Modulation of emotion by cognition and cognition by emotion

In this study, we examined the impact of goal-directed processing on the response to emotional pictures and the impact of emotional pictures on goal-directed processing. Subjects (N=22) viewed neutral or emotional pictures in the presence or absence of a demanding cognitive task. Goal-directed processing disrupted the BOLD response to emotional pictures. In particular, the BOLD response within bilateral amygdala and inferior frontal gyrus decreased during concurrent task performance. Moreover, the presence of both positive and negative distractors disrupted task performance, with reaction times increasing for emotional relative to neutral distractors. Moreover, in line with the suggestion of the importance of lateral frontal regions in emotional regulation [Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D., et al. (2004). For better or for worse: neural systems supporting the cognitive down-and up-regulation of negative emotion. NeuroImage, 23(2), 483-499], connectivity analysis revealed positive connectivity between lateral superior frontal cortex and regions of middle frontal cortex previously implicated in emotional suppression [Beauregard, M., Levesque, J., and Bourgouin, P. (2001). Neural correlates of conscious self-regulation of emotion. J. Neurosci., 21 (18), RC165.; Levesque, J., Eugene, F., Joanette, Y., Paquette, V., Mensour, B., Beaudoin, G., et al. (2003). Neural circuitry underlying voluntary suppression of sadness. Biol. Psychiatry, 53 (6), 502-510.; Ohira, H., Nomura, M., Ichikawa, N., Isowa, T., Iidaka, T., Sato, A., et al. (2006). Association of neural and physiological responses during voluntary emotion suppression. NeuroImage, 29 (3), 721-733] and negative connectivity with bilateral amygdala. These data suggest that processes involved in emotional regulation are recruited during task performance in the context of emotional distractors.     

Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI

Neuroimagingstudies with positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have begun to describe the functional neuroanatomy of emotion. Taken separately, specific studies vary in task dimensions and in type(s) of emotion studied and are limited by statistical power and sensitivity. By examining findings across studies, we sought to determine if common or segregated patterns of activations exist across various emotional tasks. We reviewed 55 PET and fMRI activation studies (yielding 761 individual peaks) which investigated emotion in healthy subjects. Peak activation coordinates were transformed into a standard space and plotted onto canonical 3-D brain renderings. We divided the brain into 20 nonoverlapping regions, and characterized each region by its responsiveness across individual emotions (positive, negative, happiness, fear, anger, sadness, disgust), to different induction methods (visual, auditory, recall/imagery), and in emotional tasks with and without cognitive demand. Our review yielded the following summary observations: (1) The medial prefrontal cortex had a general role in emotional processing; (2) fear specifically engaged the amygdala; (3) sadness was associated with activity in the subcallosal cingulate; (4) emotional induction by visual stimuli activated the occipital cortex and the amygdala; (5) induction by emotional recall/imagery recruited the anterior cingulate and insula; (6) emotional tasks with cognitive demand also involved the anterior cingulate and insula. This review provides a critical comparison of findings across individual studies and suggests that separate brain regions are involved in different aspects of emotion.     

老年抑郁症影像学研究进展

老年抑郁症(late-life depression,LLD)作为一种异质性综合征,是临床常见的精神疾病。目前,关于老年抑郁症的病理生理机制尚不明确,以往诸多研究往往强调其发生与血管损害、神经炎性等改变相关。随着影像技术的发展,越来越多的神经影像学研究表明,老年抑郁症的发生机制与脑结构、脑功能及脑代谢改变关系密切。影像技术作为一种无创的检查方法日臻成熟,与当前广泛应用的临床诊断方法相比,它能够提供更直观的可视化证据,且可以减少因主观因素对结果造成的误差。现影像学已广泛应用于老年抑郁症的神经生物学机制研究中,这为老年抑郁症的诊治及评估预后提供了新的思路及治疗方法。作者对影像学在老年抑郁症中的研究进行综述。     

Functional grouping and cortical-subcortical interactions in emotion: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies

