P-选择素与树突状细胞在IgA肾病肾小管间质病变中变化的临床意义

IgA肾病病理改变中广泛存在或伴随着肾小管间质损害 ,黏附分子介导的炎细胞浸润是肾小管间质免疫炎症反应重要前提。树突状细胞 (DC)是功能最强的专职抗原递呈细胞 ,其炎症组织迁移依赖于黏附分子P 、E 选择素介导。为此我们探讨了IgA肾病患者肾组织中P 选择素表达和DC分布变化 ,以及与肾小管间质病变之间的关系。选择经肾活检和临床资料确诊的4 5例IgA肾病患者 ,其中男 2 5例 ,女 2 0例 ,平均年龄 (4 5 .4± 1.5 )岁。根据肾小管间质病变程度分为 3组 :轻度组 2 9例 ,中度组 10例 ,重度组 6例 ;10例正常人肾组织为对照。用免疫组化法…     

CD44和CD62P在IgA肾病中变化的临床意义

目的　观察IgA肾病患者外周血粘附分子CD44 (细胞表面糖蛋白 )和CD6 2P (P选择素 )表达水平的变化 ,并探讨CD44和CD6 2P在IgA肾病发病中的作用及临床意义。方法　采用流式细胞术 ,对 40例IgA肾病患者外周血CD44和CD6 2P表达进行研究 ,以 36例正常人作为对照。结果　IgA肾病患者外周血CD44、CD6 2P的表达分别为 33.89%± 13.2 9%、8.5 8%± 5 .17%明显高于正常对照组 19.73 %± 6 .82 %、3.2 6 %± 1.76 % ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;其中在IgA肾病Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级患者CD44、CD6 2P的表达水平亦明显高于Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级 ;相关性检验结果显示 :IgA肾病患者外周血CD44表达水平与CD6 2P的表达水平呈显著正相关 (r=0 .39,P <0 .0 5 )。结论　CD44和CD6 2P在IgA肾病患者外周血表达增强 ,在IgA肾病的发病机制中起重要作用 ,可能参与了IgA肾病的病理发展过程。     

狼疮性肾炎患者血浆中P选择素检测的临床意义

采用双抗体夹心法ＥＬＩＳＡ检测３５例狼疮性肾炎（ＬＮ）患者血浆可溶性粘附分子Ｐ选择素含量，结果发现ＬＮ＇患者血浆Ｐ选择素水平较正常对照增高，其中ＬＮ肾病综合征型和肾功能不全型的上述水平又显高于无症状型和肾炎型。对部分患者进行动态观察，发现经治疗病情改善者血浆Ｐ选择素水平降低。本文证实ＬＮ患者体内不同程度存在内皮细胞、血小板激活状态。检测血浆Ｐ选择素可能对判断或监测ＬＮ患者血栓形成状态、病情进展及活动转归等具有重要意义。     

IgA肾病患者纤溶酶原激活物的变化及临床意义

目的：探讨IgA肾病患者纤溶酶原激活物（PA）的变化及临床意义。方法：以纤维蛋白平板法检测108例IgA肾病及34例健康自愿者尿PA活性，同时以免疫组化方法观察了27例IgA肾病及6例正常人肾组织t-PA、u-PA抗原表达，分析其与临床病理资料的关系。结果：正常人肾组织t-PA偶见少量表达于肾小球毛细血管袢，u-PA则表达于所有节段的肾小管上皮细胞。IgA肾病肾组织t-PA阳性率及单个肾小球t-PA平均积分明显高于正常人。轻度增生的肾小球其t-PA阳性率明显增高，中度增生的肾小球t-PA阳性率明显高于轻度增生者，硬化的肾小球不表达t-PA。u-PA表达明显下调，尿PA活性下降。伴血肌酐升高、肾小管间质病变严重、肾小动脉病变较重或大量蛋白管型形成的患者尿PA活性下降更为明显。结论：IgA肾病早期肾组织t-PA表达增加，晚期下降。肾组织u-PA表达减少。蛋白管型的形成可能与尿PA活性下调有关。尿PA活性的检测有助于判断IgA肾病的病情。     

