野生型p53基因对肝癌细胞多药耐药的逆转作用及其相关机制

背景与目的：细胞凋亡的发生机制在肿瘤多药耐药中起重要作用,野生型p53基因是细胞凋亡的激活剂,与肿瘤多药耐药密切相关。本研究旨在探讨野生型p53基因能否实现对肝癌细胞多药耐药的逆转以及逆转的相关机制。方法：构建野生型P53蛋白表达序列的真核表达载体pCR3．1-p53,用脂质体转染技术建立人肝癌细胞Bel-7402的p53转染细胞株,对转染细胞株进行MTT实验,观察p53基因对肿瘤细胞生长的抑制作用和对肝癌细胞对长春新碱（vincristine,VCR）药物敏感性的影响,姬姆萨染色法观察细胞形态,免疫组织化学SP法检测细胞P糖蛋白（P—glycoprotein,P—gp）的表达,逆转录PCR法检测细胞内mdr1、MRP、GSTπ、TopoⅡ mRNA的表达。结果：转染p53的Bel—p53细胞生长明显慢于未转染的Bel-7402细胞。转染野生型p53的Bel-p53细胞在VCR浓度为0．01μg／ml,0．1μg／ml,1．0μg／ml,10μg／ml,25μg／ml时,其药物敏感性增加;VCR作用最佳浓度为1．0μg／ml。形态学检查转染细胞,在VCR作用下细胞数明显减少,细胞散在不成片、细胞高度水肿、胞体不规则突起,可见核固缩、核裂解、核溶解。p53基因对Bel-7402细胞的mdr1／P—gP的表达有明显的抑制作用．对TopoⅡα基因的表达有上调作用,对GSTπ、MRP基因表达没有影响。结论：p53基因对肝癌细胞多药耐药有逆转作用．其逆转机制可能与降低mdr1／P—gp的表达、上调TopoⅡα的表达．从而增加细胞内VCR药物浓度和VCR药效有关。     

mdm2 gene mediates the expression of mdr1 gene and P-glycoprotein in a human glioblastoma cell line.

The overexpression of the multidrug resistance (mdr1) gene and its product, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), is thought to limit the successful chemotherapy of human tumours. The mechanism by which mdr1 gene and P-gp are overexpressed in human tumours, however, is not yet clear. In this report, we show that the mdm2 (murine double minute 2) gene induced the expression of the mdr1 gene and P-gp in human glioblastoma U87-MG cells, which did not express the MDM2 protein or P-gp. The mdm2 gene, in addition, conferred the resistance of U87-MG cells to the apoptotic cell death induced by etoposide (VP-16) or doxorubicin. Furthermore, treatment with mdm2 antisense oligonucleotides inhibited the expression of P-gp in MDM2-expressing U87-MG cells. These findings suggest that the mdm2 gene may play an important role in the development of MDR phenotype in human tumours.     

两种鼻咽癌细胞X线照射前后多药耐药基因的表达

目的检测鼻咽癌CNE1和CNE2细胞在X线照射前后多药耐药基因（mdr1基因）及其编码产物P糖蛋白（P—glycopro—tein，P-gp）表达情况，探讨鼻咽癌细胞射线照射与诱导多药耐药的相关性。方法利用RT—PCR和Western blot方法检测CNE1和CNE2细胞射线照射前后的mdrl基因和P—gP的表达。结果鼻咽癌CNE1和CNE2细胞射线照射前mdr1基因、P-gp不表达；射线照射后较长时间内mdr1基因及P—gP长时间表达。结论鼻咽癌CNE1和CNE2细胞经X线照射有可能诱导多药耐药。     

RNA干扰技术逆转神经胶质瘤细胞多药耐药性

目的 探讨利用RNA干扰（RNAi）技术逆转神经胶质瘤细胞多药耐药性。方法 根据多药耐药基因1（MDR1）的碱基序列设计并合成短发夹RNA（shRNA）,构建逆转录病毒质粒载体,用阳离子脂质体法体外转染BT325细胞株,以增强型绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）表达作为对照。采用定量PCR、Northern blot检测转染前后MDR1 mRNA的表达,Western blot检测蛋白表达;使用CCK-8试剂盒对转染后的细胞进行化疗药物敏感性试验,评价RNAi对多药耐药性的逆转作用。结果 成功构建RNAi质粒载体。共转染实验组RT-PCR定量MDR1 mRNA相对表达水平均有所下降（P〈0．05）;Northern blot表明,转染48h细胞干扰最强;Western blot显示,siRNA各转染组P-糖蛋白（P-gp）的表达分别降低12．9％、30．3％和4．8％,在48h抑制最强;而药物敏感试验显示,转染siRNA后细胞对药物的敏感性明显增强。结论 RNAi能够明显抑制神经胶质瘤细胞系MDR1 mRNA和P-gp蛋白的表达,进而对多药耐药性发挥明显的逆转作用,为基因治疗提供了一种新的手段。     