We performed an updated quantitative meta-analysis of 162 neuroimaging studies of emotion using a novel multi-level kernel-based approach, focusing on locating brain regions consistently activated in emotional tasks and their functional organization into distributed functional groups, independent of semantically defined emotion category labels (e.g., "anger," "fear"). Such brain-based analyses are critical if our ways of labeling emotions are to be evaluated and revised based on consistency with brain data. Consistent activations were limited to specific cortical sub-regions, including multiple functional areas within medial, orbital, and inferior lateral frontal cortices. Consistent with a wealth of animal literature, multiple subcortical activations were identified, including amygdala, ventral striatum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray. We used multivariate parcellation and clustering techniques to identify groups of co-activated brain regions across studies. These analyses identified six distributed functional groups, including medial and lateral frontal groups, two posterior cortical groups, and paralimbic and core limbic/brainstem groups. These functional groups provide information on potential organization of brain regions into large-scale networks. Specific follow-up analyses focused on amygdala, periaqueductal gray (PAG), and hypothalamic (Hy) activations, and identified frontal cortical areas co-activated with these core limbic structures. While multiple areas of frontal cortex co-activated with amygdala sub-regions, a specific region of dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC, Brodmann's Area 9/32) was the only area co-activated with both PAG and Hy. Subsequent mediation analyses were consistent with a pathway from dmPFC through PAG to Hy. These results suggest that medial frontal areas are more closely associated with core limbic activation than their lateral counterparts, and that dmPFC may play a particularly important role in the cognitive generation of emotional states.     

H反射和功能磁共振成像分析膀胱充盈及控尿机制的神经功能学研究进展

膀胱作为泌尿系统的主要器官之一,具有储尿和排尿两大重要功能。调控这两大功能的神经传导通路非常复杂,涉及到大脑、脊髓和外周神经系统等多个层次,并由多种神经递质共同介导。在过去的20年里,电生理学技术和功能磁共振成像技术逐渐成为神经功能学领域内研究人类病理或生理状态的有力手段,利用这两项技术来记录和分析膀胱储尿排尿行为的大脑调控机制是可行的,两者可以帮助我们更好地理解控尿相关的神经通路和大脑区域的活动与特定功能之间的关系。本文就电生理学技术和功能磁共振成像技术方面,对膀胱及原位新膀胱的充盈和储尿控尿机制的神经功能学研究进展作一综述。     

Association of dietary fiber and depression symptom: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

BackgroundA potential relationship between depression and the intake of dietary fiber has been hypothesized in several studies. However, no meta-analysis has been conducted so far to explore the association between these two variables. Hence, we designed the present meta-analysis to elucidate the relationship between the intake of dietary fiber and depression.MethodsA comprehensive search was performed using the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases to identify any relevant studies published from inception to October 2019. Observational studies (cross-sectional and case-control) were included in the analysis.ResultsPooled analysis from the random-effects model of four case-control studies revealed that the consumption of dietary fiber in patients with depression was significantly lower versus healthy controls (WMD: -1.41 mg/dl, 95 % CI: −2.32, −0.51, P = 0.002). No significant heterogeneity was demonstrated among the analyzed studies (I² = 4.0 %, P = 0.37). By pooling 5 effect sizes of cross-sectional studies (with a total of 97,023 subjects), we demonstrated that a higher dietary consumption of fiber was associated with significantly lower odds of depression (OR = 0.76; 95 % CI: 0.64, 0.90; P = 0.010), with a low heterogeneity seen among the retrieved studies (I² = 43.9 %; P = 0.12).ConclusionAn increased intake of total dietary fiber is associated with lower odds of depression. Further studies are needed to evaluate the relationship between the different types of dietary fiber and depression.     

A meta-analysis on depression and subsequent cancer risk

Background

The authors tested the hypothesis that depression is a possible factor influencing the course of cancer by reviewing prospective epidemiological studies and calculating summary relative risks.

Methods

Studies were identified by computerized searches of Medline, Embase and PsycINFO. as well as manual searches of reference lists of selected publications. Inclusion criteria were cohort design, population-based sample, structured measurement of depression and outcome of cancer known for depressed and non-depressed subjects

Results

Thirteen eligible studies were identified. Based on eight studies with complete crude data on overall cancer, our summary relative risk (95% confidence interval) was 1.19 (1.06–1.32). After adjustment for confounders we pooled a summary relative risk of 1.12 (0.99–1.26).No significant association was found between depression and subsequent breast cancer risk, based on seven heterogeneous studies, with or without adjustment for possible confounders. Subgroup analysis of studies with a follow-up of ten years or more, however, resulted in a statistically significant summary relative risk of 2.50 (1.06–5.91).No significant associations were found for lung, colon or prostate cancer.

