特殊教育学校15例智力低下儿童环境刺激和行为训练效果探讨

目的：探讨环境刺激和行为训练对智力低下儿童智力的影响效果。方法对特殊教育学校15例智力障碍儿童根据疾病等级进行3年以上环境刺激及感知能力、行为功能、生活自理和社会交际等能力的训练。结果经3年以上环境刺激和行为训练后,智力低下儿童言语智商平均提高了5.4分,操作智商提高了21.94分,总智商平均提高了11.73分。除言语智商外,操作智商和总智商环境刺激和行为训练前后差异均有统计学意义(t =-11.75,P <0.001;t=-5.68,P <0.001)。73%以上患儿行走、动手和生活自理能力大幅提高,53%患儿能流利地进行日常会话、背诵儿歌,33%患儿获得了简单的阅读和计算能力。结论智力低下儿童不论是由遗传因素造成,还是环境因素导致,对其进行3年以上环境刺激和行为训练后,其运动、语言表达、日常生活能力及社会适应能力均有所提高。所以,环境刺激和行为训练对智力低下人群生存质量的提高有积极意义。     

智商分离和智力低下儿童的临床特点研究

目的：探讨智商分离与智力低下儿童的临床特点。方法：对198例儿童心理门诊病人进行智商测定；其父母填写一般情况调查表。结果：智商分离儿童与智商平衡儿童的行为问题差异显著。父母从事体力劳动，母亲文化较低者易发生智商分离和智力低下。智力低下与正常儿童性格有显著差异。结论：儿童智力结构受父母职业和母亲文化程度影响。智商分离儿童易发生行为问题。智力低下儿童易出现自卑，孤独等心理问题。     

智商与社会适应能力在智力低下儿童诊断中关系的探讨

目的 :了解智力低下儿童智商与社会适应能力的关系及两者在最终诊断中的作用。方法 :对 5 4 7名儿童进行智商和适应行为的测查 ,并进行分析。结果 :5 4 7名儿童中有 5 2 1名最终诊断为智力低下 ,智商与适应行为之间存在弱的正相关 (r=0 .4 10 1)。结论 :在智力低下的诊断中 ,特别是等级诊断中必须综合智商和适应行为两方面的结果 ,才能做出科学准确的评价。     

缺锌影响智商

缺锌影响智商山东医科大学附属医院郭福堂、刘爱芬等７位研究者，测定了１０４例智力低下儿童及年龄相配的８８名正常儿童的血清中锌、铜、钴、镉、锰含量，并对其中９３名智力低下儿童测定了智商，对其中７７名做了脑电图检查，结果发现智力发育低下儿童的血清锌值显著低...     

上海城乡儿童智力发育调查

为探索着力低下早期发现的途径和方法，对上海城乡4546名0～12岁）儿童进行了智力发育测查。首先用DDST或绘人测验进行智力筛查，筛查阳性者按不同年龄用儿——心量表、WPPSI或WISC—R进行测试。DQ或IQ低于70者以婴幼儿一初中生社会生活量表进行社会适应能力评估。测查结果共发现智力低下42例，占调查儿童总数的9．24％。城乡相比，农村智力低下现患率（16．13‰）明显高于城市（4．19‰），P＜0．01。从性别来分，男孩现患率（11．36‰）高于女孩（6．91‰）。智力低下患病率有随年龄增加而上升的趋势。因素分析与配对研究显示智力低下与父母文化素质有密切关系，父母文化程度小学以下者其子女智力低下患病率高。智力低下的发生还与高危因素有关。     

热性惊厥患儿智力的远期随访观察

筛选92例首次发作的热性惊厥患儿，采用韦氏学前儿童智力量表和修订韦氏儿童智力量表测查智商以及采用婴儿～初中学生社会生活能力量表评定适应行为，对其智力情况进行5～8.5年的远期随访。结果有3例(3．3％)发生智力低下，提示热性惊厥对智力影响较小。     

社会环境影响儿童少年智商的探讨

本文报告广东省1186名中小学生智商测定的结果。单因素方差分析表明智商与性别、年龄、父母文化、父母职业、独生、幼儿期入托等因素有关;逐步回归方程分析更进一步证实智商的发展与父母文化、独生、幼儿入托、身高、学习成绩等因素有密切关系。揭示社会因素、早期教育、家庭环境等对儿童少年智力开拓与发展起重要作用,并建议充分利用这些因素和改变环境条件来提高儿童少年智力水平。     

少年儿童400名智能发育的影响因素研究

【目的】探讨影响少年儿童智能结构和智力发育的相关因素。【方法】在苏州某中学选择新生400名，采用学生基本情况调查表进行测评，多元逐步回归分析有关影响因素。【结果】研究表明与智商水平有显著性相关的影响因素是父亲文化程度、母亲的年龄、职业，儿童的健康状况、早产、早期爬的能力、语言、操作能力、看电视、家庭中有课外读物和家长的期望值等。【结论】家庭文化环境对儿童智力的发育具有重要的作用。     

热性惊厥患儿智力的远期随访观察

筛选92例首次发作的热性惊厥患儿,采用韦氏学前儿童智力量表和修订韦氏儿童智力量表测查智商以及采用婴儿～初中学生社会生活能力量表评定适应行为,对其智力情况进行5～8.5年的远期随访,结果有3例(3.3％)发生智力低下,提示热性惊厥对智力影响较小。     

学龄前儿童智能测定及相关因素分析

用５０项智能测查量表对湛江市４－７岁儿童１７６０名进行智能测查并进行有关因素的调查分析。结果表明，各年龄组儿童其５０项测试平均得分均随年龄增加而增加，同一年龄组男女均没有显著性差别；将５０项得分采和离差法计算智商ＩＱ值得总平均智商为９８．１６，智商分布基本上呈正态分布，与一般人群智商分布基本一致。市区各年龄组儿童５０项平均得分均高于县城儿童，儿童父母文化程度越高，其子女智商越高；父母职业亦与子女智     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.