母亲孕前BMI和孕期增重与学龄前儿童超重肥胖的相关性研究

目的探讨母亲孕前体质量指数(BMI)和孕期增重与学龄前儿童超重肥胖的相关性。方法选取2019年1月至2020年1月于余姚市妇幼保健院儿童保健科进行儿童保健咨询的3~5岁儿童共300例为研究对象,回顾性收集母亲孕前BMI和孕期增重情况,采用多因素Logistic回归模型进行相关性分析。结果儿童超重肥胖的发生率为35例(11.67%),在校正性别、年龄等混杂因素后,母亲孕前低体重的儿童出现超重肥胖的风险降低,母亲孕前超重肥胖的儿童出现超重肥胖的风险增加,其OR值及95%CI分别为0.602(0.413~0.755)、1.822(1.370~2.424),均P<0.05;母亲孕期增重过度的儿童出现超重肥胖的风险增加,其OR值及95%CI为1.298(1.009~1.669),P<0.05,但是母亲孕期增重不足并不会降低儿童出现超重肥胖的风险(P>0.05);母亲孕前超重肥胖且孕期增重过度的儿童出现超重肥胖的风险显著增加,母亲孕前低体重且孕期增重不足或孕期增重正常的儿童出现超重肥胖的风险显著降低,其OR值及95%CI分别为1.575(1.031~2.411)、0.556(0.343~0.872)、0.411(0.233~0.719),均P<0.05。结论母亲孕前BMI超重和孕期增重过度均是学龄前儿童发生超重肥胖的影响因素,并且母亲孕前BMI的影响更加严重。     

Overweight and obesity in prepubertal schoolchildren: the association with low birth weight and family antecedents of cardiovascular disease. Embu - metropolitan region of São Paulo, 2006

The aim was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren and the association with birth weight and family antecedents of cardiovascular disease. This cross-sectional study used a probabilistic sample of 929 schoolchildren aged 6 to 10 years. The variables were: body mass index (BMI), birth weight and family antecedents of cardiovascular disease. The statistical analysis consisted of the chi-square test (Pearson) and odds ratio, as association measurements. Of the schoolchildren (54.6% of which were female), 14.4% and 13.3% were overweight and obese, respectively. Low birth weight was reported among 9.4% and family antecedents of cardiovascular disease among 35.2%. Overweight or obesity (BMI e" P85) was associated with the presence of family antecedents of cardiovascular disease (OR = 1.66; 95% CI 1.23-2.23) and male sex (OR = 1.37; 95%CI 1.02-1.83); there was no association with birth weight. The results indicate the need for preventive actions for children with family antecedents of cardiovascular disease.     

Relationship of child-feeding practices to overweight in low-income Mexican-American preschool-aged children

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship of child-feeding practices and other factors to overweight in low-income Mexican-American preschool-aged children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey with anthropometric measurements of mothers and target children. Trained bilingual staff interviewed the parents to collect data on child-feeding strategies, food patterns, child's health history, parental acculturation level, food insecurity, and other household characteristics.Subjects and setting Complete data were available from 204 low-income Mexican-American parents residing in California with at least one child aged 3 to 5 years.Outcomes measured Risk of overweight was defined as body mass index (BMI) (measured as weight [in kilograms]/height [in meters](2)) >/=85th percentile and overweight was defined as BMI >/=95th percentile. The Student t test, chi(2) test, and logistic regression were used. RESULTS: Three variables were positively related to risk of overweight: birth weight (odds ratio [OR], 2.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 4.82), mother's BMI >/=30 (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.11 to 3.79), and juice intake (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.09 to 4.98). Being enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children was negatively related to risk of overweight (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.75). Additional variables related to overweight were monthly income >$1,500 (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.00 to 5.42) and child takes food from the refrigerator between meals (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.76). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that biological and socioeconomic factors are more associated with overweight in Mexican-American preschool-aged children than most of the self-reported child-feeding strategies.     

