肝移植术后血管和胆系并发症的MRI诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振血管造影(MRA)和MR胰胆管成像(MRCP)对诊断肝移植术后血管及胆管并发症的价值。方法7例原位肝移植术后患者均用磁共振(MR)快速自旋回波(TSE)序列及快速小角度激发梯度回波(FLASH)序列常规扫描、MRCP、钆喷替酸葡甲胺(Gd-DTPA)动态增强3DMRA检查，分析各序列图像特点。结果术后正常2例，主要表现少量腹水，积血和轻度淋巴结增大。血管并发症4例：肝动脉过长迂曲1例，肝动脉供体端瘤样轻度扩张2例；门静脉轻度狭窄2例，位于吻合口；肝静脉末梢分支杵状扩张2例。胆系并发症3例：吻合口胆管狭窄3例；在吻合口以外的胆管狭窄2例，位于肝门及肝内；胆总管在吻合口扭曲2例；胆囊管残端黏液囊肿2例；胆漏1例。结论MRA和胆管造影作为1种非侵袭性影像检查方法，可准确、快速诊断肝移植术后出现的血管和胆管并发症，对指导临床诊断及治疗具有重要意义。     

MSCT和MRI诊断肝移植术后并发症

目的：探讨肝移植术后并发症的CT和MRI表现及其诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析78例肝移植术后患者的病例资料,对其中经手术、肝脏活检及胆管造影证实出现并发症病例的CT、MRI影像资料进行分析。结果：CT及MRI显示门脉主干吻合口狭窄2例,肝动脉狭窄3例,下腔静脉吻合口狭窄2例,下腔静脉血栓形成1例。MRI显示胆管吻合口狭窄9例,CT显示胆管吻合口狭窄3例。术后并发症包括移植排异反应3例,肝移植术后肝内其它并发症4例,包括肝脓肿1例、肝胆管炎2例和肝局灶性坏死1例,其它系统并发症7例。结论：CT和MRI能发现大部分肝移植术后并发症,是诊断肝移植术后并发症的有效方法。     

肝移植后MR征象的探讨

目的:探讨原位肝移植术后MR征象形成及临床意义。方法:13例原位肝移植术后患者均用SE序列及FSE序列常规扫T1WI及脂肪抑制T2WI,部分选用磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)、钆喷替酸葡甲胺(Gd-DTPA)动态增强3D MRA检查,分析各序列图像特点。结果:13例患者均在脂肪抑制T2WI上出现门静脉周围间隙增宽,并伴有长T1、长T2信号;1例出现肝内胆管的弥漫性囊柱状扩张;10例出现移植肝周围及叶间裂少量积液,部分患者合并胸腔积液;10例MRCP示胆道明显或稍狭窄,其中5例为吻合口狭窄,2例为肝门部淋巴结压迫所致,3例ERCP结果与之相符;5例见可疑胆湖。2例ERCP发现吻合口胆漏而MRCP表现为阴性;4例追踪发现肝内肿瘤复发或出现远处转移灶;1例诊断为局灶性肝坏死。结论:通过对肝移植术后门周间隙增宽,弥漫性胆管扩张及胆汁瘤等征象进行探讨,为临床评价移植物功能,诊断胆漏提供了一定的信息。     

移植肝排斥反应血管和胆管改变的MR表现

目的：探讨磁共振血管造影（MRA）和胰胆管成像（MRCP）对诊断肝移植术后排斥反应的价值。方法：6例原位肝移植术（OLT）后排斥反应患者均用磁共振（MR）快速自旋回波（TSE）序列及快速小角度激发梯度回波（FLASH）序列常规扫描、磁共振胆管成像（MRCP）、钆喷替酸葡甲胺（Gd-DTPA）动态增强3D MRA检查,分析各序列图像特点。结果：①形态和信号改变：6例患者均有肝脏体积增大,饱满。仅1例重度急性排斥反应患者肝实质信号异常;②血管异常表现：1例急性排斥反应肝左动脉串珠样改变及供体段门静脉明显变细。1例急性排斥反应肝静脉末梢分支杵状扩张而下腔静脉吻合口通畅。其余4例血管无明显异常表现;③胆管异常表现：4例急性排斥反应患者肝内胆管纤细稀疏,1例肝内胆管未显影,1例无明显异常表现。3例慢性排斥反应患者中2例肝内胆管分支稀疏并左肝管串珠样改变;1例胆总管胆泥形成而肝内胆管未见扩张。结论：肝移植术后排斥反应有一些特征性的血管和胆管MR表现。磁共振血管造影和胆管造影作为一种非侵袭性影像检查方法,可以辅助临床诊断肝移植术后排斥反应。     

