戊地昔布抑制Lewis肿瘤生长的作用

目的检测戊地昔布抑制肿瘤生长的作用并初步探讨其作用机制。方法流式细胞术检测戊地昔布对肿瘤细胞凋亡和细胞周期的影响,Westernblot检测戊地昔布对肿瘤组织Bcl2、Bax、Caspase3,MMP2和VEGF表达的影响,用MTT法检测脾淋巴细胞转化率。结果①戊地昔布抑制Lewis肿瘤的生长,提高荷瘤小鼠的存活率。②10～40mg·kg-1·d-1戊地昔布增加肿瘤细胞的凋亡率,从对照组的19.1%增加到23.1%～29.1%。但对细胞周期分布没有影响。③戊地昔布对Caspase3,Bax,MMP2和VEGF的表达没有明显影响,但降低抗凋亡蛋白Bcl2的表达。④戊地昔布对荷瘤小鼠体重,胸腺指数和脾脏指数,脾脏淋巴细胞增殖没有影响。结论戊地昔布抑制肿瘤细胞生长的作用与其诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡有关。     

p38MAPK在戊地昔布诱导Eca109细胞凋亡中的调控作用

目的探讨p38MAPK信号转导途径在戊地昔布诱导食管癌Eca109细胞凋亡中的调控作用。方法将正常培养的人食管癌Eca109细胞随机分为正常对照组、戊地昔布组和戊地昔布+SB203580组;采用流式细胞术和DNA Ladder检测凋亡情况;RT-PCR检测p38mRNA的表达变化;流式细胞术和免疫细胞化学检测p38蛋白的表达变化。结果①戊地昔布能够诱导Eca109细胞发生凋亡,并呈剂量依赖性,而SB203580能够部分降低戊地昔布诱导的Eca109细胞的凋亡率;②戊地昔布能够上调Eca109细胞中p38mRNA和蛋白的表达,而戊地昔布+SB203580组p38mRNA和蛋白的表达下降;③p38蛋白表达与凋亡率呈正相关。结论戊地昔布能够通过部分激活p38MAPK信号途径诱导Eca109细胞发生凋亡。     

戊地昔布联合阿霉素对人乳腺癌细胞增殖的抑制作用及其机制研究

目的:研究戊地昔布联合阿霉素对人乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)增殖的抑制作用及其机制。方法:将人MCF-7细胞随机分为空白对照组、溶剂对照组、阿霉素(0.25mg·L-1)组、戊地昔布(25、50、100μmol·L-1)组及联用组(阿霉素0.25mg·L-1+戊地昔布25、50、100μmol·L-1),加入相应药物继续培养,检测培养24、48、72h(n=6)后各组人MCF-7细胞的增殖抑制率;检测戊地昔布25μmol·L-1时培养48h后各组细胞周期和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)蛋白、细胞周期蛋白(CyclinD1)及环氧酶2(COX-2)蛋白表达。结果:与溶剂对照组比较,除戊地昔布25μmol·L-1培养24h外,阿霉素组、戊地昔布组及联用组增殖抑制率均明显增加(P均<0.01),且呈浓度、时间依赖性;与阿霉素组和戊地昔布组比较,联用组增殖抑制率均明显增加(P均<0.01)。戊地昔布组细胞阻滞于G0/G1期,S期细胞比例明显减少(P<0.05);联用组细胞阻滞于G0/G1期和G2/M期。与溶剂对照组比较,戊地昔布组、阿霉素组及联用组PCNA、CyclinD1蛋白表达均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),仅戊地昔布组和联用组COX-2蛋白表达明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:戊地昔布与阿霉素联用具有协同抑制人MCF-7细胞增殖的作用,可能与抑制CyclinD1和PCNA蛋白表达从而阻滞细胞周期有关。     

戊地昔布对裸鼠食管癌移植瘤凋亡的影响及其可能机制

目的探讨戊地昔布对裸鼠食管癌移植瘤凋亡的影响及其可能机制。方法建立食管癌裸鼠原位移植瘤模型,给予戊地昔布4 wk。剥离瘤结节,计算瘤体体积和肿瘤生长抑制率;FCM法检测移植瘤中的细胞凋亡率;免疫组织化学和FCM法检测COX-2、c-jun和c-fos蛋白的表达变化;RT-PCR检测移植瘤中COX-2 mRNA表达变化。结果①用戊地昔布的裸鼠组,裸鼠体重明显增加,且随用药时间延长,其体重也随之增加。②戊地昔布可明显降低肿瘤重量,肿瘤生长抑制率为45.80%。③戊地昔布可增加肿瘤细胞的凋亡率。④戊地昔布可下调COX-2 mRNA和蛋白的表达;同时凋亡基因c-jun和c-fos蛋白表达升高。⑤肿瘤组织的凋亡率与COX-2蛋白表达呈负相关(r=-0.726,P=0.008),与c-jum、c-fos蛋白表达呈正相关。⑥给予戊地昔布后,裸鼠胃肠上皮细胞形态没有明显异常。结论戊地昔布能够抑制裸鼠移植瘤的生长和诱导凋亡,其机制部分与抑制COX-2表达及上调凋亡基因c-jun,c-fos有关。     

