耻骨径路显露下尿路手术150例经验介绍

１９７３～１９９３年行切除耻骨径路显露下尿路手术１５０例。本术式适于膀胱前列腺切除术、前列腺手术、外伤性后尿道狭窄和复杂性膀胱阴道瘘修补术。耻骨全切除７０例，耻骨大部切除８０例。介绍手术方式，选用线锯或骨刀切除耻骨。改良操作方法，减少术中和术后并发症。     

Ureteric embolization with stainless-steel coils for managing refractory lower urinary tract fistula: a 12-year experience

OBJECTIVE: To report our 12-year experience with radiological treatment (ureteric embolization) for refractory urinary fistula, as malignancy, radiation therapy, and/or chronic inflammation increase the risk of lower urinary tract fistula after surgical urinary diversion, which can lead to significant morbidity, and for patients who are not surgical candidates permanent nephrostomy drainage and ureteric embolization offer an alternative form of urinary diversion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients who had ureteric occlusion for refractory urinary fistula at our institution between 1993 and 2005. Stainless-steel coils, with or without gelatine sponge, were placed antegradely through a percutaneous nephrostomy tract. Patients were then managed by long-term nephrostomy drainage until death or definitive reconstructive surgery. RESULTS: In all, 29 patients (23 women and six men; mean age 59 years, sd 16) were identified who had urinary fistulae that were refractory to nephrostomy drainage alone. One patient had a history of severe perineal trauma and the remaining 28 had a history of cancer. Seventeen fistulae occurred in the setting of previous surgery, 20 patients had received adjunctive pelvic irradiation and 11 had had chemotherapy. In all, 52 ureters were embolized; occlusion was successful in all cases, with complete or near-complete (<1 pad/day) dryness within 3 days. No repeat embolization was required and there were no significant complications. Two patients were lost to follow-up. Three patients had definitive urinary diversion surgery and currently are well. One patient is alive and living with nephrostomy tubes; 23 patients have died. CONCLUSION: Ureteric embolization is a viable option for managing complex lower urinary tract fistulae in patients with a poor performance status. It can be used as definitive management in patients with a limited life-expectancy or as a temporary measure in those for whom another management plan is anticipated.     

Ureteroscopic management of lower ureteric calculi: a 15-year single-centre experience

OBJECTIVE

To review our 15‐year experience with ureteroscopic treatment of distal ureteric calculi and to determine the impact of improved technology and techniques on the efficacy, success and complications of the procedure.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 4512 patients who underwent 5133 ureteroscopic procedures for the treatment of distal ureteric calculi at our institution from January 1991 to December 2005. The patient and stone characteristics, treatment variables and clinical outcomes were assessed. Factors such as type of ureteroscope, procedure duration, procedure success, complication rate and hospital stay were evaluated. Data obtained from a cohort of patients that underwent the procedure from 1991 to 1995 (group 1) were statistical compared with those obtained from a cohort of patients from 1996 to 2005 (group 2). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify associated factors with the major complications of ureteroscopy.

RESULTS

Overall, the stone‐free rate after the procedure was 94.6%, the mean (sd ; range) operative duration was 43 (15.0; 25–120) min, the intraoperative complication rate was 6.67%, the postoperative complication rate was 9.9%, and the mean (sd ) hospital stay was 1.7 (1.1) days. The clinical and radiological follow‐up (mean 36.8 months) for 71.3% of eligible patients detected only 12 ureteric strictures (0.23%). On comparing group 1 with group 2, the overall success of ureteroscopic stone extraction improved from 85.7% to 97.3% (P < 0.001), significant ureteric perforation decreased from 3.3% to 0.5% (P = 0.05), ureteric avulsion decreased from 1.3 to 0.1% (P < 0.05), ureteric stricture decreased from 0.7% to 0.1% (P < 0.007), the mean (sd ) procedure time significantly decreased from 75 (42.9) min to 36.5 (12.5) min (P < 0.001), and the mean hospital stay significantly decreased from 2.5 (1.6) days to 0.5 (1.2) days, with a trend toward outpatient treatment. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant association of the major ureteroscopic complications with increased operative duration, type of ureteroscope used, stone impaction, stone size and surgeon experience.

