药物洗脱支架治疗无保护左主干病变疗效观察

目的：评价药物洗脱支架治疗无保护左主干（LMCA）病变的安全性和临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析2004年1月～2006年12月完成的49例无保护左主干病变药物洗脱支架置入术。结果：49例无保护LMCA病变全部成功置入支架，共置入61枚药物洗脱支架，直接支架置入术10例（20．4％），39例（79．6％）行球囊预扩张后置入支架；远端分叉部位病变双支架置入12例（24．5％）。住院期间死亡2例（4．1％），无其他主要心血管事件发生；44例（89．8％）完成门诊及电话随访，平均随访（14±6）个月，术后6～12个月完成冠脉造影随访16例（32．7％），随访期间3例死亡（6．1％），1例死于脑卒中，2例心原性猝死，分别为术后7个月及12个月。随访期间主要心血管事件发生率为6．1％（3／49）。结论：药物洗脱支架治疗经选择的LMCA病变是安全可行的，有较理想的近期和远期疗效。     

Long-term clinical outcomes of patients with unprotected left main bifurcation lesions treated with 2-stent techniques

Background Currently available evidence suggests that outcomes are less favorable when left main (LM) bifurcation lesions are treated with 2-stent techniques compared with a single-stent technique.We aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of the 2-stent techniques for treating unprotected LM bifurcation lesions in Chinese patients.Methods We enrolled 301 consecutive patients treated with drug-eluting stents (DES) implantation using 2-stent techniques for unprotected LM bifurcation lesions (MEDINA 1,1,1,70.5％).The 2-stent techniques included crush technique,V stenting,T stenting,and Culottes stenting.After stenting,both vessels were redilated at a high pressure before final kissing balloon (FKB).Clinical and angiographic data were analyzed.The primary endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACE),whichincluded death,myocardial infarction,and target lesion revascularization.Results Immediate procedural success was obtained in all cases with a FKB success rate of 95.3％.Follow-up data were available for all patients.The overall incidence of angiographic in-stent restenosis (ISR) rate was 20.3％ and most ISRs were of the focal type.During long-term follow-up (mean duration,(54±22) months),the cumulative incidence of MACE was 11.0％,with 8 (2.7％) deaths,7 (2.3％) myocardial infarctions,and 18 (6.0％) repeated lesion revascularization.MACEs in high SYNTAX score terciles were significantly higher compared with those in low and intermediate SYNTAX score terciles (p=0.001).Conclusions Although percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with 2-stent technique for unprotected LM bifurcation lesions was accompanied with a slightly high incidence of ISR,the long-term clinical follow-up is acceptable.Technical modifications and stent innovations may further improve both the angiographic and clinical outcomes for patients with LM bifurcation disease treated by PCI.     

Comparison of drug-eluting stent and bare-mental stent in the complex small vessel intervention

Nowadays, coronary intervention has been dramatically improved in the drug-eluting stent era. The drug-eluting stent represents the dominant percutaneous coronary intervention modality beacause it significantly reduces the restenosis rate compared with bare mental stent. Such benefit was initially demonstrated in coronary vessels 3 mm or more in diameter.1,2 However, restenosis after coronary stent implantation is influenced by vessel size and length, and stent occlusion is more frequent in sm…     

西洛他唑对冠状动脉小血管病变支架术后患者的长期疗效

目的:探讨西洛他唑对冠状动脉小血管病变普通金属支架置入术后再狭窄的防治作用及长期临床疗效的影响.方法:193例接受冠状动脉支架术的患者随机分两组,二联组(阿斯匹林 氯吡格雷)98例,三联组(阿斯匹林 氯吡格雷 西洛他唑)95例.两组均服用阿斯匹林300 mg/d,1 mo后改为100 mg/d长期,以及氯吡格雷75 mg/d,3 mo;三联组术后加用西洛他唑200 mg/d,6 mo.患者于术后6 mo行冠脉造影随访和1a临床随访.结果:二联组和三联组术后6 mo造影再狭窄率分别为33%(17/52)和23%(12/53)(P>0.05).二组术后1a内因心、脑血管事件再住院率分别为26%和16% (P>0.05).两组均无严重出血等副作用,轻微出血亦无明显差异(2% vs 5%,P>0.05).结论:两组造影再狭窄率及1a内因心、脑血管事件再住院率无明显差异,出血等副作用无明显差异.支架术后常规抗血小板治疗基础上合用西洛他唑有降低再狭窄率的趋势.     