p38/Fas/FasL在戊地昔布诱导食管癌裸鼠移植瘤细胞凋亡中的调控作用

目的探讨p38/Fas/FasL信号途径在戊地昔布诱导裸鼠食管癌移植瘤细胞凋亡中的调控作用。方法建立食管癌裸鼠移植瘤模型,给予戊地昔布4 wk。剥离瘤结节,计算瘤体体积和肿瘤生长抑制率;HE染色检测裸鼠移植瘤的结构变化;FCM法检测移植瘤中的细胞凋亡率;免疫组织化学和FCM法检测p-p38、Fas和FasL蛋白的表达变化;RT-PCR检测移植瘤中p38mRNA表达变化。结果①戊地昔布可明显降低肿瘤重量,肿瘤生长抑制率为45.80%。②戊地昔布可增加肿瘤细胞的凋亡率。③戊地昔布可上调p38mRNA和蛋白的表达;同时凋亡基因Fas和FasL蛋白表达升高。④肿瘤组织的凋亡率与p-p38、Fas、FasL蛋白表达呈正相关;p-p38与凋亡基因Fas、FasL蛋白表达之间均呈正相关。⑤给予戊地昔布后,裸鼠胃肠上皮细胞形态没有异常。结论激活p38MAPK信号转导途径,从而上调凋亡相关基因Fas/FasL的表达,可能是戊地昔布诱导食管癌细胞凋亡的机制之一。     

戊地昔布对人胃癌细胞生长的抑制作用

目的　探讨选择性环氧化酶 2 (COX 2 )抑制剂戊地昔布对人胃癌BGC 82 3细胞的作用及其作用机制。方法　用MTT法检测戊地昔布对人胃癌BGC 82 3细胞生长的作用 ,用流氏细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期分布 ,用激光共聚焦显微镜、透射电镜和DNA片段进一步检测细胞凋亡 ,用乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)试剂盒测定BGC 82 3细胞的LDH含量。结果　戊地昔布 (2 5～ 4 0 0 μmol·L-1 )可时间和浓度依赖性抑制人胃癌BGC 82 3细胞的生长 ,作用 72h后 ,对细胞生长抑制率可达 2 4 0 %～ 92 0 % ,凋亡率由 (2 6± 0 7) %增加到 (7 6±1 5 ) %～ (1 6 5± 1 5 ) %。 1 0 0～ 4 0 0 μmol·L-1 也降低增殖指数 ,减少细胞周期S期细胞 ,增加G0 /G1 期细胞。随浓度增加 ,戊地昔布引起的LDH释放率有增加趋势 ,但只有 4 0 0μmol·L-1 戊地昔布可显著增加LDH释放率。结论　戊地昔布可通过诱导凋亡和细胞周期停滞而抑制人胃癌BGC 82 3细胞生长 ,4 0 0 μmol·L-1 戊地昔布抑制BGC 82 3细胞生长作用与细胞坏死有关     

伐地考昔的合成

目的合成伐地考昔并改进其工艺。方法以苯乙腈和苯甲酸甲酯为起始原料,经Claisen缩合一锅法得关键中间体苯基苄基甲酮,然后经羟胺化、环合和磺酰胺化等反应得戊地昔布。结果所得产物经IR、1H-NMR和MS确证了其结构,产物总产率约33.71%。结论此工艺方法简便,原料易得,便于工业化生产。     

戊地昔布诱导人食管癌Eca109细胞凋亡的机制研究

目的探讨特异选择性环氧化酶-2(COX-2)抑制剂戊地昔布诱导人食管癌Eca109细胞凋亡及其作用机制。方法流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期分布;电子显微镜进一步检测细胞凋亡;采用乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)试剂盒测定Eca109细胞的LDH含量;流式细胞术检测p-p38MAPK及凋亡基因Fas和FasL蛋白的表达。结果戊地昔布(25~400μmol.L-1)可诱导人食管癌Eca109细胞发生凋亡,,凋亡率由(2.95±0.83)%增加到(48.46±0.73)%;50~400μmol.L-1时增殖指数和S期的细胞比例则明显降低,G0/G1期的细胞比例增加;同时,流式细胞术显示,25μmol.L-1戊地昔布即可上调人食管癌Eca109细胞p-p38MAPK蛋白的表达,并随剂量的增加而增强;50~400μmol.L-1的戊地昔布可上调Eca109细胞Fas及FasL的表达。结论戊地昔布可诱导人Eca109细胞凋亡,其诱导凋亡的机制可能部分是通过激活p-p38MAPK/Fas、FasL途径实现的。     

