综合治疗腰椎间盘突出症

我院应用非手术疗法治疗腰椎间盘突出症２８５例，效果满意，报告如下。临床资料２８５例中男１６４例，女１２１例；年龄１８～７１岁；有明显腰扭伤史者８７例；病程１天～２３年；部位：Ｌ２－３４例，Ｌ３－４９例，Ｌ４－５１４８例，Ｌ５Ｓ１９６例，Ｌ４－５～Ｌ５Ｓ１２３例，Ｌ３－４～Ｌ５Ｓ１５例；在入院前均经临床检查确诊并经Ｘ线或ＣＴ扫描排除其它脊柱疾患。治疗方法（１）全部病例均卧床休息，如需下床活动系好腰围后方可。（２）应用胸带骨盆对抗牵引，患者取俯卧或仰卧位。（３）手法推拿：一般在牵引结束后，也可根据病…     

胸腰段后凸畸形对腰椎前凸角度的影响及其临床意义

目的 :了解腰椎对胸腰段后凸畸形的代偿性改变及其临床意义。方法 :收集 12例具备胸腰椎和腰骶椎正侧位X线片的胸腰段后凸畸形病例 ,就其腰脊柱和每一节段腰椎的Cobb角、胸腰段的Cobb角、椎体滑移情况进行分析研究 ,并与 2 0例正常对照组进行相应比较。结果 :患病组平均腰椎前凸角度与正常对照组相比有极显著性差异 (P <0 .0 0 1)。患病组单节段腰椎前凸角度以上腰椎变化更为明显 ,L2～ 3 和L3～ 4分别是正常组相应节段的 4.2和 2 .4倍。结论 :腰椎过度前凸是胸腰段后凸畸形后为维持脊柱平衡的一个重要的代偿改变 ,而且以上腰椎的改变更为明显。     

内固定方式对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸选择性胸椎融合矢状面重建的影响

目的 探讨胸弯型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者行后路选择性胸椎融合术时采用不同内固定方式对胸椎矢状面形态及远端腰椎代偿模式的影响.方法 行胸弯后路矫形内同定术且有2年以上(2～3年)完整随访资料的lenke 1、2型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者51例,按内固定方式分为A组(全钩组)、B组(钩钉混合组)和C组(全钉组).测量术前及术后随访的胸弯Cobb角、腰弯Cobb角、胸椎后凸角、腰椎前凸角、远端交界性后凸、胸腰段交界性后凸及C7铅垂线偏离S1后上缘的距离.结果 三组患者主弯矫正率均大于60%,继发弯也获得较满意的自发性矫正.三组患者术前及随访中腰椎前凸角、C7铅垂线偏离S1后上缘的距离均保持正常.随访2年时,A组远端交界性后凸、胸椎后凸角、胸腰段交界性后凸分别达3.6°、23.0°、6.4°,其中远端交界性后凸与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).B组和C组各项指标与术前比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 全钩型同定可以获得良好的冠状面矫形,且在随访中能保持腰椎前凸和欠状面平衡.但钩的固定不如椎弓根螺钉牢固,全钩型固定患者胸椎后凸角有增大趋势,胸腰椎交界区有失代偿的可能.     

选择性脊神经后根切断术对腰椎稳定性影响的临床分析

目的：探讨SPR术对腰椎的稳定性的影响。方法：收集自1992年10月～2000年12月在本科行SPR手术治疗的脑瘫患者共195例。结果：术前常规行腰椎X线检查，发现胸腰椎侧弯1例，L5峡部裂2例。在61例来院复诊的患者中，有10例行走时表现为明显腰前凸行走姿势，与术前相比，腰前凸角有增大。术后出现L5～Sl椎体不稳者4例，表现为Ⅰ度滑脱；腰后凸畸形1例。结论：脑瘫患者有脊柱发育异常，SPR术破坏脊柱的后柱结构和髂腰肌挛缩等因素可导致部分患者出现腰前凸角的增大及腰椎不稳。     

腰神经根解剖及其在经皮穿刺腰椎间盘摘除术中的临床意义

目的加深对腰神经根周围解剖的认识,选择经皮穿刺最佳途径。方法对３０具成人尸体腰神经根周围结构进行解剖学观察、测量和摹拟穿刺。结果测量三角工作区面积（ｍｍ２）：Ｌ４～５为１０４６５±２３６６,Ｌ５～Ｓ１为９１８１±１６７８;直视下穿刺针进入角度（°）：Ｌ４～５为４５３３±１８１,Ｌ５～Ｓ１为４０４３±３４９,外区为４８４±２５６;穿刺点距后中线距离（ｍｍ）：Ｌ４～５为６９８±５７,Ｌ５～Ｓ１为６０６±７０,外区为９７１±９９;闭合穿刺成功率：Ｌ４～５为１００％,Ｌ５～Ｓ１为９０％,外区为６０％。结论经三角工作区穿刺是经皮后外侧入路腰椎间盘摘除术的最佳途径;对Ｌ５～Ｓ１间隙穿刺有困难时,可经三角工作区的外区进行穿刺手术。     