三维动态增强磁共振血管成像在肝移植术前的应用

 目的探讨三维动态增强磁共振血管成像(3D DCE MRA)三期扫描技术,评价其在肝移植术前的诊断价值.方法对拟进行肝移植的183例患者进行术前3D DCE MRA成像扫描,采用Siemens Symphony 1.5T超导MRI扫描机,圆形极化相控阵体线圈,3D DCE MRA三期(动脉期、门脉期和静脉期)扫描技术,即对所得图像进行综合评价.结果全部病例均获得了满意的血管成像图像,肝动脉可显示2～3级分支,门静脉可显示2～5级分支,肝静脉可显示1～2级分支.183例肝移植患者,5例显示肝动脉变异,其中2例起自肠系膜上动脉,2例直接起自腹腔干,1例起自胃左动脉.单纯肝硬化门脉高压103例,其中,冠状静脉和食道胃底静脉曲张23例、脐周静脉曲张5例、肠系膜静脉曲张2例、脾门周围静脉曲张30例,门静脉玻璃样变性1例;原发性肝癌79例,5例肝动脉包埋、僵直、推移,2例肝内动-静脉瘘,门静脉右支癌栓23例,门静脉左支癌栓7例,门静脉主干癌栓3例,同时发生门静脉左右支癌栓的2例,MRA表现为门静脉呈半月形或杯口形缺损或不显影.7例肝静脉出现栓塞,5例下腔静脉受压推移,1例下腔静脉瘤栓.结论 3D DCE MRA三期扫描能很好的显示肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉及下腔静脉系统病变,肝移植术前应用3D DCE MRA,基本达到临床要求,是术前血管评估的有效方法.     

MRI在肝移植中的应用

目的评价MRI检查在肝移植术前术后的应用价值。方法将我院2004-01—2005-03收治的22例肝移植患者术前MRI检查结果与手术、病理检查相比较,术后MRI检查与其它影像学检查相比较。结果22例肝移植患者中,肝硬化并门脉高压15例,肝硬化、肝癌6例,严重肝损伤1例;门静脉栓子5例,其中4例为癌栓,1例是管壁样组织,肝右静脉及下腔静脉瘤栓1例;副肝动脉2例,分别发自腹腔干及肠系膜上动脉;胆管吻合口狭窄或胆漏3例;肝动脉可显示2~3级分支,门静脉可显示2~4级分支,肝静脉可显示1~2级分支,胆管显示2~3级分支。结论MRI对肝移植术前和术后的评估具有很大的价值。     

肝移植术后并发症的CT和MRI诊断

目的:分析肝移植术后各种并发症的CT、MRI表现,评价CT、MRI在肝移植术后并发症中的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析24例肝移植术后发生并发症的患者的CT、MRI资料,全部病例并发症均经手术、肝组织活检或血管、胆道造影证实。结果:24例患者CT、MRI诊断门脉主干吻合口狭窄4例;肝动脉狭窄3例;下腔静脉吻合口狭窄1例;胆管吻合口狭窄4例;肝门水平非吻合口狭窄5例;移植排异反应4例,肝癌复发7例。结论:CT、MRI能发现大部分肝移植术后并发症,是诊断肝移植术后并发症的有效方法。     