CONCLUSION

The present series shows the high success rate, with minor complications, that can be achieved with ureteroscopic treatment of distal ureteric calculi. Improvements in ureteroscope design, accessories, technique and experience have led to a significant increase in the success rate and decrease in the complication rate.     

Natural history of lower urinary tract symptoms in Japanese men from a 15-year longitudinal community-based study

Study Type – Symptom prevalence (cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? There have been few longitudinal community‐based studies on LUTS suggestive of BPH. It is important to determine the natural history of LUTS suggestive of BPH among men in various countries because it is known that there are differences according to race. Although we previously reported a cross‐sectional community‐based survey on LUTS suggestive of BPH in Japanese men, no longitudinal data were available. The present study provides 15‐year longitudinal data on LUTS suggestive of BPH and related variables in Japanese men.

OBJECTIVE

• ? To report the natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)/lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in Japanese men.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? From 1992 to 1993, we conducted a cross‐sectional community‐based study on LUTS suggestive of BPH in Japanese men aged 40–79 years.
• ? After 15 fifteen years, a follow‐up study was conducted to determine their longitudinal changes of LUTS.
• ? Of the 319 participants taking part in the initial study, 135 participated again in the follow‐up study.
• ? We investigated International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life index and bother score using a questionnaire, and measured prostate volume (PV), prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level and peak urinary flow rate (Q_max) using a method that we have employed previously.

RESULTS

• ? The change in the total IPSS during 15 years was significant (P= 0.001) and its mean (sd ) annual change was 0.11 (0.40).
• ? Although there was little change in the bother score, a significant correlation was observed between changes in the IPSS and bother score (r= 0.528, P < 0.001).
• ? For the individual IPSS and bother scores, only changes in urgency, weak stream and nocturia were significant.
• ? The changes in PV, PSA level and Q_max were significant.
• ? The change in the total IPSS did not correlate with the changes in these variables.

CONCLUSION

• ? In a 15‐year‐longitudinal community‐based study for Japanese men, we have shown that the IPSS and quality of life index deteriorated, PV and PSA level increased, and Q_max decreased.

     

Reconstructive surgery for trauma of the lower urinary tract

Blunt external trauma is the most common cause of injuries of the lower urinary tract. Minor injuries often heal uneventfully with catheter drainage. Penetrating traumas are best treated with primary repair. Delayed reconstruction of urethral disruption injuries is safe and effective in the majority of cases, but immediate realignment is an attractive, minimally invasive alternative. Pelvic MR imaging and urethral ultrasound are important ancillary staging studies for evaluating patients who require complex urethral reconstruction.     

Gastroschisis: a 15-year experience

Between January 1, 1971 and December 31, 1985, 59 cases of gastroschisis were treated at H?pital Sainte-Justine in Montreal. In the period before 1978, 6 of 19 patients (31.6%) were closed primarily at the time of surgery and 13 of 19 patients (68.4%) had silon pouch closure. After 1978, 33 of 40 patients (82.5%) had primary closure and 7 of 40 (17.5%) had a silon pouch. Our overall mortality rate was 13.6%. The complication rate for the primary closure group was 25.6% with a 12.8% (5/39) mortality rate, interestingly, in the higher birth weight group. Those closed with a silon pouch had a 75% complication rate, mostly infectious, with 15% mortality. Neither low birth weight nor gestational age influenced mortality. A significant difference in the length of hospital stay was observed. This was 33.6 days for the primary closures and 56 days for the silon pouch closures. Our series demonstrates a definite favorable trend in the results of treatment of this malformation. The most important factor affecting these results is a change in surgical approach. Primary abdominal wall closure, being usually possible, should always be attempted. We also note an association between high birth weight and death due to bowel dysmotility.     