药物洗脱支架治疗无保护左主干病变

目的 评价药物洗脱支架治疗冠状动脉无保护左主干(ULMCA)病变的安全性及疗效.方法 选择2002年10月～2007年11月我院收治经冠状动脉造影证实为无保护左主干病变患者44例;合并心功能不全(左室射血分数<40%)5例,肺功能减退2例,慢性肾功能不全5例;常规行冠状动脉造影及经皮冠状动脉介入治疗.分析其冠脉造影特征、手术成功率及临床随访结果 .结果 44例患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗即刻成功率为100%,无严重术中并发症,手术住院期间的病死率、非致死性心肌梗死率及急诊常规行冠状动脉造影率均为0%.所有患者均植入药物洗脱支架.术后平均随访14.2～9.3月(6～65月),所有患者均未发生亚急性或延迟性支架内血栓形成;6例(13.6%)患者有心绞痛症状复发;1例患者在术后4个月困心力衰竭死亡;37例(84.1%)患者无严重不良心血管事件发生.35例(79.5%)患者进行了冠状动脉造影复查,其中冠状动脉造影复查提示发生再狭窄3例(8.6%):1例为左主干远端分叉病变,分叉处再狭窄转外科行常规行冠状动脉造影术;2例左主干末端分叉病变分支开口发生再狭窄,使用切割球囊再次经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后,症状缓解.结论 对选择性的冠状动脉左主干病变使用药物洗脱支架行介入治疗安全有效,近、远期疗效良好.     

A more than 2-year follow-up of incomplete apposition after drug-eluting stent implantation

Background Incomplete stent apposition （ISA） has been demonstrated to be more common after drug-eluting stent （DES） implantation than after bare metal stent （BMS） implantation, Clinical outcomes of ISA remain controversial and the predictive accuracy of previous studies was limited by the short follow-up period of only 12-18 months. In the present study, we present the outcomes of a more than 2-year follow-up in patients with ISA after DES implantation, Methods From the clinical and core intravascular ultrasound （IVUS） database of the hospital, we identified 76 patients who had undergone DES implantation in de novo lesions between January 2004 and June 2005 and had received IVUS examination at a scheduled 6-month follow-up. A total of 13 （17.1%） patients had documented I SA at the follow-up by IVUS. Clinical follow-up was available up to 41 months after DES implantation and up to 33 months after identification of ISA, Results Over a mean follow-up of （34：~5） months （range 24-41 months）, 3 of the 13 patients （23.1%） suffered from ST elevated myocardial infarction with one death. Angiography confirmed the very late stent thrombosis （ST） in the area with ISA, All the 3 patients were implanted with sirolimus elulJng stents in left anterior descending artery （LAD） and the very late ST occurred at 29, 31 and 32 months after DES implantation, and separately at 20, 23 and 23 months after the identification of ISA, All of the 3 patients had antiplatelet therapy continued before suffering from ST, and had been apparentJy stable on antiplatelet monotherapy with aspirin for a long peried following dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel for more than 12 months. Conclusion ISA of DES may be associated with a high incidence of very late stent thrombosis, even in clinically stable patients with dual antiplatelet therapy of at least 12 months after the procedure.     

药物洗脱支架内再狭窄再次置人支架的远期疗效和安全性

目的探讨对药物洗脱支架(DES)置入后发生再狭窄(ISR)患者再次实施DES置入术的远期疗效和安全性。方法选择植入DES的冠心病患者,经冠状动脉造影检查证实发生再狭窄(ISR≥50%),并且再次置入DES治疗ISR介入手术成功的患者。985例DES-ISR患者根据狭窄类型分为局限性狭窄组130例(13.2%),弥漫性狭窄组699例(71.0%),闭塞性狭窄组156例(15.8%)。随访观察3组患者的远期(6个月、12个月)疗效及安全性。结果经过6个月的随访,局限性狭窄组患者主要不良心血管事件(MACE)的发生率为3.85%(5/130);弥漫性狭窄组患者MACE的发生率为2.72%(19/699);闭塞狭窄组患者MACE的发生率为3.21%(5/156),3组6个月的随访结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。经过12个月的随访,局限性狭窄组患者MACE的发生率为13.08%(17/130);弥漫性狭窄组患者MACE的发生率为9.16%(64/699);闭塞狭窄组患者MACE的发生率为9.62%(15/156),3组12个月的随访结果差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论目前对于DES-ISR患者来说,不论ISR的类型,再次置入DES都是一种有效的方法。     