胸腰椎爆裂型骨折前路减压植骨双翼挡板固定

严重的脊柱爆裂型骨折后路减压常有一定的困难。作者采用前路手术椎管减压、椎体间植骨、双翼挡板螺钉（图１）固定术治疗胸腰椎爆裂型骨折并不完全性截瘫６２例,随访２年以上４３例,经临床观察,疗效满意。图１　双翼挡板、螺钉及工具临　床　资　料一、一般资料本组４３例,男２７例,女１６例,年龄１９～５８岁,平均２９岁。从受伤至手术时间３天～４年。其中２周以内３３例,２周以上１０例。损伤节段：Ｔ１１２例,Ｔ１２８例,Ｌ１２０例,Ｌ２１３例。后凸畸形：４３例。后凸角（Ｃｏｂｂ法）１６°～４７°,平均２６．５°。二…     

保留脊柱后韧带复合结构多椎板切除术的生物力学研究

近年来国外学者［１．２］针对脊柱多椎板切除减压术所造成的损害，提出了下腰部手术失败综合征（ＦＢＳＳ）的新概念，其发生率为６％～１５％。主要原因为术后腰椎不稳和椎管内瘢痕粘连及挛缩。我科采用保留脊往后韧带复合结构的多椎板切除术，经１０５例临床应用和主物力学实验研究证明，具有明显地稳定腰椎作用。材料与方法一、腰椎伸屈活动度测定取１０具新鲜腰骶段脊往（Ｌ１～Ｓ１）标本。固定骶椎后分别摄腰椎最大屈伸位的测位Ｘ片，以此作为Ａ组（正常组）。然后切除腰３．４．５三个全椎板，保留脊往后韧带复合结构作为Ｂ组。最后…     

节段开窗髓核摘除对腰椎稳定性的影响

目的 本研究观察了腰椎椎板节段开窗髓核摘除对腰椎稳定性的影响。方法 ７具新鲜腰骶椎标本头尾端固定,模拟人体行屈曲,侧弯和旋转活动,随后顺序进行Ｌ３－Ｓ１椎板节段开窗及Ｌ４－５,Ｌ５,Ｓ１髓核摘除,对比观察术前和多节段椎板双侧开窗及髓核摘除术后腰椎各节段在三维空间的位移变化,结果 单纯多节段开窗后屈江活动时Ｌ４,５前后水平和轴向位移分别增加１８％和１６％,Ｌ５Ｓ１则分别增加１９％和４５％,椎板开窗加     

椎间盘摘除术对腰椎稳定性的影响

本实验研究应用Ｅｌｉｔｅ三维立体摄像运动分析系统观察一个节段和多个节段椎间盘摘除对整个腰椎稳定性的影响。结果表明，单纯Ｌ４～５椎间盘摘除术后于屈曲３０°时，Ｌ４～５水平位移（Ｔｚ）及旋转位移（Ｒｘ）有明显增加。Ｌ４～５及Ｌ５～Ｓ１椎间盘同时摘除术后于屈曲１０°时，不但Ｌ４～５及Ｌ５～Ｓ１节段Ｔｚ和Ｒｘ显著增加，同时亦有相邻的Ｌ３～４节段活动显著增加。实验结果提示，椎间盘摘除术后，特别是多个椎间盘摘除术后，有导致腰椎在生理活动范围内出现手术节段及相邻节段不稳的倾向。     

腰椎单节段经椎弓根椎体截骨术矫治强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形

[目的]评价腰椎单节段经椎弓根椎体截骨术治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形的临床疗效.[方法]15例强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形患者,行后路L2或L3经椎弓根椎体截骨及椎弓根系统内固定术.手术前、后均行站立位胸腰椎X线检查,分别测量矢状面上不同部位的角度,并分别比较手术前后的差异.[结果]均顺利完成截骨矫形手术,手术时间2.5～4 h,平均3 h.术中出血600～1 500ml,平均840 ml,均采用自体血回输技术,无严重手术并发症发生.腰椎前凸角由术前(14.5±15.5)°增加至术后(48.4±11.9)°,全脊柱后凸角和胸腰段后凸角分别由术前(36.1±14.7)°和(30.7±9.3)°减小至术后(0.2±14.2)°和(23.7±12.3)°,骶骨倾斜角由术前(12.0±12.7)°增至术后(28.9±8.8)°,手术前后均有统计学差异;而胸椎后凸角手术前后改变不明显.[结论]采用腰椎单节段经椎弓根椎体截骨术治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形,腰椎前凸角平均增加33.9°,可获得较满意的矫形效果.     