IgA肾病患者血清瘦素水平变化及其临床意义

目的:探讨IgA肾病患者血清中瘦素(leptin)水平变化的特点及其临床意义。方法:选取40例IgA肾病患者,按照是否需要透析治疗标准划分为A组(无需透析治疗)、B组(需长期透析治疗)及C组(健康体检者),每组各20例(n=20)。收集晨起空腹血清(B组外加透析前后的血清),采用竞争性放射免疫分析法(RIA)检测leptin的水平并分析其临床意义。结果:A、B、C组血清leptin的平均水平分别为(4.98±0.78)μg/L、(6.45±0.76)μg/L及(3.96±0.56)μg/L。A、B组血清leptin的平均水平显著高于正常对照C组(P<0.05);B组血清Leptin的平均水平明显高于A组(P<0.05);B组患者透析前后血清leptin的平均水平分别为(6.50±0.86)μg/L及(5.21±0.66)μg/L,透析后血清leptin的平均水平显著低于透析前(P<0.05)。结论:IgA肾病患者存在血清leptin的水平明显升高,血液透析能降低其血清水平,提示leptin可能在IgA肾病发生发展中起着重要的作用。     

血透患者血浆中选择素P水平的变化

采用双抗体夹心法（ELISA）,定量测定20例慢性肾功能不全维持性血透患者（HD）透析过程中血浆选择素P水平的动态变化。结果显示:HD组血浆选择素P水平在透析前与正常对照组无明显差异（P>0.05）,而透析后5min选择素P即显著升高,并随透析过程逐渐升高（P<0.01～0.001）。同时观察到透析后白细胞计数下降、提示血透过程中血小板被激活,血小板与白细胞粘附的增加。     

IgA肾病中IgA1异常糖基化的致病机制

IgA肾病是最常见的原发性肾小球疾病,是发展为终末期肾病的主要病因,其病理机制复杂,临床表现多样化,组织形态学改变轻重不一。IgA肾病以肾小球系膜区IgA1沉积为病理特征,肾脏沉积的IgA1分子铰链区O-糖链半乳糖基减少,致使IgA1分子易于自身聚集并沉积在肾小球。糖基化酶缺乏、基因突变、免疫紊乱都可能导致IgA1异常糖基化的发生。IgA1分子的异常糖基化是IgA肾病发病的关键因素,但其具体产生原因和致病机制仍未明确,对IgA1异常糖基化的深入研究有助于了解IgA肾病的发病机制并提供新的治疗方向。     

选择素研究进展

选择素是血管粘附分子大家族中的一大类成员,近年研究表明由于选择素可介导白细胞与血管壁接触,因此在感染性疾病、器官移植免疫、肿瘤的发展、新生血管形成、缺血－再灌注损伤及自身免疫性疾病中起重要作用。本文就选择素的结构、功能、表达的调节及其基因的改造进行综述。     

IgA肾病免疫病理机制的研究进展

IgA肾病是全球范围内最常见的原发性肾小球肾炎 ,以肾小球系膜区IgA沉积为特征。其发病机制至今依然不清。许多研究表明与粘膜及骨髓的免疫失常 ,T细胞免疫调节功能紊乱有关。本文就当前对IgAN的免疫学发病机制的研究进展作一综述     

NF-kB expression in IgA nephropathy outcome

Some studies have demonstrated the involvement of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. The aim of our study was twofold: (1) to analyze the prognostic value of NF-kB expression in primary IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and (2) to compare the results of NF-kB expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and southwestern histochemistry (SWH). We analyzed 62 patients diagnosed with IgAN from 1987 to 2003. We used monoclonal antibodies to CD68 and mast cell tryptase and polyclonal antibodies to TGF-β1, α-SMA and NF-kB p65. We used SWH for the in situ detection of activated NF-kB. The results showed that NF-kB expression (mainly by SWH) correlated with clinical and histological parameters. An unfavorable clinical course of IgAN was significantly related to tubular NF-kB expression by SWH, but not by IHC. The Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that increased NF-kB expression, which was measured by IHC and SWH, decreased renal survival. In conclusion, the increased expression of NF-kB in the tubular area may be a predictive factor for the poor prognosis of patients with IgAN. Compared with IHC, NF-kB expression determined by SWH was correlated with a larger number of parameters of poor disease outcome.     

Urinary IgA in IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura

To determine the concentrations and molecular forms of urinary IgA in IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura, we studied 29 patients with these IgA-associated renal diseases (IgAN). Control groups comprised 10 patients with other diverse renal diseases and 11 healthy volunteers. Urinary IgA and IgG concentrations were higher in IgAN than in either control group and correlated positively with the serum creatinine concentration as well as the urinary protein excretion (P<0.01). However, IgA/IgG ratios did not differ among the three groups. Polymeric IgA (p-IgA) in the urine predominated only in normals; in IgAN and patients with other renal diseases, monomeric IgA (m-IgA) occurred almost exclusively. Serum IgA concentrations were generally normal in IgAN; four patients had concentrations greater than 500 mg/dl. Although the fraction of p-IgA in serum (median, 18%) was increased above normal (5–10%) in 13 of 16 (81%) subjects, neither the concentration of IgA or IgG nor the amount of p-IgA correlated with the serum creatinine concentration. These data suggest that the molecular form and concentration of urinary IgA are not discriminating for IgAN and are independent of these characteristics of serum IgA.     