Television watching and frequency of family meals are predictive of overweight onset and persistence in a national sample of school-aged children

OBJECTIVE: To identify eating and activity factors associated with school-aged children's onset of overweight and persistent overweight. DESIGN: Data were gathered at four time points between kindergarten entry and spring of third grade. Children were directly weighed and measured and categorized as not overweight (<95th percentile of body mass index) or overweight (> or =95th percentile body mass index); parents were interviewed by telephone or in person. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Subjects were participants in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort, a nationally representative sample of children who entered kindergarten during 1998-1999. Children who weighed <2,000 g at birth, received therapeutic services before kindergarten, skipped or repeated a grade, or without complete height and weight data were excluded, resulting in 8,459 participants. Children with intermittent overweight were not examined (n=459); analyses addressed 8,000 children. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three mutually exclusive groups of children were identified: never overweight, overweight onset, and persistent overweight. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Multilevel, multivariate logistic regression analyses estimated the effects of eating and activity factors on the odds of overweight onset and persistent overweight above child sex, race, and family socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Children who watched more television (odds ratio [OR] 1.02) and ate fewer family meals (OR 1.08) were more likely to be overweight for the first time at spring semester of third grade. Children who watched more television (OR 1.03), ate fewer family meals (OR 1.08), and lived in neighborhoods perceived by parents as less safe for outdoor play (OR 1.32) were more likely to be persistently overweight. Child aerobic exercise and opportunities for activity were not associated with a greater likelihood of weight problems. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports theories regarding the contributions of television watching, family meals, and neighborhood safety to childhood weight status. When working with families to prevent and treat childhood weight problems, food and nutrition professionals should attend to children's time spent with screen media, the frequency of family mealtimes, and parents' perceptions of neighborhood safety for children's outdoor play.     

乌鲁木齐学龄前儿童超重肥胖现状及相关因素分析

  目的  了解学龄前儿童超重肥胖现状及其影响因素,为预防和控制乌鲁木齐市学龄前儿童超重肥胖的发生提供参考依据。  方法  采用分层整群抽样方法,于2021年10—12月抽取乌鲁木齐市10所幼儿园1 897名学龄前儿童,通过对身高、体重的测量了解学龄前儿童超重肥胖现状,应用一般资料调查问卷、学龄前儿童饮食行为量表、学龄前儿童照护人喂养行为量表、3~6岁儿童家庭养育环境量表、学龄前儿童体力活动问卷等分析其相关因素。  结果  学龄前儿童超重肥胖检出率为31.21%(592名),其中超重率为19.50%(370名),肥胖率为11.70%(222名)。儿童超重肥胖检出率在不同年龄、性别、儿童饮食习惯(喜食肉类)、父亲体质量指数、母亲体质量指数、母亲孕前体质量指数间差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为19.63,28.75,9.45,18.21,18.45,19.36,P值均 < 0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,性别、儿童饮食习惯、父亲体质量指数、母亲孕前体质量指数、过饱响应、外因性进食、主动进食能力、体重担忧、饮食行为限制、体力活动、家庭体力活动环境是学龄前儿童超重肥胖的相关因素(OR值分别为0.52,1.43,1.51,1.44,0.69,0.74,1.35,1.71,0.81,0.96,1.10,P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  乌鲁木齐市学龄前儿童超重肥胖问题严峻,应加强教育、控制饮食、科学锻炼,以防止儿童超重肥胖的发生。     

Food insecurity and gender are risk factors for obesity

OBJECTIVE: Examine relationships between adult obesity, childhood overweight, and food insecurity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional retrospective study. SETTING: Community settings in Hartford, Connecticut. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of 200 parents and their 212 children, aged 2-12. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Adult obesity (Body Mass Index [BMI] > 30), childhood overweight (BMI-for-age > 95(th) percentile), and household food security (U.S. Department of Agriculture module). ANALYSIS: Chi-square tests between weight status and socioeconomic characteristics. Multinomial regression analyses to determine risk factors for adult obesity and childhood overweight. RESULTS: Over half of parents (51%) were obese, and almost one-third of children (31.6%) were overweight. Over half of households were food insecure. Food insecure adults were significantly more likely to be obese as those who were food secure (Odds Ratio [OR]=2.45, p = .02). Being a girl and having an obese parent doubled the likelihood of children being overweight (OR=2.56, P = .01; OR=2.32, P = .03). Children with family incomes below 100% of poverty were half as likely to be overweight as those with higher incomes (OR=.47, P = .05). Food insecurity did not increase odds of childhood overweight. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Obesity prevention programs and policies need to address food insecurity and gender as key risk factors.     