利用成年猪脊柱制作胸腰段后凸畸形模型进行脊柱三维运动实验

[目的]探讨应用成年猪脊柱制作胸腰段后凸畸形模型进行生物力学实验研究的可行性,以及胸腰段后凸畸形对腰椎三维运动的生物力学影响.[方法]收集24例成年家猪胸腰椎脊柱新鲜标本,随机分为三组,制造两个Cobb角度水平的胸腰段后凸畸形和相应的腰椎过度前凸模型,进行脊柱三维运动实验,测量L2、3和L4、5的前屈/后伸、左/右侧弯、左/右旋转的运动范围( ROM)以及所对应的中性区(NZ)的大小,对各组数值进行方差分析,用snk(q检验)法对分组变量进行多重比较.[结果]后凸的胸腰段对邻近运动节段(L2、3)矢状面上的运动(前屈/后伸)ROM以及NZ的影响更明显,P＜0.05,而左/右侧弯、左/右旋转的ROM及NZ没有统计学差异,P＞0.05;而下腰椎运动节段(L4、5)的前屈/后伸、左/右侧弯、左/右旋转的ROM及NZ均没有统计学差异,P＞0.05.[结论]利用成年猪脊柱制作胸腰段后凸畸形模型进行脊柱三维运动实验是可行、简便、有效的;腰椎前屈/后伸运动范围的过度增大,是胸腰段后凸畸形后为维持脊柱矢状面平衡的一个重要代偿改变,且ROM的增大以上腰椎的改变更为明显.     

Combined single stage anterior and posterior osteotomy for correction of iatrogenic lumbar kyphosis

Fifty-four patients were treated by a standardized single stage anterior opening wedge and a posterior closing extension wedge osteotomy for back pain associated with postoperative loss of lumbar lordosis (iatrogenic flat back syndrome). Presenting complaints were fatigue, pain and a stooped posture. Etiological factors were, in descending order of frequency, distraction instrumentation with the lower end at the L5 or S1 vertebra, thoracolumbar junction kyphosis greater than 15 degrees, especially if associated with a hypokyphotic thoracic spine, and degenerative changes above and below a previous fusion. Kostuik-Harrington instrumentation was used anteriorly for the opening wedge and Dwyer cables and screws together with a midline plate were used posteriorly for the closing extension osteotomy. Malunion occurred in three patients, one requiring recorrection. Pain relief occurred in 48 (90%). Neurological complications occurred in two patients, one with permanent deficient. Follow-up averaged 4 years. Average preosteotomy lordosis L1-S1 was 21.5 degrees and was restored to 49 degrees (equal to the lordosis before the initial surgery) for an average correction of 29 degrees, (range 24 degrees to 63 degrees). Prevention of this complication can be accomplished by maintaining normal lordosis at the time of initial surgery.     

选择性经椎间孔椎间融合结合后路融合术治疗退行性腰椎侧凸

目的 探讨后路融合结合选择性节段经椎间孔腰椎体间融合术(transforaminal lumbar in-terbody fusion,TLIF)治疗退行性腰椎侧凸的有效性.方法 2002年11月至2005年11月,共46例患者,男14例,女32例;年龄41～78岁,平均66.4岁.节段行TLIF的标准:运动节段存在僵硬的后凸畸形,椎体在任一个方向存在明显移位、节段不稳定,冠状位L3或L4椎体明显倾斜;3个节段行TLIF 3例,2个节段21例,1个节段22例.随访2～5年,平均3.6年.影像学评价包括腰椎侧凸Cobb角、腰椎前凸角和节段前凸角;临床疗效评价包括腰部和下肢症状的JOA评分.结果Cobb角术前平均31.7°3±14.4°,末次随访平均10.2°±6.5°,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=15.26,P<0.05),术后改善率67.8%.腰椎前凸角术前平均27.5°±12.6°,末次随访平均39.3°±9.7°,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=12.17,P<0.05),术后改善率44.4%.TLIF节段前凸角术前平均6.5°±5.1°,末次随访平均11.6°±5.9°;TLIF节段的脊柱其他畸形和椎体移位均得到明显矫正.术前JOA评分平均(14.1±4.2)分,末次随访平均(22.2±4.8)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=11.45,P<0.05),根据JOA评分恢复率,优良率84.8%;术后JOA评分增加与术后腰椎前凸角增加呈正相关(r=0.61.P=0.02).结论 选择性TLIF的应用有利于进一步恢复腰椎前凸、矫正节段畸形和移位,从而提高脊柱后路融合术治疗退行性腰椎侧凸的临床疗效.     