IgA polyspecific autoantibodies in IgA nephropathy.

The specificity of circulating and kidney-bound IgA during IgA nephropathy is still a matter of discussion. In the present study, high levels of IgA antibodies directed against a panel of self and non-self antigens were found in the serum from patients with IgA nephropathy and were eluted from four out of the seven kidney biopsies studied. After immunoadsorption of pooled selected serum samples on TNP and actin-coated columns, polyspecific IgA antibodies were eluted. This supports the hypothesis that IgA-bearing B cells clones most probably producing polyspecific antibodies are a major feature of human IgA nephropathy. These findings also suggest that it may be hazardous to draw conclusions from the finding of apparently monospecific IgA antibodies in this condition.     

Etiology of IgA nephropathy syndrome

Since Berger's original paper on mesangial IgA-IgG deposition with hematuria, there have been a number of clinical and pathological studies regarding IgA immune complexes, the mechanisms of glomerular IgA deposition leading to glomerular injury and animal models of IgA nephropathy. During the last quarter of this century, glomerular changes such as IgA nephropathy have also been observed in cases associated with other diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Schoenlein-Henoch purpura, liver cirrhosis and chronic inflammatory diseases of the lung. This evidence supports the idea of an IgA nephropathy syndrome. On the other hand, IgA is thought to be an important humoral factor at the mucosal immune system and appears to have an antibody function against various etiologic candidates of extrinsic or intrinsic substances at the mucosal and systemic immune system. Glomerular IgA deposition in IgA nephropathy syndrome is thought to result from elevated levels of circulating immune complexes or aggregated IgA due to an overproduction of polymeric IgA as antibodies in the serum and due to the clearance impairment of IgA immune complexes in the hepatic and splenic phagocytic system. The glomerular IgA subclass is not one-sided, but should be evaluated in comparison with the age of patients at renal biopsy; this indicates the approximate age of onset. Cirrhotic IgA glomerulonephritis is not related to Hepatitis B or C virus infection, but to the pathophysiologic condition of liver cirrhosis. Various etiologic candidates such as viral, microbial, dietary antigens or auto-antigens have been listed and experimental models of IgA nephropathy syndrome have provided some clues in understanding the etiology of primary IgA nephropathy. However much still remains to be clarified and some specific epitopes common among these etiologic candidates will have to be identified.     

Low antibody affinity restricted to the IgA isotype in IgA nephropathy.

Antibody affinity affects the handling and behaviour of immune complexes, and experimental studies have shown that animals which produce predominantly low-affinity antibody are prone to immune complex deposition resulting in glomerulonephritis. In order to investigate the potential role of antibody affinity in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy, affinity of both IgA and IgG antibody isotypes during secondary response to systemic immunization with tetanus toxoid was studied in 20 patients with IgA nephropathy. Patients with IgA nephropathy produced IgA antibodies of significantly lower affinity than controls (P < 0.001), whereas IgG antibody affinities were similar. Contrasting with controls, patients' IgA antibody affinity was inversely related to antibody concentration, with higher responders producing large amounts of low-affinity antibody. IgG antibody affinity increased with time, and maturation of IgG antibody affinity was similar in both controls and patients. IgA affinity in controls decreased with time, and this lack of IgA affinity maturation may explain the relative unimportance of IgA in normal systemic immunity. This temporal decrease in IgA affinity was not observed in patients with IgA nephropathy. The production of low-affinity IgA in IgA nephropathy may provide an explanation for the predominant deposition of IgA in this disease.     

Clinicopathologic comparisons of IgA nephropathy and IgA vasculitis nephropathy in children: a ten-year single-center experience

Background/aim To investigate the similarities and differences of renal clinical and renal pathology between IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and IgA vasculitis nephritis (IgAVN) in children. Materials and methodsA total of 237 children with IgAN and 190 children with IgAVN were included. The general conditions, clinical characteristics, final diagnosis, clinical and pathological classification of the children were intercepted at the time of admission, and the retrospective comparative analysis was carried out. ResultsThe results showed that the median course of disease in IgAN group was longer than that in IgAVN group (p = 0.02). Patients with IgAN had a significantly higher duration of infection than the patients with IgAVN (p = 0.03). The white blood cell count (WBC), hemoglobin (HGB) in IgAN group were significantly lower than that in IgAVN group (p = 0.02). The serum creatinine in IgAN group was higher than that in IgAVN group (p = 0.02). Patients with IgAN and IgAVN had statistically significant differences in pathological typing between clinical types: hematuria and proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome and chronic nephritis (p = 0.004). ConclusionThe clinical manifestations of IgAN and IgAVN were similar, but the onset of IgAN was hidden and the clinical manifestations were relatively serious. Renal pathology was mainly glomerulosclerosis and renal tubular atrophy. IgAVN was characterized by acute onset and good renal function. Renal pathology was dominated by endothelial hyperplasia and crescent formation. These differences did not support the hypothesis that the two diseases are the same.     