Paediatric lower urinary tract rhabdomyosarcoma: a single-centre experience of 30 patients

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyse the long-term outcome of children with bladder and/or prostate rhabdomyosarcoma who were diagnosed at the authors' institution over the last 17 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study comprised 30 children (26 boys and four girls, mean age 5 years, range 15 days to 15 years); 23 had stage III and seven had stage II disease. The initial biopsy showed an embryonal variant in 27 and round-cell sarcoma in three patients. All patients received eight weekly doses of vincristine, actinomycin D and cyclophosphamide (VAC). Subsequent treatment depended upon the response to chemotherapy. RESULTS: Fourteen patients had a complete or partial response to chemotherapy (> 50% reduction in tumour size); they were maintained on VAC chemotherapy for 2 years. Twelve patients in this group survived with no evidence of disease for 7 months to 10 years. Additional therapies were used in three patients, i.e. radical cystectomy in one and external irradiation in two. Sixteen patients had a minimal response to chemotherapy; in six, radical cystectomy was feasible and was followed by one year of chemotherapy. All patients were free of disease for 4-11 years. Radiotherapy was given to the remaining 10 patients; thereafter radical cystectomy became feasible in five while partial cystectomy was possible in three. Only three of these 10 patients survived for 4-11 years. CONCLUSION: The tumour response to initial chemotherapy can be used to stratify patients into two risk-groups, i.e. low-risk patients with a complete or partial response in whom the bladder could be salvaged, and high-risk patients with a minimal response, in whom intensive treatment should be pursued, with no attempt at bladder salvage.     

A型肉毒毒素注射尿道括约肌治疗下尿路功能障碍:单中心14年经验

目的:评价A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)尿道括约肌注射临床使用效果分析。方法:我院2002年9月~2016年12月对51例有不同程度排尿困难或合并尿失禁的患者尿道括约肌注射BTX-A,注射部位包含尿道外括约肌(29例)、逼尿肌联合尿道外括约肌(16例)和尿道内括约肌联合尿道外括约肌(6例),所有患者治疗前均按国际尿控协会(ICS)标准进行影像尿动力检查,包括膀胱压力、容积、流率测定和尿道压力描记(UPP),指标包含最大尿流率(Q_max)、输尿管反流压(Pdet.reflux)、逼尿肌漏尿点压(DLPP)和最大尿道压力(Pura.max)。排尿后残余尿量(PVR)使用导尿法测定,治疗前查泌尿系超声,治疗后1个月复查上述指标。结果:治疗1个月后,Q_max从(2.7±1.2)ml/s升至(6.4±1.9)ml/s,Pura.max从(75.8±5.5)cmH_2O降至(50.7±4.6)cmH_2O,DLPP从(71.9±22.7)cmH_2O降至(28.4±8.4)cmH_2O,排尿后PVR从(231.3±29.3)ml降至(105.0±16.3)ml,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前有8例患者泌尿系超声提示单侧或双侧肾积水,并且尿动力提示存在输尿管反流,治疗后1个月复查泌尿系超声,3例肾积水无明显减轻,3例肾积水略减轻,2例肾积水消失。随访1~6个月,疗效持续2~3个月。全部患者未发现严重不良反应发生。结论:BTX-A注射尿道括约肌是治疗下尿路功能障碍一种有效、安全的方法。     

Concurrent upper and lower urinary tract robotic surgery: strategies for success

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of combined upper and lower urinary tract robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS) during one operative session. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We describe strategies for port placement and the use of the new da Vinci S surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA), equipped with a fourth arm, for concurrent surgeries in a porcine model and in humans within one operative session. We studied various schemes of port placement, patient positioning and robotic arm manoeuvring while doing concurrent ipsilateral upper and lower urinary tract surgery on six pigs. The operative times and estimated blood loss were recorded prospectively. Qualitative data such as robotic arm ergonomics, advantages and disadvantages of various port placement strategies were noted. During the various surgical exercises, particular attention was given to the extent and the limits of instrument arm reach and mobility of the various port-placement schemes. These concepts for port placement and patient positioning were then further evaluated in a cadaver followed by demonstration of feasibility by performing a robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery (RAL) right nephroureterectomy in a patient. RESULTS: We describe a four-port 'baseball diamond' strategy to allow instrument access to the entire ipsilateral urinary tract in one operating session without repositioning the patient and re-docking the robot. Furthermore, if additional instrument length is required to reach the deep pelvis, we describe a novel 'pivoting triangle' manoeuvre that incorporates the fourth arm and allows dual-port cannulation and lens telescoping. CONCLUSION: Single session, concurrent multiple quadrant RALS is facilitated by using the da Vinci S surgical system with a 'baseball diamond' port-placement strategy.     