Regular sugar-sweetened beverage consumption between meals increases risk of overweight among preschool-aged children

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (eg, nondiet carbonated drinks and fruit drinks) and the prevalence of overweight among preschool-aged children living in Canada. DESIGN: Data come from the Longitudinal Study of Child Development in Québec (1998-2002). SUBJECTS/SETTING: A representative sample (n=2,103) of children born in 1998 in Québec, Canada. A total of 1,944 children (still representative of the same-age children in this population) remaining at 4 to 5 years in 2002 participated in the nutrition study. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Data were collected via 24-hour dietary recall interview. Frequency of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption between meals at age 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 years was recorded and children's height and weight were measured. Multivariate regression analysis was done with Statistical Analysis System software. Weighted data were adjusted for within-child variability and significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: Overall, 6.9% of children who were nonconsumers of sugar-sweetened beverages between meals between the ages of 2.5 to 4.5 years were overweight at 4.5 years, compared to 15.4% of regular consumers (four to six times or more per week) at ages 2.5 years, 3.5 years, and 4.5 years. According to multivariate analysis, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption between meals more than doubles the odds of being overweight when other important factors are considered in multivariate analysis. Children from families with insufficient income who consume sugar-sweetened beverages regularly between the ages of 2.5 and 4.5 years are more than three times more likely to be overweight at age 4.5 years compared to nonconsuming children from sufficient income households. CONCLUSIONS: Regular sugar-sweetened beverage consumption between meals may put some young children at a greater risk for overweight. Parents should limit the quantity of sweetened beverages consumed during preschool years because it may increase propensity to gain weight.     

Risk factors for overweight in children from Southern Brazil

Risk factors for overweight were investigated in a cross-sectional survey of children aged 12-59 months in the Southern Brazilian city of Porto Alegre (n = 2,660). Odds ratios (OR) for overweight, defined by weight/height > 2 z-scores of the NCHS standards, were estimated for socioeconomic and demographic conditions, social environment, and childhood health events. Prevalence of overweight was 6.5%. In the multivariate model, the odds of overweight were positively associated with maternal education (schooling > 12 years, OR = 2.36; 95%CI: 1.21-4.60; 9-11 years, OR = 2.07; 95%CI: 1.16-3.70) and family income per capita > 2 times the minimum wage (OR = 1.86; 95%CI: 1.13-3.08) and negatively associated with maternal work (OR = 0.72; 95%CI: 0.52-0.99). Odds were higher for children born large-for-gestational-age (OR = 2.29; 95%CI: 1.36-3.85) and lower for children born small (OR = 0.57; 95%CI: 0.33-0.99), as compared to those born with adequate birth weight for gestational age. Paternal schooling, parental occupation, and maternal age at the child's birth were associated with overweight in the unadjusted model only. Programs are needed to prevent overweight during childhood, with special attention to families and children at increased risk.     

Food insufficiency, family income, and health in US preschool and school-aged children

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated associations between family income, food insufficiency, and health among US preschool and school-aged children. METHODS: Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Children were classified as food insufficient if the family respondent reported that the family sometimes or often did not get enough food to eat. Regression analyses were conducted with health measures as the outcome variables. Prevalence rates of health variables were compared by family income category, with control for age and gender. Odds ratios for food insufficiency were calculated with control for family income and other potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Low-income children had a higher prevalence of poor/fair health status and iron deficiency than high-income children. After confounding factors, including poverty status, had been controlled, food-insufficient children were significantly more likely to have poorer health status and to experience more frequent stomachaches and headaches than food-sufficient children; preschool food-insufficient children had more frequent colds. CONCLUSIONS: Food insufficiency and low family income are health concerns for US preschool and school-aged children.     