LAVA整合ASSET在肝血管成像中的应用价值

目的：探讨肝脏快速容积采集（LAVA）整合阵列空间敏感编码技术（ASSET）在肝血管成像中的价值。方法：对80例肝病患者行肝脏常规MRI平扫及增强扫描。增强扫描采用LAVA整合ASSET;将LAVA采集的原始图像行最大强度投影（MIP）处理并分析其对肝脏病变及肝血管关系的显示情况。结果：80例肝脏病灶全部清晰显示。其中,肝癌42例44个,显示肿瘤血管30例,肿瘤供血动脉明显增粗、变形、移位20例,门静脉受侵25例,门静脉癌栓6例;肝血管瘤5例,肝囊肿8例,轻度肝炎6例,肝硬化18例,胆总管下段乳头状瘤1例。MIP显示肝动脉3级以上分支76例（95%）、门静脉3级以上分支72（90%）及肝静脉3级以上分支64例（80%）。结论：LAVA整合ASSET在肝脏动态扫描中可在较短时间内获得多期高质量增强图像并提供血管解剖信息,具有较高临床应用价值。     

MSCT血管成像对肝移植受体术前血管结构的评价

目的 探讨64排螺旋CT血管成像对肝移植受体术前血管结构评价及对临床决策的影响.方法 对32例拟行肝移植的患者行三期血管成像扫描,重建方法为最大密度投影(MIP)和容积再现(VR),对获得的血管图像结合轴位图像进行分析.结果 32例肝病患者中,无腹腔干1例,腹腔干硬化斑块致其狭窄3例,脾动脉增粗迂曲12例,脾动脉瘤2例,肝动脉(HA)变异7例;肝外门静脉(PV)栓塞3例,肝内门静脉栓塞2例,肠系膜上静脉栓塞1例,肝内外门静脉及肠系膜上静脉多发栓塞1例;32例中,肝静脉(HV)成像有诊断价值25例,其中下组肝静脉1例,HV显影差7例;32例中,显示正常下腔静脉30例,1例下腔静脉肝内段癌栓,1例下腔静脉内癌栓达右心房入口;32例肝病患者中,24例成功行肝移植,8例不适合移植手术,其中肝内癌瘤结节直径总和>8 cm者3例,多发广泛栓子1例,肝外转移4例(其中包括1例肝内癌瘤结节直径总和>8 cm者),1例MichelsⅧ型肝固有动脉纤细,直径＜3 mm.结论 64排螺旋CT三期血管成像可准确、全面显示肝脏血管的结构变化,对筛选适宜手术的病例和对手术方案的制订具有重要的价值.     

肝移植术后影像学表现

目的 系统分析肝移植术后正常及常见并发症的影像表现。资料与方法 使用GE Light Speed Qx／i多层螺旋CT扫描仪对300例肝移植术后患者进行检查，对拔除T管后出现胆管并发症患者使用Marconi EelipsE 1．5T磁共振扫描仪检查。CT检查采用7．5／11．25组合HQ扫描模式，重建层厚3．75mm，重叠重建率70％，扫描范围自膈顶至L3椎体下缘水平，对比剂1．3ml／kg体重，注药流率3ml／s，延迟时间18～20s，40～45s，60～70s。所有数据均在GEADW3．1～4．0工作站进行后处理。MRI检查采用Express TR 8000 ms，TE 256ms。结果 所有肝移植术后患者均出现移植肝周积液、胸腔积液及压迫性肺不张，门静脉伴行影像10例，肝动脉吻合口狭窄11例，肝动脉右支起始部狭窄2例，肝动脉闭塞2例，肝动脉吻合口瘤样扩张2例，门静脉吻合口狭窄5例，下腔静脉狭窄1例，肝梗死5例，胆管吻合口部位狭窄6例，非吻合口狭窄4例，胆瘘l例，胆管淤泥／结石3例，右侧肾上腺出血2例，肿瘤复发5例．腹腔积血3例，腹腔积气l例。结论 多层螺旋CT及MRCP，可以清晰显示肝移植术后血管、胆管并发症.     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.