Rib tumors: a 15-year experience

Objective

A retrospective study of rib tumors was conducted to review their clinical, radiological, and pathological features, the difficulties in differentiating benign from malignant tumors, as well as the early and long-term results of surgical management.

Methods

All patients with rib lesions evaluated by the Thoracic Surgery Department from 1998 to 2012 were studied. The patient’s age, sex, symptoms, radiologic evaluation, surgical procedure, pathologic diagnosis and follow-up were assessed.

Results

Ninety-one patients (81 male, 10 female, age range 16–80) with rib tumors underwent surgery in a period of 15 years (1998–2012). 64 patients (70.33 %) had benign lesions and 27 patients (29.67 %) had malignant tumors. In the group with malignant tumors, the main symptom was pain, and in the group with benign tumors the main symptom was swelling. Ten patients with benign rib tumor and two with malignant tumor were detected during routine chest radiograph. All patients were treated surgically with wide excision of the tumor and the diagnosis was established histologically. In the benign cohort, osteochondromas, fibrous dysplasia, enchondroma, eosinophilic granuloma and posttraumatic fibro-osseous lesion/dysplasia were among the most customary diagnoses. In the malignant cohort, 13 patients (48.15 %) had metastatic lesions, with the remaining 14 patients having primary malignant rib tumor.

Conclusions

Although radiographic imaging has evolved, all rib lesions must be considered as potentially malignant until proven otherwise. Prompt intervention is necessary and surgery must consist of wide resection with tumor-free margins to provide the best chance for cure in both benign and malignant lesions.     

Scalp reconstruction: a 15-year experience

Scalp reconstruction after ablative surgery can be challenging. A useful reconstructive algorithm is lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the authors' experience and to identify an appropriate reconstructive strategy. This was a retrospective review of all patients treated by the authors' service for scalp defects during a 15-year period. Reconstructive methods, independent factors, and outcomes were analyzed. A total of 73 procedures were performed in 64 patients. Techniques for reconstruction included primary closure, grafts, and local and distal flaps. A correlation between reconstructive technique and complications could not be demonstrated. However, an increased incidence of complications was correlated with a history of radiation, chemotherapy, cerebrospinal fluid leaks, and an anterior location of the ablative defect (P < 0.05). Important tenets for successful management of scalp defects are durable coverage, adequate debridement, preservation of blood supply, and proper wound drainage. Local scalp flaps with skin grafts, and free tissue transfer remain the mainstay of reconstruction in most instances.     

Mediastinitis after pediatric cardiac surgery: a 15-year experience at a single institution

BACKGROUND: The spectrum of sternal wound infections after cardiac surgery ranges from superficial infections to a deep sternal infection known as mediastinitis. Mediastinitis is a rare but clinically relevant source of postoperative morbidity and mortality in adult and pediatric patients after cardiac surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively identified all patients diagnosed with mediastinitis after cardiac surgery from January 1987 to December 2002 (17 patients/7,616 surgeries = 0.2%). Demographic data, cardiac diagnosis, cardiac surgery, hospital length of stay, associated medical diagnosis, and surgical treatment for mediastinitis were collected. RESULTS: Fifteen pediatric patients (age < 18 years) were diagnosed with mediastinitis (mean age at diagnosis 37.5 months, range 21 days to 17 years. The median postoperative day of diagnosis was 14 days (6 to 50 days). The most common organism was Staphylococcus species (n = 9). Six patients had an associated bacteremia. The median hospital length of stay for all patients was 42.5 days (range 16 to 163 days). The hospital mortality was 1 of 15 (6%). Each patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics; sternal debridement; and rectus abdominus flap reconstruction (n = 7), pectoralis muscle flap reconstruction (n = 3), omentum reconstruction (n = 1), or primary sternal closure (n = 4). Three patients have undergone redo-sternotomy with orthotopic heart transplantation, bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis, and replacement of a right ventricle to pulmonary artery homograft. CONCLUSIONS: Timely diagnosis, aggressive sternal debridement, and liberal use of rotational muscle flaps can potentially minimize the morbidity and mortality in pediatric postoperative cardiac patients. Subsequent redo-sternotomy has not been problematic.