RNAi对白血病细胞mdr-1基因和多药耐药表型的影响

目的:探讨RNA干扰技术(RNAi)对慢性粒细胞白血病急变细胞系K562/AO2细胞mdr1基因的抑制和耐药表型的逆转作用。方法:选择合成封闭mdr-1基因的小干扰序列(si-MDR1),以1个碱基突变的si-MDR1-mut为对照序列,在脂质体介导下转染至K562/AO2细胞系。RT-PCR和Western blot检测mdr1 mRNA及P-gp蛋白水平,流式细胞术分析细胞内柔红霉素(daunorubicin,DNR)积累量,并以四甲基唑蓝快速比色法(MTT)反映K562/AO2对阿霉素、长春新碱、足叶乙甙药物敏感性的变化。结果:实验证实该序列能高效封闭K562/AO2细胞内mdr-1基因表达,增加细胞内化疗药物DNR积累量,增强K562/AO2细胞对阿霉素、长春新碱、足叶乙甙的敏感性。结论:RNAi可以通过抑制mdr1基因表达,逆转K562/AO2细胞耐药表型。     

Establishment and characterization of new cellular lymphoma model expressing transgenic human MDR1

Multidrug resistance (MDR) due to the expression of the MDR1 gene and its P-glycoprotein (Pgp) product is a major factor in the prognosis and clinical outcome of patients with refractory lymphomas and other malignancies. The aim of our study was to establish a lymphoma, cellular system where a de novo acquisition of multidrug resistance is specifically related to overexpression of a transgenic, human MDR1. A multidrug sensitive lymphoma cell line (LM1) was established from a sporadic T-cell lymphoma of BALB/c mouse and was transduced by a retroviral vector containing the human MDR1 cDNA. The resultant cell variant (LM1/MDR) was characterized in comparison to the parental LM1 cells. The LM1/MDR cell variant is cross-resistant to DOX, COL, ACT D and VBL. This cell variant expresses the human MDR1 and exhibits de novo functional Pgp activity that can be blocked by the Pgp-modulators VRP and KT-5720. The acquired MDR of LM1/MDR is not accompanied with gene amplification, alternative splicing or up-regulation of the murine endogenous mdr1a, mdr1b, mrp1, mrp2 and mrp3 transporter-genes. Therefore, the acquired MDR is, specifically, human MDR1-dependent as it has been found in malignant cells of most lymphoma patients. Moreover, this system can be used as a model to study MDR and the efficacy of drugs and modulators on malignant cells where human Pgp is a major factor of multidrug resistance.     

PKC抑制剂对 MGC803细胞中 P-gp表达及耐药性的影响

背景与目的:既往研究发现,肿瘤细胞的多药耐药 (multidrug resistance,MDR)与蛋白激酶 C(protein kinase C,PKC)信号转导系统关系密切 ,但其作用机制有待于进一步研究.本实验拟通过研究长春新碱( vincristine,VCR)及选择性 PKCα、β抑制剂 myr ψ PKC对人胃癌细胞 MGC803的作用,探讨 PKC信号转导系统与 mdr1基因的关系.方法:用 Western blot检测 MGC803细胞中 mdr1基因编码的 P 糖蛋白( P-glycoprotein,P-gp)的表达以及 VCR作用对其表达的影响,用流式细胞术对 VCR及作用后的细胞进行周期分析,同时用 MTT法验证 VCR诱导后及其作用下 MGC803细胞的药物敏感性.结果: MGC803细胞在 VCR短期作用下, P-gp表达增加,在 myr ψ PKC的作用下其表达受到抑制.通过细胞周期分析发现 VCR和 myr ψ PKC共同作用的细胞其凋亡比例为 31.23%,显著高于 VCR单独作用时的细胞凋亡率( 18.41%)( P< 0.05). VCR刺激后 MGC803细胞对 VCR的 IC50为 (284.0± 13.2)ng/ml,是阴性对照组 IC50[(127.0± 17.6)ng/ml]的 2.24倍,是 myr ψ PKC组 IC50[(212.0± 30.4)ng/ml]的 1.33倍.结论: MGC803细胞在 VCR的短期作用下可 诱导产生 P-gp,而 myr ψ PKC可通过选择性抑制 PKCα、β而抑制 P-gp的表达和逆转其耐药性,从而促进 MGC803细胞的凋亡. PKC可能对胃癌 mdr1表达有调节作用.     

