A surgical alternative for placenta accreta

The placenta accreta is the second leading cause of obstetric hemorrhage in the world. In many occasions it is necessary to make an obstetric hysterectomy, a circumstance that increases morbidity, and maternal mortality. Communicates a surgical alternative to hysterectomy obstetric that has enabled us to reduce until the time to zero our rate of maternal deaths by obstetric hemorrhage, in addition to reducing the surgical time and the associated morbidity, without changing the perinatal outcome.     

手术治疗难治性产后出血

难治性产后出血是孕产妇死亡的主要原因,当保守性治疗方法失败时,紧急围产期子宫切除被认为是挽救孕产妇生命的有效方法。掌握围产期子宫切除的手术指征、手术时机及手术方法,可以减少孕产妇的发病率和病死率。     

Management of obstetric hemorrhage

A reluctance to proceed with hysterectomy for obstetric hemorrhage may be a more likely cause of preventable death in obstetrics than a lack of surgical or medical skills. Every obstetric unit should have protocols available to deal with hemorrhage and, in addition, have specific guidelines for patients who object to blood transfusions for various reasons. Risk factors for hemorrhage should be identified antenatally, using all possible imaging modalities available, and utilizing multidisciplinary resources whenever possible. Novel strategies for prenatal diagnosis of abnormal placentation include advanced sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Placement and utilization of arterial catheters for uterine artery embolization is becoming more widespread and new surgical technology such as the argon beam coagulator seems promising. When intra or postpartum hemorrhage is encountered, a familiar protocol for dealing with blood loss should be triggered. Timely hysterectomy should be performed for signs of refractory bleeding. Application of medical and surgical principles combined with recent technologic advances will help the obstetrician avoid disastrous outcomes for both mother and fetus.     

Use of packing in obstetric hemorrhage of uterine origin

OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and effectiveness of uterine packing to stop hemorrhage in obstetric patients following delivery and pregnancy termination. STUDY DESIGN: A review of obstetric records at Children's Hospital of Buffalo in a 9-year period was undertaken. Patients with uterine packing were identified. Indications, additional medical and surgical procedures, estimated blood loss, postoperative complications and packing material used were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 9 patients were identified among 34,071. Five patients had hemorrhage during cesarean section. Two patients had hemorrhage after vaginal delivery; 1 case of which had failure with packing and resulted in postpartum hysterectomy. The remaining 2 patients had hemorrhage after dilation and evacuation. Uterine atony unresponsive to oxytocics was the most common indication for uterine packing (44%). The average hematocrit decrease was 10.4% (average total blood loss, 2,200 mL), and all patients received transfusion except 1. The only immediate postoperative complications occurred in a patient with postpartum hysterectomy after failed packing; she developed a pelvic abscess but did well after drainage. CONCLUSION: Uterine packing may be a reasonable alternative to further surgical intervention in patients with intractable obstetric hemorrhage who wish to preserve fertility.     

Hypogastric artery ligation for obstetric hemorrhage

Ligation of the hypogastric arteries has been recommended for control of obstetric hemorrhage. However, specific information regarding its effectiveness is lacking. The hospital charts of 19 patients undergoing bilateral hypogastric artery ligation for the control of otherwise intractable obstetric hemorrhage were reviewed. Indications included uterine atony (15), lateral extension of a low-transverse uterine incision (three), and placenta accreta (one). This procedure was effective in controlling bleeding in eight of 19 patients (42%). Hysterectomy was necessary in the remaining 11 patients. In these patients, blood loss, operating time, and intraoperative morbidity was increased when compared with a group of 59 patients undergoing emergency hysterectomy for obstetric hemorrhage without prior ligation of the hypogastric arteries. Surgical approaches to hypogastric artery ligation are discussed.     