Clinical outcome after management of unprotected left main in-stent restenosis after bare metal or drug-eluting stents

Background Implantation of either bare metal stent （BMS） or drug-eluting stent （DES） has been used in every day practice for patients with unprotected left main stenosis （UPLMS）. There are still a lack of data regading the subsequent results of UPLMS in-stent restenosis （ISR）. The present study aimed at determing the clinical outcome of UPLMS ISR patients after implantation of either BMS or DES.Methods Patients with UPLMS ISR after stenting were included. The primary endpoint was the cumulative major adverse cardiac events （MACE）, including cardiac death, myocardial infarction （Ml）, and target vessel revascularization （TVR）.Results UPLMS ISR rate was 14.8% （n=73, 15.7% after BMS, 14.5% for DES） after average of （3.89±2.01） years （range from 1 to 10.5 years） follow-up. Angiographic follow-up between 6-8 months was available in 85.3%. Of these,repeat percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） was used in 62 （84.9%） patients, with medicine only in 9 （12.4%） and coronary artery bypass graft （CABG） in 2 （2.7%）. Most repeat PCI patients were with unstable angina （87.0%）, and had decreased left ventricular ejection fraction （（42.58±5.12）%）, fewer focal/ostial left circumflex branch （LCX） lesions, in relative to medicine only group. After （31.9±23.3） months, the MACE, Ml, TVR and cardiac death were 31.5%, 1.4%, 24.1% and 8.2%, respectively. Definite and possible stent thrombosis occurred in 1 （1.4%） patient.Conclusions Medical therapy for asymptomatic isolated ostial LCX was safe. Repeat PCI for UPLMS ISR was associated with acceptable early and short-term clinical outcome. Further study was needed to elucidate the role of CABG in treating UPLMS ISR.     

非顺应球囊后扩张对置入药物洗脱支架预后的影响

目的评估使用非顺应性球囊后扩张对经置入药物洗脱支架冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(以下简称冠心病)患者的疗效。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2011年5月共356例行药物洗脱支架植入且使用非顺应性球囊后扩张的患者,采用倾向性评分抽取同期356例行药物洗脱支架植入术而未后扩张的患者与之1∶1匹配。结果 2组在年龄、性别、临床表现、主要危险因素及冠状动脉病变特征方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。平均随访时间18个月,后扩张组主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiac events,MACE)明显低于未后扩张组(10.1%vs 15.7%,P=0.020),主要是靶血管重建(6.2%vs10.7%,P=0.010)、支架内血栓(1.1%vs 3.7%,P=0.030)发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而心肌梗死(3.9%vs4.6%,P=0.700)、死亡(1.1%vs 1.7%,P=0.760)比较,差异没有统计学意义。结论冠心病患者置入药物洗脱支架后使用非顺应性球囊后扩张安全,可改善患者的临床预后。     

冠状动脉药物洗脱支架置入术后支架内再狭窄的临床研究进展

药物洗脱支架虽然很大程度上降低了再狭窄的发生率，但仍有部分患者在随访期间发生再狭窄，甚至需要再次干预病变血管。目前关于药物洗脱支架置入术后再狭窄的临床研究主要集中在预测因素、治疗上，本文就相关临床研究的最新进展作一综述。     

药物洗脱支架内再狭窄的介入治疗

目的评价药物洗脱支架(DES)内再狭窄患者中根据再狭窄模式选择介入治疗的远期预后。方法选择2006年6月—2009年12月因DES内再狭窄于上海交通大学附属胸科医院行再次介入治疗的冠状动脉性心脏病患者,根据再狭窄部位及类型选择介入治疗方案。对于累及DES节段的再狭窄者行再次植入DES术;对于狭窄部位局限于DES内的Ⅰ型病变者行高压球囊扩张术;对于狭窄部位局限于DES内的Ⅱ～Ⅳ型病变者先行球囊扩张,再根据扩张后的结果由术者决定是否再次植入DES。所有患者均前瞻性随访主要心血管不良事件(MACE),包括死亡、靶病变重建(TLR)和心肌梗死(MI)。结果共88例行介入治疗,其中42例行单纯球囊血管成形(POBA)术(POBA组),46例行再次植入DES(DES组)。两组间各靶病变部位及各种原植入DES的涂层药物类型构成比的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),两组间再狭窄病变部位及类型构成比的差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。POBA组、DES组的支架内再狭窄(ISR)的发生率分别为(72.5±11.9)%、(76.2±9.1)%,两组间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。平均随访时间为(2.2±1.0)年,两组间MACE、TLR、MI的发生率及病死率的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。结论根据DES内再狭窄部位及类型选择介入治疗方案是有效的。对于局灶型ISR可行POBA术,而对于非局灶型或节段内ISR病变则需要再次植入DES。     