Pleiotropic-resistant phenotype is a multifactorial phenomenon in human colon carcinoma cell lines.

The biochemical basis of multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype has been investigated in drug-resistant sublines independently obtained in our laboratories by single step doxorubicin (DOX) selection of LoVo, DLD1, and SW948 human colon carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. All the chemoresistant sublines have been found to be cross-resistant to DOX, actinomycin-D (ACT-D) and vincristine (VCR) but not to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP), and have exhibited an increased expression level of mdr1 mRNA and gp170 glycoprotein. Comparative analyses in drug-resistant and sensitive cells of resistance index, extracellular and intracellular equitoxic DOX concentrations, and mdr1 gene products expression have indicated that MDR phenotype is a multifactorial phenomenon due to different and possibly independent biochemical mechanisms which cooperate, in varying degrees from cell line to cell line, in conferring cellular chemoresistance.     

Fluorescent dye rhodamine 6G as a molecular probe to study drug resistance of C6 rat glioma cells

Summary A study was made of the membrane transport of cytoplasm and mitochondria stained fluorescence dye Rhodamine 6G (R6G). In rat glioma C6 cells and 1-(4-amino-2-metyl-5-pyrymidinyl)-metyl-3-(2-chloroetyl)-3-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU) and vincristine (VCR) resistant cell lines (C6/ACNU, C6/VCR), the rate of uptake of R6G decreased in C6/VCR cells, but verapamil increased the intracellular accumulation of R6G in C6/VCR. The intracellular accumulation of R6G of C6/ACNU cells was essentially the same as that of wild-type cells. C6/ACNU cells did not show cross resistance and were sensitive to VCR and cisplatin. C6/VCR cells showed cross resistance to ACNU and CDDP, but C6/VCR cells in the presence of verapamil were more sensitive to drugs than C6/VCR cells in the absence of verapamil. We conclude that the reduction of R6G fluorescence staining intensity in C6/VCR cells compared to wild-type cells may be associated with the mechanism of multidrug resistance (MDR) but does not reflect the mechanism of resistance to ACNU. Verapamil increased the accumulation of R6G in C6/VCR cells and overcame MDR, suggesting that there is a correlation between the MDR overcoming effect and enhancement of R6G accumulation, and that this correlation validates the use of the R6G staining test for clinical and laboratory investigation of MDR.     

Intracellular P-glycoprotein expression is associated with the intrinsic multidrug resistance phenotype in human colon adenocarcinoma cells

The 2 clones, LoVo 5 and LoVo 7, derived from untreated LoVo WT human colon adenocarcinoma cells and exhibiting different sensitivity to doxorubicin (DOX), were compared in order to identify possible determinants of intrinsic drug resistance. A multidrug resistant variant cell line, selected from LoVo WT cells by continuous exposure to DOX (LoVo DX), was also included in the study. Analysis of the expression and organization of cytoskeletal elements by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy evidenced a positive correlation between vimentin expression and DOX resistance in LoVo 7 and LoVo DX cells, whereas differences in actin, tubulin or cytokeratin did not seem to relate to drug response. The expression and localization of different drug transporters commonly implicated in drug resistance, i.e., the MDR1 gene product P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the multidrug resistance-related protein MRP and the lung resistance-related protein LRP were also investigated by means of flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, following labeling with specific monoclonal antibodies. Surface expression of P-gp was only detected in LoVo DX cells, which also exhibited increased MRP and LRP protein levels. However, significant amounts of P-gp were found at intracellular sites in the intrinsically resistant LoVo 7 clone. Modulation of P-gp function by cyclosporin A was found to alter DOX accumulation and efflux in LoVo 7 cells, indicating that intracellular P-gp plays a functional role in drug trafficking and suggesting possible implications in determining the intrinsic resistance displayed by this clone.     