Number of siblings, birth order, and childhood overweight: a population-based cross-sectional study in Japan

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although several studies have investigated the relationship between the number of siblings or birth order and childhood overweight, the results are inconsistent. In addition, little is known about the impact of having older or younger siblings on overweight among elementary schoolchildren. The present population-based study investigated the relationship of the number of siblings and birth order with childhood overweight and evaluated the impact of having younger or older siblings on childhood overweight among elementary schoolchildren in Japan. METHODS: Subjects comprised fourth-grade schoolchildren (age, 9--10 years) in Ina Town during 1999--2009. Information about subjects' sex, age, birth weight, birth order, number of siblings, lifestyle, and parents' age, height, and weight was collected by a self-administered questionnaire, while measurements of subjects' height and weight were done at school. Childhood overweight was defined according to age- and sex-specific cut-off points proposed by the International Obesity Task Force. A logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of "number of siblings" or "birth order" for overweight. RESULTS: Data from 4026 children were analyzed. Only children (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.45-3.14) and youngest children (1.56, 1.13-2.16) significantly increased ORs for overweight compared with middle children. A larger number of siblings decreased the OR for overweight (P for trend < 0.001). Although there was no statistically significant relationship between a larger number of older siblings and overweight, a larger number of younger siblings resulted in a lower OR for overweight (P for trend < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Being an only or youngest child was associated with childhood overweight, and having a larger number of younger siblings was negatively associated with overweight. The present study suggests that public health interventions to prevent childhood overweight need to focus on children from these family backgrounds.     

厦门市352例学龄前儿童营养与饮食行为的相关性分析

目的 分析城乡学龄前儿童的营养状况与饮食行为的关系。方法 对厦门市城乡3所幼儿园的352例学龄前儿童进行儿童体格测量、营养评估和家庭饮食行为问卷调查,应用SPSS 22.0软件分析影响因素。结果 352例学龄前儿童营养状况:超重检出率为8.24%(29/352),肥胖3.13%(11/352),生长迟缓0.85%(3/352);身高低于中位数者占45.5%(132/352)。线性回归分析显示:儿童年龄别身高与出生身长、父母身高、鱼类海产品摄入、人均收入显著相关(P＜0.01),儿童年龄别体重仅与出生体重和父亲体重显著相关,Spearman相关性分析城市儿童身高高于乡村儿童(r=0.178,P＜0.01)。儿童体质指数(BMI)的线性回归分析发现,进餐速度、玩电子产品时间越长、越“希望孩子吃得多”、越认为“孩子胖就是健康”,儿童的BMI数值就越高。结论 长期动态监测学龄前儿童的体格发育、营养及饮食行为,及时发现问题并积极采取有效措施进行纠正,有利于学龄前儿童的健康成长。     

Parental overweight as an indicator of childhood overweight: how sensitive?

This study determined the sensitivity and specificity of parental overweight from self-reported height and weight to identify families with overweight school age children. A cross sectional study was conducted among 3059 parents and their children (1558 boys and 1501 girls) aged 7-12 years in five primary schools of Busan, Korea. BMI was calculated from parental reported height and weight and from children's measured height and weight. Parents were considered overweight when their BMI was >25 kg/m2 (WHO, 2000). Children were considered overweight when their BMI was >95th percentile (CDC, 2000). Prevalence of overweight was calculated and logistic regressions were performed. The sensitivity and specificity of parental overweight were calculated. A total of 26% (805/3059) parents were overweight. Of the families with one overweight parent, 15% (N = 109) had an overweight child. When both parents were overweight, 17% (N = 9) had an overweight child. After adjusting for child's age and gender, parental education, family income, and spouse's BMI as required, the odds of having an overweight child were 2.5 [1.8, 3.3] for one overweight parent, and 3.2 [1.4, 7.1] for both overweight parents. While the sensitivity of one overweight parent to identify families with overweight school age children was 44%, specificity was 75%. The presence of both overweight parents provided a 3% sensitivity and 98% specificity for the identification of an overweight school age child. Although parental overweight was obtained from self-reported weight and height in Busan (Korea), it is a practical indicator to identify families with an overweight school age child, it has poor sensitivity.     