Tonsillar immunology in IgA nephropathy

As one of the most common types of primary glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is often characterized by the immunoprecipitation of IgA1 in mesangial area. In clinical terms, IgA nephropathy can be treated with tonsillectomy or conservative treatment, basing on modern immunology knowledge in which the mucosa immune system (MIS), especially the widely distributed mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is focused accordingly In terms of basic research, IgAN has been shown correlated with multiple factors, including serum Gd-IgA1 level, IgA-IgG immunity, tonsil-associated bacteria,GADD34, CX3CR1, FOXP3 and the expression of other related intrinsic immune antibody. Therefore, it is reasonable there could be mutual correlation among IgAN-associated factors. The purpose of this study is to review the new progress on the treatment and prevention of IgAN diseases and related mechanisms of IgAN tonsils, which will be of great significance for the therapy of IgAN patients.     

IgA nephropathy with subendothelial deposits

Summary IgA nephropathy with subendothelial deposits in the capillary walls of the glomeruli (IgA type 2) was compared histometrically and clinically with IgA nephropathy without subendothelial deposits (IgA type 1) and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with subendothelial deposits (MPGN). Study cases consisted of 32 biopsies from 26 patients of IgA type 1, 25 biopsies from 20 patients of IgA type 2 and 31 biopsies from 27 patients of MPGN. Histological changes of the glomeruli consisted of an increase in the mesangial matrix and hypercellularity in the mesangium in both types of IgA nephropathy, and the degree of the changes was a little higher in IgA type 2 than in IgA type 1 (0.02<P<0.05). Mesangial changes of MPGN were marked as compared with IgA type 1 and IgA type 2 (P< 0.001). Histometry of the mesangium on the cases followed up showed that the degree of mesangial thickening increased with lapse of time in IgA type 2 and MPGN, whereas it remained unchanged up to 13 years in IgA type 1. Proteinuria tended to be mild in IgA type 1, moderate in IgA type 2, and marked in MPGN. The impairment of renal function was observed in 21.9% of IgA type 1, in 36.0% of IgA type 2 and in 58.1% of MPGN. IgA type 2 has been shown to be pathologically and clinically intermediate between IgA type 1 and MPGN. These results suggest that there is a clinicopathological overlap between IgA nephropathy and MPGN with IgA deposition.     

糖基化异常IgA1自身聚合或与IgG形成的大分子可能与IgA肾病病理表型相关

目的 IgA肾病是最常见的原发性肾小球疾病之一,其临床病理表型多种多样.血清中糖基化异常的IgA1及其与其他免疫球蛋白所形成的大分子复合物可能是本病重要的发病原因.本文探讨IgA1大分子复合物的组成和结构特征,及其与IgA肾病不同病理表型之间的关系.方法 制备偶联有去唾液酸IgA1（DesIgA1）和去唾液酸去半乳糖IgA1（DesDeGalIgA1）的琼脂糖亲和层析柱（DesIgA1/Sepharose,DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose）.取10名轻度系膜增生性IgA肾病患者、10名局灶增生硬化性IgA肾病患者及10名正常人血清,分别经DesIgA1/Sepharose和DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose分离,测定IgA1结合蛋白（IgA1-BP）含量及其中IgA1和IgG浓度,并检测IgA1-BP中IgA1糖基化程度,比较其在IgA肾病不同病理表型间的差别.结果 从两种亲和层析柱上所洗脱的IgA1-BP含量,在不同病理类型IgA肾病患者及正常人间无明显差别.在DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose上洗脱的IgA1-BP中,两种病理类型IgA肾病患者IgA1唾液酸均严重缺失;在局灶增生硬化性IgA肾病患者中,IgA1分子半乳糖缺失比正常人严重.同时,局灶增生硬化性IgA肾病患者血清中与DesDeGalIgA1/Sepharose结合的IgG的含量显著多于正常人.结论 糖基化缺陷的IgA1自身聚合及与IgG聚合形成的大分子复合物可能与IgA肾病的病理表型相关.