Conclusion

This review suggests a tendency towards a small and marginally significant association between depression and subsequent overall cancer risk and towards a stronger increase of breast cancer risk emerging many years after a previous depression.

     

Articulated thoughts during simulated situations: A paradigm for studying cognition in emotion and behavior

In spite of the widespread belief of cognitive behavior therapists and researchers that irrational thinking underlies much human psychological suffering, there is little if any direct evidence bearing on the assumption that people think in particular ways when confronted with stressful situations. A paradigm is proposed that appears capable of providing information about people's articulated thoughts as they occur in highly structured, experimenter-controlled situations. The results from an initial experiment indicate the utility of the paradigm in collecting data on how people think under both stressful and neutral conditions. The paradigm seems to offer great flexibility in examining thought processes under a wide range of conditions of interest to psychopathologists and cognitive researchers.     

急性心肌梗塞患者心理健康状况及人格特质研究

目的探讨急性心肌梗塞患者的心理健康水平及焦虑抑郁情绪和人格特质状况。方法将91例急性心肌梗塞患者设为研究组,抽取90例正常健康体检者设为对照组。采用症状自评量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表、生活事件量表、社会支持评定量表及艾森克个性问卷对两组进行评定分析。结果研究组症状自评量表总分、阳性项目和阳性症状分、躯体化、强迫、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执因子分及焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表总分均显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）;1a内负性生活事件明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）,而社会支持度显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）;艾森克个性问卷评分研究组内外倾、神经质维度分均显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）,外倾性格和情绪不稳定构成比显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论焦虑、抑郁、紧张、恐惧等负性情绪、负性生活事件、缺乏社会支持度以及不良性格等因素均是诱发急性心肌梗塞的危险因素,在控制其生物学病因的同时,还应调整患者的情绪,加强心理治疗,对不良性格加以矫正,有助于预防、减少和控制急性心肌梗塞的发生。     

A controlled trial of amitriptyline and cianopramine in major depression

The therapeutic efficacy and adverse effects of amitriptyline and cianopramine were compared in a double-blind, randomized, flexible-dose trial in 40 patients with major depressive episodes. The two drugs were equally effective in reducing scores on the Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression and on a global scale. Both drugs were associated with significant adverse effects. Fewer adverse effects were associated with cianopramine, however, which lacks antimuscarinic activity.     

Self-referential processing in our brain--a meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self

The question of the self has intrigued philosophers and psychologists for a long time. More recently, distinct concepts of self have also been suggested in neuroscience. However, the exact relationship between these concepts and neural processing across different brain regions remains unclear. This article reviews neuroimaging studies comparing neural correlates during processing of stimuli related to the self with those of non-self-referential stimuli. All studies revealed activation in the medial regions of our brains' cortex during self-related stimuli. The activation in these so-called cortical midline structures (CMS) occurred across all functional domains (e.g., verbal, spatial, emotional, and facial). Cluster and factor analyses indicate functional specialization into ventral, dorsal, and posterior CMS remaining independent of domains. Taken together, our results suggest that self-referential processing is mediated by cortical midline structures. Since the CMS are densely and reciprocally connected to subcortical midline regions, we advocate an integrated cortical-subcortical midline system underlying human self. We conclude that self-referential processing in CMS constitutes the core of our self and is critical for elaborating experiential feelings of self, uniting several distinct concepts evident in current neuroscience.     

Hot cognition — emotion coming in from the cold: A reply to Rachman and Mahoney

In response to the comments of Rachman (1984) and Mahoney (1984), we attempt to further clarify some of the key features of our perspective on the role of emotion in human functioning and in psychotherapy change. The model we are proposing is a compromise between a realist and a constructivist position. We believe that emotional experience involves the pick-up of real information both from the environment and from the organism itself. It is hypothesized that the basis structure for emotional experience is inwired. At the same time, however, emotion is also viewed as the product of a constructive or synthetic process through which subsidiary components are integrated at a preattentive level and synthesized into a unified conscious experience. We argue that a complex scheme of the type that we have elaborated is required to do justice to the complex nature of emotional processes, and that this complexity need not necessarily constitute an obstacle to research.     