Late stent thrombosis: a not negligible issue after drug-eluting stent implantation

Drug-eluting stent （DES） has markedly reduced restenosis and the need for target lesion revascularization （TLR）. The safety profile of DES does not seem to differ from that of bare metal stent in the acute and subacute phases following coronary intervention. However, at World Congress of Cardiology 2006 a meta-analysis of randomized trials suggested that there was a small but significant increase in risk of death or Q-wave myocardial infarction throughout a period of 3 years after implantation of a Cypher stent possible due to late stent thrombosis） The study received wide attention and since then the long-term safety of DES has been questioned by the physicians, patients and societies.     

Early local intracoronary platelet activation after drug-eluting stent placement

Background Early local platelet activation after coronary intervention identifies patients at increased risk of acute stent thrombosis （AST）. However, early changes in platelet activation in coronary circulation following drug-eluting stent （DES） implantation have never been reported. Methods In a prospective study of 26 consecutive elective stable angina patients, platelet activation was analyzed by measuring soluble glycoprotein V （sGPV） and P-selectin （CD62P） before and after implantation of either DES or bare metal stent （BMS）. All patients were pretreated with clopidogrel （300 mg loading dose） and aspirin （75 mg orally） the day before the procedure. Blood samples were drawn from the coronary ostium and 10 - 20 mm distal to the lesion site. Results Consistent with the lower baseline clinical risk, the levels of CD62P and sGPV were within normal reference range, both in the coronary ostium and distal to the lesion before percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） procedure. The levels of CD62P and sGPV did not change significantly （CD62P： （31.1 ± 9.86） ng/ml vs （29.5 ± 9.02） ng/ml, P=0.319 and sGPV： （52.4 ± 13.5） ng/ml vs （51.8 ± 11.7） ng/ml, P=0.674, respectively） after stent implantation when compared with baseline. Changes in these platelet activation markers did not differ between stent types. Conclusions Intracoronary local platelet activation does not occur in stable angina patients before and immediately followina DES implantation when dual anti-Dlatelet is administered.     

Long-term efficacy and safety of drug-eluting stent implantation for patients with multiple coronary chronic total occlusions

Background Data on the efficacy and safety of drug-eluting stent （DES） for treatment of multiple coronary chronic total occlusion （CTO） lesions are scanty. The aim of the present study was to compare the long-term outcomes of DES versus bare metal stent （BMS） implantation for multiple coronary CTO lesions.Methods We analyzed 188 patients who underwent coronary stenting for at least two de novo CTO lesions in our center from November 2000 to November 2006. Among them, 118 patients （62.8%） received DES and 70 patients （37.2%） received BMS implantation after the recanalization for CTO lesions. All patients were followed up for up to 5 years for the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events （MACE）. Long-term survival rates were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method.Results There were no significant differences in baseline clinical characteristics and procedural success rate between DES group and BMS group. Compared with the BMS group, the DES group showed a significantly higher rate of long CTO （≥15 mm） （62.0% vs. 50.6%, P=0.023）. The number of stents per lesion （1.39±0.71 vs. 1.17±0.66, P=0.007） and the mean length of stents in the DES group were also higher than those in the BMS group （（40.8±11.4） mm vs. （23.4±8.7） mm, P〈0.001）. But the mean diameter of stents in the DES group was smaller than that in the BMS group （（3.1 ±0.2） mm vs. （3.3±0.5） mm, P〈0.001）. Average follow-up time was 4.8±0.7 （1.5-5.0） years in the BMS group and 4.3±0.5 （1.3-5.0） years in the DES group. Both the 5-year cumulative survival rates and the target vessel revascularization （TVR）-free survival rates of the DES group were significantly higher than those in the BMS group （83.1% vs. 72.9%, Log-rank P=0.044; 77.1% vs. 62.9%, Log-rank P=0.009）. The cumulative MACE-free survival rates in the DES group were significantly higher than those in the BMS group （71.2% vs. 51.4%, Log-rank P=0.001）. Multivariable Cox regression analysis demonstrated that DES implantation for multiple CTO lesions could significantly reduce the long-term MACE risk after percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） （HR. 0.436; 95%C/ 0.327-0.665, P 〈0.001）. Age over 65 years （HR. 2.018; 95%CI1.491-3.127, P〈0.001） and left ventricular ejection fraction 〈50% （HR. 1.494; 95%CI1.125-2.376, P 〈0.001） were identified as the independent predictors of long-term MACE.Conclusion This study demonstrates the long-term （up to 5 years） efficacy and safety of DES for treatment of multiple coronary CTO lesions, and its superiority compared to BMS in reducing the rates of TVR and MACE.     