低出生体重儿追赶性生长跨度与儿童期超重肥胖的相关性研究

目的 分析低出生体重儿生长早期体重指数(BMI)增幅跨度与儿童期生长水平及发生超重肥胖的关联度,为指导低出生体重儿适度追赶生长提供科学依据。方法 回顾性收集温州市2011年10月-2012年9月期间出生的儿童,将其分为低出生体重组和正常出生体重组进行研究。采集两组儿童满月、1周岁及5周岁时的体重、身长,并分别计算BMI。根据WHO《学龄前儿童生长发育标准》BMI界值点划分BMI分布区间,获取满月至1周岁BMI增幅跨度。分析不同BMI增幅跨度其5周岁时生长水平及超重肥胖发生概率。结果 低出生体重组BMI增幅在3个及以上跨度的较正常出生体重组高出近1/4;低出生体重组BMI增幅0个跨度与1~2个跨度之间超重肥胖发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),正常体重组各增幅跨度之间差异均存在统计学意义(P均<0.05);低出生体重儿BMI增幅与生长水平表现出一定的关联性,满月至周岁BMI处于同一区间的其5周岁体重、身高及BMI均未能达到WHO参考中位数,当BMI增幅达到5个及以上跨度时,体重和BMI高出WHO参考中位数,且差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论 大多数低出生体重儿较正常出生体重儿生长关键期BMI增幅跨度更大,BMI增幅跨度在1~2个区间的对今后生长及超重肥胖的控制较为有利。     

新疆乌鲁木齐市3～6岁学龄前儿童视屏时间状况及影响因素研究

目的 了解乌鲁木齐市3～6岁学龄前儿童的视屏时间状况以及影响视屏时间的因素,为学龄前儿童视屏干预及健康发展提供支持。方法 采用整群抽样的方法在乌鲁木齐市不同行政区各随机选取1所幼儿园,园内3～6岁儿童及其家长为研究对象,共对7所幼儿园的2 486名学龄前儿童进行身高体重的测量,并对家长进行问卷调查。调查内容主要包括学龄前儿童的基本信息、家庭情况、父母和儿童的健康状况、家庭结构、分娩方式等内容。并分析导致学龄前儿童视频时间超过2 h的影响因素。结果 乌鲁木齐市3～6岁学龄前儿童2周内平均每天视屏时间为（1.69±1.46） h,＞2 h的报告率为28.32%;星期六和星期日平均每天视屏时间为（2.24±1.92） h,＞2 h的报告率为39.58%;星期一至星期五平均每天视屏时间为（1.47±1.27） h,＞2 h的报告率为19.23%(478/2 486)。收看电视的视屏时间最长,平均每天（1.13±0.95） h,其次为使用平板电脑为（0.25±0.57） h,随后依次为使用手机、使用计算机、其他视屏时间等。二分类非条件Logistic回归分析表明,父亲年龄在35岁以下(OR值为1.45)、母亲当前BMI值在24.0及以上(OR值为1.34)、父亲和母亲学历在本科以下(OR值为1.29、2.07)是1周时间平均每天视屏时间＞2 h的危险因素(P值均＜0.05)。结论 乌鲁木齐市学龄前儿童视屏时间超过2 h/d有一定比例,年龄、母亲BMI、父亲年龄、父母学历层次是影响学龄前儿童视屏时间超过2 h/d的因素。     

Childhood Asthma and Extreme Values of Body Mass Index: The Harlem Children’s Zone Asthma Initiative