伐地考昔的合成

目的 合成伐地考昔并改进其工艺。方法 以苯乙腈和苯甲酸甲酯为起始原料，经Claisen缩合一锅法得关键中间体苯基苄基甲酮，然后经羟胺化、环合和磺酰胺化等反应得戊地昔布。结果 所得产物经IR、1H-NMR和MS确证了其结构，产物总产率约33.71%。结论 此工艺方法简便，原料易得，便于工业化生产。     

昔布类药物的临床安全性

昔布类药物即高选择性COX-2抑制剂,通过选择性抑制COX-2,阻断花生四烯酸合成前列腺素而发挥抗炎镇痛作用[1],可减少传统NSAID药物消化系统的不良反应,主要品种有罗非昔布、塞来昔布、伐地昔布、帕瑞昔布、依托昔布及卢米昔布等.其中罗非昔布（万络）在2004年9月由于心血管不良反应撤市,引起人们对昔布类药物安全性的争论,为客观评价昔布类药物的临床安全性,现综述近年来国内外关于该类药物的文献和报道,分别对以上几种昔布类药物总结如下.     

Valdecoxib: a review of its use in the management of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, dysmenorrhoea and acute pain

Valdecoxib is an orally administered, highly selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. In well designed trials, valdecoxib demonstrated efficacy versus placebo in patients with osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), primary dysmenorrhoea and postoperative pain. Initial results in patients with migraine headache were promising. The efficacy of valdecoxib appears dose dependent up to 40 mg/day. Valdecoxib 10 mg/day was as effective as naproxen and rofecoxib in improving signs and symptoms of OA. The American College of Rheumatology 20% response rate was similar in recipients of valdecoxib, naproxen and diclofenac in patients with RA. In patients with dysmenorrhoea, valdecoxib 20 or 40 mg up to twice daily provided as effective pain relief as naproxen sodium 550 mg twice daily. In acute post-surgical pain, single-dose valdecoxib 40 mg had a rapid onset of action, provided similar analgesia to oxycodone 10 mg plus paracetamol (acetaminophen) 1000 mg and provided a longer time to rescue medication than rofecoxib or oxycodone/paracetamol after oral surgery. Pre-emptive administration of valdecoxib 10-80 mg was particularly effective in dental pain. Valdecoxib had opioid-sparing effects after hip or knee arthroplasty and reduced pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Valdecoxib is generally well tolerated. The incidence of gastroduodenal ulcers was generally lower than with nonselective NSAIDs (i.e. NSAIDs not specifically developed as selective COX-2 inhibitors). With concomitant aspirin, the ulcer rate in valdecoxib recipients increased significantly, but was still lower than that in recipients of aspirin plus nonselective NSAIDs. In conclusion, valdecoxib, a COX-2-selective inhibitor, is as efficacious in pain relief as nonselective NSAIDs, with better gastrointestinal tolerability. It was as effective in RA, OA and primary dysmenorrhoea (the approved indications) as nonselective NSAIDs and as effective as rofecoxib in RA flare. In acute post-surgical pain, valdecoxib provided similar pain relief to oxycodone/paracetamol, had a long duration of action, a rapid onset of analgesia and was opioid-sparing. Valdecoxib provides a valuable alternative in the treatment of chronic arthritis pain and acute pain.     

Review article: The pharmacological properties and clinical use of valdecoxib,a new cyclo-oxygenase-2-selective inhibitor

Cyclo-oxygenase-2-selective inhibitors produce less gastric damage than conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Valdecoxib is a new orally administered cyclo-oxygenase-2-selective inhibitor, recently approved for use in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and primary dysmenorrhoea in the USA. The drug has been evaluated in more than 60 clinical studies involving more than 14 000 patients and healthy volunteers. The analgesic efficacy of valdecoxib at a dose of 10 mg once daily in both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis is superior to that of placebo and similar to that of traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Valdecoxib is effective in single doses of up to 40 mg for the alleviation of acute menstrual pain and has a rapid onset of action (within 30 min) and a long duration of analgesia (up to 24 h). Valdecoxib is well tolerated and has safety advantages compared with traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in terms of less gastrointestinal toxicity and a lack of an effect on platelet function. The incidence of adverse effects involving the kidney (fluid retention, oedema and hypertension) is similar to that of non-selective, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.     