国产西罗莫司药物洗脱支架治疗冠脉支架内再狭窄疗效观察

目的:初步评价国产西罗莫司药物洗脱支架治疗支架内再狭窄的安全性和有效性。方法:32例支架内再狭窄且有临床缺血症状的冠心病患者接受了国产西罗莫司药物洗脱支架治疗,共置入支架34个,术后临床随访6个月,部分患者进行冠造复查。结果:全部支架均成功置入,术中和住院期间未发生任何并发症。平均随访3~15(8.6±2.2)个月,临床随访率93.8%(30/32),造影随访率78.1%(25/32)。随访期间,1例术后第3个月行冠脉造影示支架内完全闭塞,考虑为迟发型血栓形成,行冠状动脉旁路移植术后第3天死亡,余冠脉造影无支架内再狭窄。主要不良心脏事件发生率3.3%(1/30),支架内血栓发生率3.3%(1/30),再次再狭窄率3.3%(1/30)。结论:国产西罗莫司药物洗脱支架治疗冠脉支架内再狭窄病变安全、有效,能有效预防、治疗再狭窄。     

Comparison of the incidence of late stent thrombosis after implantation of different drug-eluting stents in the real world coronary heart disease patients: three-year follow-up results

Background Late stent thrombosis （LST） is still concerned by interventions cardiologists in daily clinical practice. This study aimed to compare the incidence of LST after implantation of different drug-eluting stents （DES） in coronary heart disease （CHD） patients in the real world.Methods From December 2001 to February 2009, a total of 11 875 consecutive CHD patients undergone DES implantation were enrolled in this single-center registery study. Patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, mixed DES implantation, restenosis lesions, and patients who could not take dual antiplatlet medication and those who were contraindicated for coronary interventional treatment were excluded. All patients were treated with completed dual antiplatelet medications for at least 9 months after DES deployment. The follow-up was completed by outpatient visits, letter correspondence, phone calls and coronary angiography. Definite LST was diagnosed auording to the Academic Research Consortium （ARC） definition.Results Cypher or Cypher Select stents were implanted in 4104 cases, Taxus or Taxus Liberty stents in 2271 cases and Firebird stents （Chinese rapamycin-eluting stents） in 5500 cases. One-year follow-up was completed in 9693 patients, including 3346 cases with Cypher or Cypher Select stents, 1529 cases with Taxus or Taxus Liberty stents and 4818 cases with Firebird stents. Two- and three-year follow-up results were obtained in 7133 and 4353 patients, respectively, including 2410 and 1760 cases with Cypher or Cypher Select stents, 1285 and 900 cases with Taxus or Taxus Liberty stents as well as 3438 and 1693 cases with Firebird stents. One-year follow-up results showed that the incidence of LST was 1.08% in patients with Cypher or Cypher Select stents, 1.24% in those with Taxus or Taxus Liberty stents and 0.71% in those with Firebird stents; there was no significant difference between those with Cypher or Cypher Select and Firebird stents, but there was significant difference between those with Taxus or Taxus Liberty and Firebird stents （P=0.044）. The incidence of LST at the 2- and 3-year follow-up was 1.33% and 1.70% in those with Cypher or Cypher Select stents, 1.40% and 1.70% in those with Taxus or Taxus Liberty stents, and 0.83% and 0.95% in those with Firebird stents, respectively. There were no significant differences among the three groups.Conclusions This study indicates that first-generation DES are acceptable to treat complex coronary lesions, and there is no significant difference of LST for three different DES.     

