干预组（26例）与对照组（30例），根据PDMS-2评估结果运用其配套训练方案对干预组进行干预，对照组不给任何干预，6个月后再次对两组患儿各运动能区发育水平进行评估（用PDMS-2）。结果干预前对照组粗大运动商（GMQ）、精细运动商（FMQ）和总运动商（TMQ）与干预组之间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；干预后评估显示两组患儿运动技能都有所提高，但干预组GMQ、FMQ和TMQ均显著大于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论PDMS-2评估方法对发育落后患儿各运动能区发育水平有很好的评估作用，其配套训练方案对提高这些患儿的运动技能是很有价值的。     

基于Simulink的上肢康复训练人机整体建模与分析

机器人康复训练是解决中风瘫痪患者康复训练需求的重要方法,康复机器人设定的训练参数对患者能力的适应程度是决定训练能否加快患者康复进程的重要因素。目前临床上的康复训练内容由康复医师对患者进行量表评估并结合自己的经验制定,这种经验式的训练方法在康复机器人训练过程中无法实现。为了探讨上肢康复机器人运动训练参数与患者运动能力之间的关系,本文建立了牵引式上肢康复机器人训练的Simulink人机整体模型,并将模型计算的人体肩关节、肘关节运动与实际动作下的肩关节、肘关节运动进行了对照。分析显示仿真结果与实验数据存在明显的相关性,从而证明了模型的准确性。进一步地,本文根据模型仿真结果拟合了人机接触端平面画圆半径与人体肩关节、肘关节主动运动自由度的线性函数关系,为临床上康复机器人制定训练目标提供了量化参考。     

对体育运动训练专业《人体解剖学》课程的教学改革

目的探索高校体育运动训练专业开设人体解剖学课程的意义、方法和途径,为高校体育运动训练专业的教学改革提供参考。方法通过学生、专家访谈,资料查询等方法,查阅近期国内有关的资料、文献。对资料进行比较分类,讨论分析,导出结果。结果找出运动训练专业人体解剖学教学存在的问题,理顺解剖学教学改革思路,探寻运动训练专业人体解剖学课程的教学内容、实验教学和考试改革的设想和方法。结论体育运动训练专业人体解剖学教学改革有利于培养学生的创新能力,有利于提高教学质量。     

基于特征融合的人体运动识别

目的 基于手机内置传感器所获得人体运动信号,建立人体运动识别模型,为身体状况评估、特殊人群监护以及其他生物医学研究提供支持。方法 使用手机内置传感器采集运动信号,并结合公共数据集UCI HAR和WISDM作为实验数据。采用卷积神经网络与自回归模型相结合的特征提取方式,建立人体运动识别模型。结果 模型在自采集数据、UCI HAR和WISDM中均取得90%以上的识别正确率。结论 引入自回归模型,可以避免手工设计特征值的缺陷,并有效减少大规模堆积卷积层的计算量。研究结果证明,基于特征融合的方法可以有效识别人体运动。     

基于视频图像边缘检测的人体下肢运动步态

背景：步态规律主要应用人体行走的运动学、动力学等参数进行描述。目前在运动医学、康复工程和仿生学等领域,步态分析可为确定疾病诊断、康复和治疗方案提供重要依据。 目的：应用基于人体运动图像的测量装置系统,采集人体在跑步机上行走的下肢运动步态视频,分析人体步态运动规律。 方法：采用基于双摄影机的人体运动图像捕捉系统,在人体的左右髋关节、膝关节、踝关节及脚板设置标识点,对人体在跑步机上行走的下肢运动步态视频进行采集。应用图像边缘检测的原理,对测量数据进行了图像处理和分析,得到人体正常步速行走时,左右大腿与竖直方向夹角、小腿与竖直方向夹角、脚板与竖直方向夹角及膝关节、踝关节标识点的关节角度变化规律。 结果与结论：基于视频图像边缘检测人体下肢的运动步态,成本相对低廉,数据误差较小,精度与进口设备较接近。应用该测量结果初步构建了人体步态行走数据库,为建立步态评定标准、异常步态判别以及进一步的康复治疗提供了依据。     

运动对血清胰岛素和生长激素水平的影响

运动对血清胰岛素和生长激素水平的影响金其贯本文观察有系统训练的体育系大学生和无系统训练的大学生运动前、后血清胰岛素（Ｉｎｓｕｌｉｎ）和人生长激素（ｈＧＨ）含量的变化，以探索运动对人体内分泌的影响，并探讨其生物学意义。资料和方法１．对象本院体育系男大学...     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.