产后出血子宫切除相关问题

子宫切除是抢救严重产后出血挽救产妇生命而采取的一种重要的治疗方法。异常胎盘及剖宫产是产后出血子宫切除常见的高危因素。前置胎盘和胎盘植入已成为目前严重产后出血子宫切除治疗的首要指征,及时准确地把握手术指征和手术时机,术中认真操作及处理突发情况,可以减少产妇的发病率和死亡率。     

前置胎盘合并剖宫产史临床分析

目的探讨前置胎盘合并剖宫产史患者的临床特点及处理。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2011年10月北京协和医院前置胎盘合并剖宫产史（再次剖宫产组,RCS组）患者母婴结局,并与同期前置胎盘行初次剖宫产（初次剖宫产组,FCS组）进行比较。结果 RCS组及FCS组分别有29例及243例患者。两组的平均年龄、孕周差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。RCS组患者手术时间长,产后出血量多,早产、产后出血、胎盘植入、输血、弥漫性血管内凝血和产科子宫切除的发生率均高于FCS组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,RCS组早产儿、新生儿窒息发生率及围产儿死亡率均高于FCS组（P〈0.05）。结论前置胎盘合并剖宫产史更易发生胎盘植入,产后出血、产科子宫切除及围产儿病率高,需要高度重视。     

The efficacy of internal iliac artery ligation in obstetric hemorrhage

During 1966 to 1982, 18 patients with severe obstetric hemorrhage underwent hypogastric artery ligation at our institution. Eight of 14 patients or 57 per cent (excluding three pregnancies which were terminated and a planned cesarean hysterectomy) had failed hypogastric artery ligations necessitating hysterectomy. Placenta accreta accounted for six patients of whom three required a hysterectomy. Uterine laceration was the second largest cause of hemorrhage in five patients, all of whom required a hysterectomy after hypogastric artery ligation failed. Hypogastric artery ligation does have a specific role in the management of obstetric hemorrhage, but it is not without substantial risk of failure. The obstetrician should carefully weigh whether or not the patient can undergo a more conservative procedure at the expense of a delay in the definitive treatment of hemorrhage. The instances presented herein should aid the clinician in deciding what is appropriate management for acute obstetric hemorrhage.     

Mechanisms of hemostasis at cesarean delivery

Postpartum hemorrhage is an obstetric emergency that represents a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. With the recent rise in the cesarean delivery rate, prompt recognition and proper management at the time of cesarean delivery are becoming increasingly important for providers of obstetrics. Preparedness for hemorrhage can be achieved by recognition of prior risk factors and implementation of specific hemorrhage protocols. Medical and surgical therapies are available to treat obstetric hemorrhage after cesarean delivery.     

Peripartum hysterectomy: 1999 to 2006

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the rate of peripartum hysterectomy over the last 8 years in Calgary, the primary indication for peripartum hysterectomy (defined as any hysterectomy performed within 24 hours of a delivery), and whether there was an increase in the rate of peripartum hysterectomy during that time. METHOD: Detailed chart review of all cases of peripartum hysterectomy, 1999-2006, including previous obstetric history, details of the index pregnancy, indications for peripartum hysterectomy, outcome of the hysterectomy, and infant morbidity. RESULTS: The overall rate of peripartum hysterectomy was 87 of 108,154 or 0.8 per 1,000 deliveries. The primary indications for hysterectomy were uterine atony (32 of 87, 37%) and suspected placenta accreta (29 of 87, 33%). After hysterectomy, 46 (53%) women were admitted to the intensive care unit. Women were discharged home after a mean 6-day length of stay. The rate of peripartum hysterectomy did not appear to increase over time. CONCLUSION: Our population-based study found that abnormal placentation is the main indication for peripartum hysterectomy. The most important step in prevention of major postpartum hemorrhage is recognizing and assessing women's risk, although even perfect management of hemorrhage cannot always prevent surgery.     