Reduced incidence of upper gastrointestinal ulcer complications with the COX-2 selective inhibitor, valdecoxib

AIM: In a predefined analysis, data were pooled from eight blinded, randomized, controlled trials, and separately from three long-term, open-label trials to determine the rate of upper gastrointestinal ulcer complications with the cyclo-oxygenase-2 selective inhibitor, valdecoxib, vs. non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. METHODS: In randomized, controlled trials, 7434 osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis patients received placebo (n = 973), valdecoxib 5-80 mg daily (n = 4362), or a non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (naproxen, ibuprofen or diclofenac; n = 2099) for 12-26 weeks. In long-term, open-label trials, 2871 patients received valdecoxib 10-80 mg daily for up to 1 year. All potential events were reviewed by a blinded, independent review committee based on a priori definitions of ulcer complications (perforations, obstructions, bleeds). RESULTS: In randomized, controlled trials, 19 of 955 potential events were adjudicated to be ulcer complications. Valdecoxib was associated with a significantly lower ulcer complication rate than non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (0.68% vs. 1.96%, all patients; 0.29% vs. 2.08%, non-aspirin users; P < 0.05). In long-term, open-label trials, seven of 310 potential events were adjudicated to be ulcer complications; the annualized incidence for valdecoxib was 0.39% (seven of 1791 patient-years) for all patients and 0.2% (three of 1472 patient-years) for non-aspirin users. CONCLUSIONS: Valdecoxib, including above recommended doses, is associated with a significantly lower rate of upper gastrointestinal ulcer complications than therapeutic doses of non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.     

新型大环内酯类抗生素塞红霉素关键中间体的合成

目的:合成新型大环内酯类抗生素ABT-773(cethromycin,塞红霉素)关键中间体并进行工艺改进.方法:3-(3-喹啉)-2(E)-丙烯-1-醇叔丁基碳酸酯以3-溴喹啉为原料经3步合成侧链,然后从红霉素A肟开始,经酯化、烃基化、去保护得到目标化合物.结果:经质谱、核磁共振氢谱确证,合成了ABT-773侧链和关键中间体,总收率达46%.结论:本工艺简单,成本低,收率高.     

Preparation and properties of valdecoxib-hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex

Valdecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. It is practically insoluble in water. Incidence of adverse events such as nausea has been reported in some trials. Therefore, an attempt was made to improve the aqueous solubility of the drug by making an inclusion complex using hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPbeta-CD). The complexes were prepared by physical mixture and freeze-drying methods. The different methods employed for evaluation--including differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis, and scanning electron microscopy studies--indicated complete formation of the complex by the freeze-drying method in a molar ratio of 1:1. The prepared complexes showed an improved in vitro dissolution profile and better anti-inflammatory activity as compared to the pure drug.     

Valdecoxib

In ten large, well-controlled, randomised trials (n = 203 to 1089), valdecoxib, a selective inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase-2, was significantly more effective than placebo in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and pain associated with primary dysmenorrhoea, and for postsurgical analgesia. Valdecoxib 1.25 to 10mg twice daily and valdecoxib 10mg once daily were more effective than placebo for the relief of pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, and dosages above 5mg twice daily were similar in efficacy to naproxen 500mg twice daily. Similarly, valdecoxib 5 and 10 mg/day were as effective for osteoarthritis of the hip as naproxen 500mg twice daily. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, valdecoxib 10, 20 or 40 mg/day was significantly more effective than placebo, and similar in efficacy to naproxen 500mg twice daily; there were no significant differences in efficacy between the three dosages of valdecoxib. Valdecoxib 20 or 40mg administered 1 to 3 hours before and 12, 24 and 36 hours after hip arthroplasty provided significantly better analgesia than placebo, and significantly reduced the amount of morphine taken by patients. Single doses of valdecoxib 10 to 80mg administered before foot or oral surgery provided significantly better analgesia than placebo; when administered after oral surgery, valdecoxib 20 or 40mg provided greater sustained analgesia than oxycodone 10mg/paracetamol 1000mg or rofecoxib 50mg. In contrast to three nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), valdecoxib 40mg twice daily did not cause significant changes in platelet function and bleeding times. Chronic users of NSAIDs who were switched to valdecoxib 10 or 20 mg/day for 12 weeks experienced significantly fewer gastroduodenal erosions or ulcers than patients receiving ibuprofen 2400 mg/day or diclofenac 150 mg/day for 12 weeks. Valdecoxib was generally well tolerated in clinical trials, with a similar incidence of adverse events to placebo.