siRNA对SGC7901/VCR细胞mdr1基因沉默效果的影响因素分析

目的分析siRNA沉默人胃癌SGC7901/VCR细胞mdr1基因效果的相关因素。方法设计并体外转录合成4条靶向mdr1的siRNA(mdr1si326、mdr1si1513、mdr1si2631和mdr1si3071),转染SGC7901/VCR细胞,用RTPCR和免疫印迹检测mdr1mRNA和Pgp的表达、流式细胞仪检测细胞内阿霉素的蓄积和MTT法检测细胞对阿霉素的敏感性,综合这4方面结果评价4条siRNA的沉默效果情况;用分子生物学软分析siRNA沉默效果的影响因素。结果沉默效果最好的mdr1si326和较好的mdr1si2631靶序列编码Pgp的跨膜区而且自身无茎和袢;沉默效果较差的mdr1si3071和最差的mdr1si1513靶序列编码Pgp的胞内区,前者自身成茎和成袢。沉默效果最好的mdr1si326和较好的mdr1si2631靶序列在靶位点和靶位点外间有较少的碱基配对和氢键。siRNA的沉默效果与siRNA3’5’端3个碱基中的A/U数量、N1和N19、GC含量间无规律可循。结论siRNA沉默SGC7901/VCR细胞mdr1的效果与靶序列的结构关系密切。     

Reversal of drug resistance mediated by hammerhead ribozyme against multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 in a human glioma cell line

We examined the effects of suppressing multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) gene expression in a human glioma cell line U87MG. Hammerhead ribozymes, designed to cleave MRP1 mRNA (alphaMRP1-Rz), were transfected into the U87MG cells. The U87MG/alphaMRP1-Rz cells were significantly sensitive to nitrosourea (ACNU) and doxorubicin (DOX) compared with the U87MG cells (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively, unpaired t-test). There was no significant difference in the expression of other human genes between the U87MG/alphaMRP1-Rz and controls by cDNA array. The hammerhead ribozyme-mediated specific suppression of MRP1 was sufficient to reverse the resistance of ACNU and DOX in the human glioma cell line.     

shRNA沉默多药耐药胃癌细胞7901/VCR MDR1基因表达的实验研究

目的利用RNAi技术干扰胃癌多药耐药细胞（7901/VCR）多药耐药基因（MDR1）的表达,为临床肿瘤的基因治疗奠定基础。方法根据MDR1的碱基序列设计并合成两对短发夹RNA,构建重组载体,用阳离子脂质体法体外转染7901/VCR;采用MTT法检测转染胃癌细胞的生长抑制率,流式细胞术检测细胞周期变化,RT-PCR和Western blot检测转染前后MDR1 mRNA和蛋白表达的变化。结果成功构建RNAi质粒载体,转染后细胞IC50明显降低（P〈0.05）;G1期细胞增加,S期细胞减少（P〈0.05）;MDR1 mRNA转录水平下降（P〈0.05）,P-糖蛋白（P-gp）的表达水平降低（P〈0.05）。结论RNAi能明显抑制胃癌细胞7901/VCR MDR1mRNA和P-gp蛋白的表达,进而对肿瘤细胞多药耐药性有明显的逆转作用,为基因治疗提供了一种新的手段。     

Osteoblastic differentiation and P-glycoprotein multidrug resistance in a murine osteosarcoma model

A recent study of multidrug resistance (MDR) 1 gene transfected osteosarcoma cells found a cause-effect relationship between increased expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and a low aggressive phenotype. However, several experimental and clinical studies have observed contradictory findings in that P-gp expression has been associated with tumour progression. In the present study, we characterized P-gp-positive and P-gp-negative single-cell clones of a murine osteosarcoma, to further investigate the relationship between P-gp expression and changes in cell phenotype. Although these clones were all selected by doxorubicin (DOX) exposure, they were heterogeneous with respect to MDR1 gene expression. The P-gp-positive clones revealed MDR phenotype, whereas the P-gp-negative clones showed no resistance to drugs. Morphological and functional analysis showed that both the P-gp-positive and P-gp-negative clones were more differentiated than the parent cells in terms of enhanced activity of cellular alkaline phosphatase, an increase in well-organized actin stress fibres and enhanced osteogenic activity. Moreover, these subclones all displayed a decrease in malignant potential such as oncogenic activity, tumour growth rate and metastatic ability, regardless of their P-gp status. These results indicate that the observed osteoblastic differentiation and less aggressive phenotype in DOX-selected osteosarcoma cells may not only be explained by the direct effect of P-gp, and accordingly, consideration of the effect of DOX, as well as P-gp, appears to be important.     

Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance with small interference RNA (siRNA) in leukemia cells

The multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the MDR1 gene product, is one of the major obstacles in leukemia treatment. The present study was designed to explore a MDR1-targeted small interfering RNA (si-MDR1) approach for reversal of P-gp-mediated MDR in the MDR human leukemia cell line k562/A02. It was found that si-MDR1 significantly inhibited MDR1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Depletion of MDR1 by si-MDR1 correlated with the increased sensitivity of the cells to cytotoxic agents and with the enhanced intracellular retention of daunorubicin (DNR). One base-pair mutated control (si-MDR1-Mut) lost the effect of si-MDR1 on both the degradation of mdr1 mRNA and the reduction of P-gp expression. These findings indicate that siRNA specifically and efficiently interferes with the expression of mdr1 and could be used as a molecularly defined therapeutic approach for MDR in the treatment of leukemia.     