胎盘植入诊治面临的挑战与策略

胎盘植入可导致严重的产时出血,造成母亲产后出血,出血性休克,子宫切除,组织器官缺血再灌注损伤乃至孕产妇死亡,以及胎儿医源性早产发病率和死亡率升高。胎盘植入的处理策略是合理的期待治疗,多学科围分娩期管理,在维护患者生命安全的基础上,个体化治疗,尽量保留子宫,减少严重并发症发生。     

胎盘植入研究进展

胎盘植入是产科具有潜在生命危险的严重并发症之一,其发生率呈逐年增长趋势。由于胎盘植入可引发产时或产后大出血、凝血功能障碍、产褥感染等并发症,已成为子宫切除的主要原因之一,故其诊断及治疗日益受重视。并且需多学科共同规划管理,以降低其病死率。     

Emergency obstetric hysterectomies for postpartum haemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: To review emergency obstetric hysterectomy in our unit, including the indications for and morbidity associated with the procedure. DESIGN: A retrospective cases analysis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Records of obstetric patients who had undergone emergency hysterectomies in between 15 October 1993 and 31 December 1997 were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: There were 15,474 deliveries and 7 emergency obstetric hysterectomies. All cases had total abdominal hysterectomy. The indications for hysterectomy were uterine atony and placental disorders. There were one case of urinary bladder injury and 2 cases of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. There was no maternal mortality. CONCLUSION: Emergency obstetric hysterectomy remains a potentially life-saving procedure in unavoidable catastrophe. The 7 patients with life threatening postpartum haemorrhage underwent hysterectomy after failure of conservative measures. The morbidity is low and there was no mortality in this series.     

Packing of lower uterine segment for control of postcesarean bleeding in instances of placenta previa

Hemorrhage remains a serious obstetric complication with uterine atony as its most common cause. Postpartum atony is controlled with oxytocics and prostaglandins. Uterine arterial ligation is used to decrease the degree of postpartum hemorrhage. Hypogastric arterial ligation and hysterectomy are used when conservative measures fail. With placenta previa accreta, the aforementioned techniques are often not successful in the control of bleeding in the lower segment. The technique of packing of the lower uterine segment is described for use when local control of bleeding points is unsuccessful and hysterectomy is contemplated. Preservation of reproductive potential may be accomplished with this technique with minimal maternal morbidity.     

产后出血致子宫切除49例临床分析

目的探讨产后出血导致子宫切除的手术时机。方法回顾性分析1994年1月至2008年12月15年间北京妇产医院产科49例产科急症子宫切除患者的病例资料。结果 49例产后出血切除子宫病例中,胎盘因素（48.97%）占首位,其次为子宫收缩乏力（28.57%）。出血量在1700～8000ml,平均（4176±1691）ml。49例患者均输血治疗,输血量400～4800ml。49例患者皆存活,围生儿死亡2例（3.64%）。结论对于产科出血,在使用各种措施无效时,应及时切除子宫。     

Therapy and prevention of obstetric hemorrhage by tamponade using a balloon catheter

The aim of this study was to verify the possibility to use a balloon catheter as hemostatic method in pregnancies at high risk for hemorrhage as an alternative to less conservative surgical procedures. In 4 pregnancies at risk for hemorrhage, a compressive endouterine or endocervical method, consisting of a balloon catheter filled of warm saline solution, was used in order to stop or to prevent otherwise uncontrollable bleeding. In the cases treated the use of the balloon catheter was safe and effective both in the treatment of hemorrhage due to abnormal placentation and in the prevention of hemorrhagic complications due to abnormal implantation of pregnancy. Among novel medical and surgical approaches developed to control obstetric hemorrhage, tamponade using a balloon catheter could be considered a valid option. Moreover, this procedure, by avoiding radical surgical treatments, such as hysterectomy, which are frequently performed in unstable patients, could offer the advantage of preserving fertility.     