不同Risser征的胸弯青少年特发性脊柱侧凸前路矫形术后矢状面重建

 目的 探讨不同Risser征的胸弯青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, AIS）行前路矫形术后胸椎及远端腰椎矢状面的重建模式。
方法 分析2002年6月至2006年11月行胸弯前路矫形内固定术且有2年完整随访资料的L enke 1型AIS患者43例,男3例,女40例;年龄11~18岁,平均（14.1±1.7）岁;胸弯Cobb角39°~ 65°,平均46.0°±7.5°。按照患者Risser征评分分为：A组（Risser 0）、B组（Risser 1～3）和C组（Risser 4～5）。分别测量这三组患者术前及术后历次随访时的胸弯Cobb角、腰弯Cobb角、胸椎后凸角、腰椎前凸角、内固定远端交界性后凸角、胸腰椎交界性后凸及骶骨后上缘与C 7铅垂线的距离。
结果 三组患者均获得随访,随访时间24~60个月,平均27.4个月。末次随访时,A组胸腰椎交界性后凸角为6.6°,较术前的- 1.7°增大8.3°;B组为0.6°,较术前的- 7.3°增大7.9°;C组术后历次随访与术前均无显著性差异。三组患者胸椎后凸角分别为21.2°、18.4°和14.7°,胸椎后凸角历次随访时的变化无统计学差异。三组患者的内固定远端交界性后凸角均表现为前凸丢失,后凸增大。
结论 低Risser征的Lenke 1型AIS患者行前路矫形内固定术后胸椎后凸角及胸腰椎交界性后凸增加,可能与胸椎后份生长后矢状面重建引起的胸腰椎交界区失代偿有关。     

Segmental roentgenographic analysis of vertebral inclination on sagittal plane in asymptomatic versus chronic low back pain patients

Two homogenous groups of 120 volunteers and 120 low back pain (LBP) patients, age range 20-79 years, underwent a prospective roentgenographic segmental vertebral analysis of the thoracic and lumbar spine to compare several roentgenographic parameters useful for planning spine surgery. The following roentgenographic parameters were measured: thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, sacral inclination, distal lordosis (L4-S1), inclination of each vertebra from T4-S1, and relative vertebral inclination between adjacent vertebrae. Thoracic kyphosis increased (p < 0.0001) and sacral inclination decreased (p < 0.05) with age in the control group. Increased thoracic kyphosis correlated with decreased lumbar lordosis after the sixth decade in the control group (p < 0.01), less so in the LBP group (p < 0.05). Increased thoracic kyphosis was seen more in the LBP group than in the controls, but significantly solely in the sixth decade (p < 0.01). Lumbar lordosis was more increased in the controls than in the LBP group but significantly solely in the sixth decade (p < 0.001). The L5-S1 segmental lordosis was much more in the LBP patients than in the controls (p < 0.001). Lumbar lordosis was strongly correlated with sacral inclination in both groups (p < 0.0001) and it was significantly greater in the controls, particularly in the sixth decade (p < 0.001). Sacral inclination was significantly more in the female than in male volunteers (p < 0.05). Distal lordosis (L4-S1) represents 55% and 49% of total lumbar lordosis in controls and low back patients, respectively. Spine surgeons frequently deal with sagittal spinal deformities and the deviations of sagittal spinal curvatures and vertebral inclination in the sagittal plane, both in normal subjects and LBP patients should be clinically helpful.     

Mechanisms of retrolisthesis in the lower lumbar spine. A radiographic study

The study investigates lower lumbar segments with posterior vertebral shifts (retrolisthesis) with respect to the orientation of facet joints, disc height, lordosis of the lumbar spine, and orientation of vertebral endplates. Standing lumbar radiographs as well as CT and/or MRI investigations of 69 patients were analyzed. Data from patients with retrolisthesis (20 cases) were compared to data from patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS, 23 cases), and from patients without signs of vertebral shifts (26 cases). The orientation of facet joints in segments with retrolisthesis was not different from segments without shifts, whereas the facet joints in patients with DS were oriented more sagittally. The overall lordosis of the lumbar spine and the endplate inclination were considerably reduced in patients with retrolisthesis, especially compared to those with DS. Disc height was comparable in retrolisthesis and DS, but was reduced compared to segments without shifts. The results support biomechanical considerations, that a retrolisthesis of a lower lumbar spine segment is correlated with a reduction of lumbar lordosis, endplate inclination, and segmental height.     