EGCG对人耐药口腔表皮样癌细胞株耐药逆转的实验

 目的 研究EGCG对人多药耐药口腔癌细胞KBV200的细胞毒增敏作用及裸鼠移植瘤的抑瘤作用。方法 MTT法检测药物对细胞的毒性作用，流式细胞术分别检测细胞P糖蛋白的表达，HPLC检测细胞内VCR浓度，采用KB和KBV200细胞分别种植同一裸鼠左、右腋下，观察用药后体重、抑瘤率的改变。RT-PCR检测瘤组织mdr1的表达。结果 EGCG在100mg·L^-1以下剂量对两株肿瘤细胞的抑制率均小于10％，EGCG与VCR联合应用可明显提高VCR的细胞毒作用；EGCG联合VCR作用后KBV200细胞内VCR浓度升高，P糖蛋白的表达下降；EGCG可增加VCR对KBV200的抑瘤作用，可降低瘤组织MDR1的表达量。结论 EGCG可增强VCR对多药耐药肿瘤细胞KBV200的细胞毒作用，机制可能与降低MDRI-mRNA、P-gp表达，提高细胞内药物浓度有关。     

A novel quinoline derivative, MS-209, overcomes drug resistance of human lung cancer cells expressing the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) gene

Purpose and methods: MS-209 is a newly synthesized quinoline compound used orally to overcome human P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR). The multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) gene is thought to play an important role in MDR in lung cancer. To investigate whether MS-209 could also overcome MRP-mediated MDR, we examined the effect of the compound using a cytotoxicity assay on MDR1 gene-negative drug-selected MDR and wildtype lung cancer cells with various levels of MRP gene expression. The effects of MS-209 were compared with those of verapamil (VER) and cyclosporin A (CsA). The level of MRP gene expression in the cells was evaluated semiquantitatively by RT-PCR. For vincristine (VCR), intracellular accumulation of [³H]-VCR was measured with or without MS-209. Results: In MDR UMCC-1/VP small-cell lung carcinoma cell line, 5 μM of MS-209 and VER enhanced the cytotoxicity of etoposide, doxorubicin (DOX) and VCR more than twofold, and completely reversed the resistance to VCR. The mean reversing effects of MS-209 on DOX and VCR were significantly stronger than those of VER and CsA. In wildtype non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells, the effects of MS-209 were almost equal to those of VER and CsA. The effect of these three agents correlated with the level of MRP gene expression. The MS-209-induced increase in intracellular accumulation of VCR was proportional to the level of MRP gene expression in these cells. Conclusion: Our results indicate that MS-209 is a potentially useful drug that can overcome MRP-mediated intrinsic and acquired MDR in human lung cancer. Received: 27 August 1996 / Accepted: 14 January 1997     

Multidrug resistance gene 1 expression in salivary gland adenocarcinomas and oral squamous-cell carcinomas

In combined chemotherapy for head-and-neck cancer (HNC), salivary gland-cell adenocarcinoma (SGA) shows insufficient clinical outcome, and it has been suggested that the sensitivity and/or the mechanism of resistance to anti-cancer drugs are different between SGA and oral squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC). The aim of our study was to clarify whether P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression is associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) in HNC and the difference in the process of its development between SGA and SCC. In immunohistochemical analysis, P-gp expression was found in the ductal cells of salivary glands but not in oral mucosal epithelium. In cancer tissues, a few SCC cells in 12 of 37 and most cells in all SGAs expressed P-gp. The intensive P-gp expression was significantly found in SGA compared with SCC. In an in vivo chemotherapeutic model using tumor-bearing nude mice, P-gp expression in counterparts was observed in only a few cells of the HSY line, while no P-gp expression was observed in Hepd cells. However, P-gp expression was developed in both HSY and Hepd cell lines after vincristine (VCR) treatment. RT-PCR showed that the mean ratios of mdr1 mRNA expression levels in HSY clones were 3.7-fold higher than those in Hepd clones after VCR treatment, while each cell line exhibited both induction and activated production of P-gp. These results suggest that P-gp-related MDR in SGA is an inherent phenotype caused by both high levels of P-gp induction and activated P-gp production during VCR treatment, while that in SCC is an acquired phenotype chiefly caused by induction of P-gp.