Peripartal hysterectomy

Peripartal hysterectomy remains a necessary tool for the consultant obstetrician. Knowledge of this operation and skill at its performance can save lives in the rare event of catastrophic rupture of the uterus or intractable postpartal hemorrhage. The operation can also be utilized to address gynecologic conditions that coexist with obstetrical indications for abdominal delivery. As one expands the indications for peripartal hysterectomy beyond this realm, to the performance of cesarean hysterectomy to address minor gynecologic disorders or for sterilization without coexisting indications for abdominal delivery, one goes further into the realm of controversial indications. A good case can be made for low morbidity, infrequent transfusion, and effectiveness of the operation for the latter indications, especially in the hands of obstetricians who perform this operation regularly and have developed an operating "routine." The operation can be done with minimal morbidity in elective cases; whether it should be done remains a decision best made within the individual physician-patient relationship. Peripartal hysterectomy can be a formidable operation, particularly when performed under the emergency conditions of massive blood loss and distorted anatomic relations. The operation is not easily accomplished by the operator who performs it only on rare occasions. The best time to learn the nuances of the procedure is during the performance of planned, elective cases, wherein the surgeon can pick the assistants and tools and carefully evaluate the patient and prepare the operating team. A routine established in this teaching and learning climate will serve well when the critical emergency case arises. Every obstetric service should have access to a surgical team capable of performing emergency peripartal hysterectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Plazentaretention – Management mit Fokus auf die Fertilität

Placentation disorders, such as placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) are one of the critical obstetric challenges, which are still related to high rates of maternal morbidity and also mortality. The incidence has dramatically increased during the last years, mainly caused by the worldwide increasing percentage of births by cesarean section. In addition to the classical surgical approach of hysterectomy during a cesarean section, conservative strategies are becoming of increasing interest because they can reduce the morbidity and also include the option of fertility preservation.     

Recombinant activated factor VII as a promising adjuvant therapy for postpartum hemorrhage in the practice of obstetric anesthesia: experience from a university hospital in Taiwan

Massive postpartum hemorrhage is one of the major complications in the peripartum period. In some critical cases, hemostasis is hard to achieve even after a hysterectomy has been performed. Recombinant activated factor VII has been reported as a promising adjuvant therapy for obstetric hemorrhage, although it remains unlicensed for this indication. Eight cases receiving recombinant activated factor VII in postpartum hemorrhage refractory to the conventional therapy in a Taiwanese hospital were analyzed retrospectively. A good response, defined as bleeding control in 15 min, was achieved in six patients (75%) with a single dose ranging from 55 to 105 μg/kg. The two patients with a poor response were later discovered to have had unsolved birth canal injuries. No drug-related adverse effects were noted. We recommend that any surgical bleeding should first be controlled, as well as the correction of metabolic and hematological abnormalities; however, in the situation of intractable postpartum hemorrhage, recombinant activated factor VII offers a salvage therapy and should be considered early, even before hysterectomy.     

Comparability of perioperative morbidity between abdominal myomectomy and hysterectomy for women with uterine leiomyomas

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the perioperative morbidity associated with abdominal myomectomy with that of hysterectomy. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of 394 women at an academic medical center. Main outcome measured was perioperative morbidity, with the following secondary outcomes: febrile morbidity, hemorrhage, unintended major surgical procedures, life-threatening events, and rehospitalization. RESULTS: Morbidity was associated with myomectomy and hysterectomy in 39% and 40% of cases, respectively. The crude odds ratio for morbidity of myomectomy with respect to hysterectomy was 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.63-1.40). Women who underwent myomectomy were significantly younger, weighed less, and had a smaller preoperative uterine size. In a multivariable analysis that accounted for these differences the odds ratio increased to 1.46 (95% confidence interval, 0.77-2.77) but still was not statistically elevated. The study had >90% power to detect a clinically relevant 15% absolute difference in overall morbidity between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: No clinically significant difference in perioperative morbidity between myomectomy and hysterectomy was detected. Myomectomy should be considered a safe alternative to hysterectomy.