Incidence of thrombosis after implantation of drug-eluting stents in patients with coronary artery disease

Background Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated equivalent safety to bare-metal stents after drug-eluting stents （DES） implantation. However, the DES thrombosis in randomized trials could not be comparable to those observed in clinical practice, frequently including off-label indications. This study sought to assess the incidence of DES thrombosis after implantation of DES in patients with real world coronary artery disease （CAD） in China.
Methods From December 2001 to April 2007, 8190 consecutive patients received the treatment with DES, 5412 patients completed one year follow-up： 2210 with sirolimus-eluting stent Cypher, 1238 with paclitaxel-eluting stent Taxus and 1964 with Chinese sirolimus-eluting stent Firebird, After two years of follow-up, there were 2176 patients （1245 Cypher, 558 Taxus and 373 Firebird）. All patients were treated with aspirin and clopidogrel over at least 9 months.
Results Among 8190 patients, 17 patients had acute stent thrombosis （0.24%）： 7 in the Cypher group, 4 Taxus and 6 Firebird; 23 patients had subacute stent thrombosis： 8 Cypher, 6 Taxus and 9 Firebird. The incidence of acute and subacute thrombosis was 0.49%： 0.50% Cypher, 0.63% Taxus and 0.41% Firebird. The incidence of late thrombosis at one year followup was 0.63%： 0.63% Cypher, 0.88% Taxus and 0.46% Firebird; at two year follow-up the incidence was 0.74%： 0.72% Cypher, 0.90% Taxus and 0.54% Firebird. There was no significant difference among three groups at 1 year and 2 years follow-up.
Conclusion The first generation DES in the treatment of complex lesions are safe and effective if patients are aggressively treated with dual antiplatelet agents.     

无保护左主干病变不同治疗策略远期临床效果

目的观察无保护左主干(ULM)冠状动脉病变不同治疗策略远期临床效果。方法比较211例冠状动脉内药物洗脱支架置入术(DES)(DES组)和176例冠状动脉搭桥术(CABG)(CABG组)治疗ULM病变后远期主要心脑血管事件(MACCE)发生率。结果 DES组远期再次血运重建率明显高于CABG组,心源性病死率明显低于CABG组(P<0.05)。采用倾向性得分法分析,血运重建方式与远期MACCE、总病死、心源性病死、心肌梗死和脑卒中发生率未见明显相关(P>0.05);DES与远期再次血运重建率明显相关,风险比为3.050,95%可信区间(1.289,7.217),P<0.05。结论与DES比较,CABG治疗的ULM病变患者临床状态更复杂,冠状动脉病变更严重。DES是接受血运重建的ULM病变患者远期再次血运重建的独立预测因子。     

Long-term outcomes of drug-eluting versus bare-metal stent implantation in patients with chronic total coronary artery occlusions

Background There are limited data on the efficacy of drug-eluting stents （DES） for treatment of chronic total occlusions （CTO）. The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of DES implantation for CTO compared with bare-metal stent （BMS） implantation.
Methods Between June 1995 and December 2006, a total of 1184 patients with successful recanalization of at least one de novo CTO lesion were consecutively registered, including 660 （55.7%） who underwent DES and 524 （44.3%） who underwent BMS implantation. All patients were followed up for up to 5 years for occurrence of major adverse cardiac events （MACE）. Long-term survival rates were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method.
Results Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were comparable between the two groups except that patients in the DES group received longer dual antiplatelet therapy （（7.4±2.5） months vs （1.7±0.8） months, P 〈0.001）. Average follow-up periods were （4.7±0.89） and （3.2±1.3） years for the BMS and DES groups, respectively. There was no significant difference in 5-year survival rates between the two groups （90.3% for DES group vs 89.6% for BMS group, Log-rank P=0.38）, but the 5-year target vessel revascularization （TVR）-free survival rate in the DES group was significantly higher than that in the BMS group （81.6% vs 73.5%, Log-rank P 〈0.001）. The cumulative MACE-free survival in the DES group was also significantly higher than that in the BMS group （80.6% vs 71.5%, Log-rank P〈0.001）. The rates of readmission caused by cardiovascular disease （27.0% vs 37.8%, P 〈0.001） and the need for bypass surgery were significantly lower in the DES group （1.5% vs 3.4%, P 〈0.05）. By multivariable analysis, DES implantation could significantly lower the long-term MACE risk of PCI for CTO patients （HR： 0.492; 95% Cl 0.396-0.656, P 〈0.001）. Left ventricular ejection fraction 〈50% and elderly （〉65 years） were identified as independent predictors of long-term MACE during follow-up.
Conclusion This study demonstrates the long-term （up to 5 years） efficacy of DES for treatment of CTO, which is superior to BMS implantation in reducing the rates of TVR and MACE, as well as the need of re-admission and bypass surgery.