强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形的后路截骨矫形术及疗效分析

目的 探讨后路截骨矫形手术治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形的手术方式及其疗效.方法 2003年6月至2008年6月,对21例强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形的患者行后路截骨矫形手术,其中男性17例,女性4例;年龄20～57岁,平均39.5岁.在患者术前全脊柱X线片和CT上测量躯干矢状位平衡和胸腰椎后凸角度,并在外观相上测量颌眉角.在计算机上进行模拟截骨,确定手术方式.具体手术方式有:单节段闭合截骨矫形16例;单节段前方撑开-后方闭合截骨矫形3例;胸腰段经椎弓根联合腰段Smith-Peterson截骨2例.观察患者术后矢状位失衡、颌眉角和胸腰椎后凸角度的恢复情况,并评价患者的症状恢复情况和治疗满意度.结果 手术时间平均为4.4 h,术中平均出血量为1770 ml.术前平均胸腰椎后凸角为62.1°,矢状位正失衡平均为172.9 mm,颌眉角平均为34.9°.术后平均随访28.8个月,平均胸腰椎后凸角改善率为60%;矢状位正失衡改善率为64%;颌眉角改善率为98%.随访时患者腰背痛的改善率为64%,总的治疗满意度为95%.结论 针对不同强直性脊柱炎后凸特点,在术前模拟截骨设计的基础上,采用不同的后路截骨矫形方法,可以达到较好的疗效.     

应用脊椎操纵器顶椎双侧去旋转技术治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的早期疗效

目的评估应用脊椎操纵器（vertebral column manipulation,VCM）顶椎双侧去旋转技术治疗特发性脊柱侧凸（idiopathic scoliosis,IS）的早期疗效。方法 2011年2～9月使用VCM去旋转技术治疗IS患者17例（VCM组）,其中男6例,女11例,平均年龄14.3岁;Lenke 1型10例,2型7例;术前主弯Cobb角平均57.5°。2010年7月～2011年2月采用旋棒技术治疗IS患者18例（旋棒组）,男6例,女12例,年龄平均14.5岁;Lenke 1型10例,2型8例;术前主弯Cobb角平均58.1°。手术采用后路椎弓根螺钉固定、VCM矫形或旋棒技术矫形以及同种异体骨植骨融合。以主弯Cobb角矫正率、胸椎后凸角、腰椎前凸角及顶椎椎体旋转角（rotation angle sagittal,RAsag）矫正率评价矫形情况。结果所有患者成功完成手术,无严重并发症发生。VCM组Cobb角矫正率为（85.3±7.2）%,旋棒组为（79.4±11.4）%,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。矫形后胸椎后凸角及腰椎前凸角2组之间差别无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。VCM组顶椎RAsag矫正率为（61.4±12.9）%,旋棒组为（26.1±20.6）%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。VCM组随访8.7个月,旋棒组13.4个月,随访期间未见明显的失代偿和矫形度数丢失（P〉0.05）。结论 VCM顶椎双侧去旋转技术是一种有效的IS矫形方法,三维矫形效果满意,去旋转矫形方面矫形效果明显。     

Treatment of scoliosis in the adult thoracolumbar spine with special reference to fusion to the sacrum

The major indication for operative intervention in adults with lumbar and thoracolumbar curves is pain. A careful analysis of the pain, including a careful history and the use of discography and facet blocks, has greatly enhanced the success rate both in terms of correction and relief of symptoms postoperatively. Zielke instrumentation is the preferred surgical technique for thoracolumbar curves that do not require extension of the fusion to the sacrum. Cotrel-Dubousset fixation is particularly advocated in those cases that show evidence of spinal stenosis and require posterior decompression or in cases of rigid kyphoscoliosis following an anterior release. Fusions of the sacrum require a combined anterior and posterior approach. Iatrogenic loss of lumbar lordosis can be prevented by careful attention to detail and posterior instrumentation with preservation of lumbar lordosis, contouring of rods, and hyperextension of spine and hips at the time of surgery. Loss of lumbar lordosis, which may result in marked fatigue and pain as well as a deformity often worse than the initial one, can be corrected, preferably by a combined anterior and posterior approach (Fig. 5).