To examine the association between body mass index (BMI) percentile and asthma in children 2-11 years of age, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of 853 Black and Hispanic children from a community-based sample of 2- to 11-year olds with measured heights and weights screened for asthma by the Harlem Children's Zone Asthma Initiative. Current asthma was defined as parent/guardian-reported diagnosis of asthma and asthma-related symptoms or emergency care in the previous 12 months. Among girls, asthma prevalence increased approximately linearly with increasing body mass index (BMI) percentile, from a low of 12.0% among underweight girls (BMI 95th percentile). After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and household smoking, among girls, having asthma was associated with being at risk for overweight (odds ratio [OR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-5.0) and being overweight (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.8) compared to normal weight; among boys, having asthma was associated both with overweight (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.3) and with underweight (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.1-7.7). Large, prospective studies that include very young children are needed to further explore the observed association between underweight and asthma among boys. Early interventions that concomitantly address asthma and weight gain are needed among pre-school and school-aged children.     

Adverse family experiences and obesity in children and adolescents in the United States

While exposure to adverse family experiences (AFEs), subset of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), has been associated with childhood obesity, less is known about the impact of exposures to each type of AFE. Using 2011–2012 National Survey of Children's Health data, we evaluated associations between exposure to individual AFEs and overweight/obesity status in children 10 years or older, adjusting for socio-demographic factors. Caregivers reported their child's height, weight, and exposure to nine AFEs; body mass index (BMI) was classified by Center for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) guidelines.At Mayo Clinic, we calculated frequencies and weighted estimates of socio-demographic factors and AFEs. Unadjusted and adjusted weighted multinomial logistic regression models were employed to assess the independent associations of each AFE and the different AFE composite scores with BMI category. Exposure to two or more AFEs was independently associated with increased odds of overweight (odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13, 1.56) and obese (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.21, 1.73) status after adjustment for age, household income, parents' education-level, race and sex. Death of parent (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.18, 2.15) and hardship due to family income (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06, 1.50) were independently associated with obesity status with adjustment for other AFEs and socio-demographic factors.Our results suggest that, in addition to cumulative exposure to AFEs, exposure to certain childhood experiences are more strongly associated with childhood obesity than others. Death of parent and hardship due to family income are individual AFEs, which are strongly predictive of obesity.     

Developing a Treatment Program for Obesity in Preschool-Age Children: Preliminary Data

This study developed and tested the feasibility of a behavioral intervention that utilizes clinic and home visitations to reduce overweight in preschool children above the 95th body mass index (BMI) percentile. Five families of preschool children ages 2 to 5 years with a BMI above the 95th percentile and 1 overweight parent were enrolled in a 24-week behavioral weight management program. Phase I, Intensive Treatment, included 12 weekly sessions, alternating group-based clinic sessions, and home settings. Phase II, Maintenance, included 6 biweekly sessions alternating between the clinic and home settings. Treatment focused on teaching parents to use behavioral child management strategies to systematically implement dietary changes across beverages, snacks, and meals, as well as to increase physical activity. Home visits focused on modifying the home food environment and in vivo use of child behavior management skills. Treatment targeted either weight maintenance or a small weight loss. Outcome measures were obtained at baseline (Week 0), end of treatment (Week 24), and at 6-month follow up after treatment ended (Week 52). Three participants completed 24 weeks of treatment and were compared to 2 participants who did not complete treatment. Treatment completers showed reductions in zBMI and percentage of overweight, whereas 2 non-completing families increased their percentage of overweight and maintained their zBMI at 6-month follow up. These results suggest initial support for development of a behavior-based weight management intervention for obese preschool children and their families. Intervention targets appear to be enhanced by the inclusion of home visitations in which food environments are changed to facilitate treatment goals.     