事件相关fMRI在重度抑郁症奖赏刺激反应中的研究进展

对奖赏刺激反应性减弱是重度抑郁症(MDD)的重要表现.功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)在抑郁症奖赏的脑影像学研究中发挥着重要作用.本文就事件相关fMRI在MDD奖赏刺激反应中的研究进行综述.     

Effectiveness of reminiscence therapy in reducing agitation and depression and improving quality of life and cognition in long-term care residents with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

This paper assesses the effectiveness of reminiscence therapy (RT) in people with mild to moderate dementia in long-term care facilities. A literature search was conducted in CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and Embase from inception to December 2020. Five RCTs with 267 participants were included; two were meta-analysed. Cochrane collaboration's risk of bias tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included RCTs, and the risk of bias across studies was assessed using the GRADE method. The overall quality of evidence was moderate to low. Among the five trials, none measured the efficacy of RT on agitation. Reminiscence therapy was effective in reducing depression and improving autobiographical memory, but its effects were inconsistent. There was a significant improvement in quality of life (QoL) following RT. The meta-analysis showed no statistical significance on the pre-post intervention differences in depression (SMD -0.28, 95%CI -0.91–0.35, p > 0.05) and autobiographical memory scores (SMD 0.57, 95%CI -0.07–1.21, p > 0.05). Reminiscence therapy may have some benefits in reducing depression and improving the QoL and cognition in this population; however, its effectiveness should be tested further.     

孕期心理情绪与产后抑郁的相关性

目的:观察孕产妇产前不同孕期心理情绪与产后抑郁的临床表现,找出两者的相关性。方法:2001-05/2004-05在河南大学第一医院和开封妇产医院产科病房住院分娩的439例初产妇在孕早期(妊娠12周以内)、孕中期(妊娠12～18周)、孕晚期(妊娠18～35周)和产褥期(产后5～7周)分别接受了临床精神卫生症状自评量表(SCL-90)和爱丁堡产后抑郁量表(EPDS)测评,并按EPDS评分分为产后抑郁组(EPDS≥13分)和正常产妇组。结果:全部产妇中产后抑郁症患者70例,患病率为15.9%。产后抑郁组孕早期的躯体化(1.67±0.49)、人际关系(1.83±0.54)、抑郁(2.02±0.51)、焦虑(1.91±0.48)和精神病性(1.91±0.52)等症状因子评分明显高于正常产妇(t=2.064～3.435,P均<0.05)。产后抑郁患者孕中期仅有抑郁和焦虑症状因子评分明显高于正常产妇的测评结果(t=3.631,2.221,P均<0.01)。产后抑郁患者孕晚期的强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖和精神病性等症状因子评分明显高于正常产妇(P<0.05～0.01)。结论:孕产妇孕早期和孕晚期心理情绪与产后抑郁症发病有密切联系。     

A longitudinal population-based study of treated and untreated major depression

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the factors associated with different outcomes in individuals with major depressive episode (MDE) in relation to mental health service utilization. OBJECTIVES: This study was to, in depressed individuals who used and did not use mental health services, 1) compare the demographic, psychosocial, and clinical characteristics; 2) estimate the risk of MDE in a 6-year follow-up period; and 3) identify the factors associated with the persistence/recurrence of MDE. DESIGN: This was a population- based longitudinal analysis. SUBJECTS: Participants included the longitudinal cohort of the Canadian National Population Health Survey who reported MDE at the baseline survey (n = 609). MEASURES: MDE was measured by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form for Major Depression. RESULTS: In the 6-year follow-up period, 49.8% of participants with treated depression developed subsequent MDE; 28.7% of those with untreated depression reported MDE. Multivariate analyses showed that, among those who reported the use of mental health services, childhood and adulthood traumatic events and functional impairment were related to the recurrence of MDE. Among those who did not use mental health services, reported negative life events and the severity of depressive symptoms were predictive of recurrent MDE. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of the recurrence of MDE and associated factors differ in mental health service users and nonusers. Future studies need to confirm these results and to identify service barriers for those who do not use the services and who are at a high risk of MDE.