北京市怀柔区学龄前儿童肥胖影响因素分析

目的 分析北京市怀柔区3~6岁学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖的影响因素,为早期干预提供依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样、病例对照研究的方法,对396例学龄前儿童进行家长自填问卷调查,Logistic回归分析其影响因素。结果 父母平均体重肥胖组高于正常组(P＜0.001)。父亲高体重(OR=1.082)、生后6个月采用人工喂养(OR=5.986)、每餐以肉为主(OR=7.979)、强迫儿童进食某种食物(如高能量食物)(OR=4.801)、家长对儿童体重过高预期(OR=6.191)为学龄前儿童肥胖的危险因素;家长控制儿童体重的行为(OR=0.059)为学龄前儿童肥胖的保护因素。结论 学龄前儿童肥胖的发生是多因素相互作用的结果,其中从控制父母体重、鼓励母乳喂养、平衡膳食等方面早期干预,将有益于早期预防儿童肥胖。     

Birth size and accelerated growth during infancy are associated with increased odds of childhood overweight in Mexican children

OBJECTIVE: The associations of birth size, rate of growth during infancy, and odds of childhood overweight have not yet been thoroughly investigated in contemporary cohorts in low- and middle-income countries. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of birth size (using body mass index at birth) and accelerated growth during infancy (defined as upward growth curve percentile crossing between birth and age 1 year) on the odds of childhood overweight. A secondary goal was to characterize the sociodemographic correlates of accelerated growth during infancy. DESIGN: Observational prospective cohort. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Participants were 163 children and their mothers living in semiurban Mexico who were originally recruited between 1997 and 2000 and followed until 2005. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome was childhood overweight (as assessed by body mass index). Secondary outcome was accelerated growth during infancy. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Multivariate linear regression and logistic regression were used to determine the associations among birth size, accelerated growth, and childhood overweight. RESULTS: Increased size at birth and accelerated growth during the first year of life increased the odds of childhood overweight (odds ratio [OR] 7.62, P<0.0005 and OR 2.23, P<0.05, respectively). The effect of accelerated growth on odds of childhood overweight varied by size at birth (OR for interaction term 0.63, P<0.05). Living in a "dual burden" household, where the child was underweight at birth and the mother was overweight 4 to 6 years after birth, was associated with accelerated growth during the first year of life. CONCLUSIONS: In a sample of Mexican children living in poverty, accelerated growth during infancy was associated with increased odds of childhood overweight among small and normal-sized babies. Among large babies, accelerated growth did not appear to pose an additional risk for overweight beyond that of high birth weight. Upward growth curve percentile crossing in infancy may be predictive of future childhood overweight status, particularly among smaller infants.     

Weight status in childhood as a predictor of becoming overweight or hypertensive in early adulthood

OBJECTIVE: To assess the extent to which weight status in childhood or adolescence predicts becoming overweight or hypertensive by young adulthood. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: We conducted a prospective study of 314 children, who were 8 to 15 years old at baseline, and were followed up 8 to 12 years later. Weight, height, and blood pressure were measured by trained research staff. Incident overweight was defined as BMI>or=25 kg/m2 among participants who had not been overweight as children. RESULTS: More male subjects (48.3%) than female subjects (23.5%) became overweight or obese between their first childhood visit and the young adult follow-up (p<0.001). Being in the upper one half of the normal weight range (i.e., BMI between the 50th and 84th percentiles for age and gender in childhood) was a good predictor of becoming overweight as a young adult. Compared with children with a BMI<50th percentile, girls and boys between the 50th and 74th percentiles of BMI were approximately 5 times more likely [boys, odds ratio (OR)=5.3, p=0.002; girls, OR=4.8, p=0.07] and those with a BMI between the 75th and 84th percentiles were up to 20 times more likely (boys, OR=4.3, p=0.02; girls, OR=20.2, p=0.001) to become overweight. The incidence of high blood pressure was greater among the male subjects (12.3% vs. 1.9%). Compared with boys who had childhood BMI below the 75th percentile, boys between the 75th and 85th percentiles of BMI as children were four times more likely (OR=3.6) and those at above the 85th percentile were five times more likely (OR=5.1) to become hypertensive. DISCUSSION: High normal weight status in childhood predicted becoming overweight or obese as an adult. Also, among the boys, elevated BMI in childhood predicted risk of hypertension in young adulthood.