西蒙胶囊对兔与大鼠免疫性血小板减少的保护作用

目的研究西蒙胶囊对兔与大鼠免疫性血小板减少的保护作用。方法制备豚鼠抗兔血小板血清，静脉注射复制兔血小板减少动物模型；制备兔抗大鼠血小板血清，腹腔注射复制大鼠血小板减少动物模型；西蒙胶囊灌胃给药，血细胞分析仪测血小板计数，ELISA法冽血小板相关抗体IgG。结果西蒙胶囊预防扣治疗给药各高、中、低3个剂量组对注射豚鼠抗兔血小板血清引起家兔免疫性血小板减少症均有明显的保护作用，对注射兔抗大鼠血小板血清引起大鼠免疫性血小板减少有较好的保护作用。结论西蒙胶囊对兔和大鼠免疫性血小板减少具有明显保护作用。     

氨磷汀对免疫性血小板减少性紫癜动物模型小鼠的干预作用

目的探讨氨磷汀对免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)动物模型小鼠血小板、脾脏系数、骨髓巨噬细胞的影响。方法通过获取BALB/C小鼠血小板抗体,接种到豚鼠身上,获取豚鼠抗小鼠血小板抗体(APS)。将APS腹腔注射BALB/C小鼠建立免疫性血小板减少性紫癜动物模型,使用氨磷汀腹腔注射进行治疗,观察氨磷汀对模型小鼠的血小板、脾脏系数、骨髓巨噬细胞的影响。结果氨磷汀给药后均使ITP模型小鼠血小板计数上升、脾脏系数减少、骨髓成熟巨核细胞增多,与模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论氨磷汀对免疫性血小板减少性紫癜有较为明显的治疗效果。     

乳宁一号胶囊抗乳腺增生和镇痛的实验研究

目的研究乳宁一号胶囊抗乳腺增生和镇痛作用。方法采用肌内注射苯甲酸雌二醇造成大鼠乳腺增生模型,给模型大鼠灌胃乳宁一号胶囊低剂量(0.7 g生药.kg-1)、中剂量(1.3 g生药.kg-1)、高剂量(2.6 g生药.kg-1)4 wk后,观察大鼠乳腺组织病理变化和乳房直径变化,放射免疫法测定血清中雌二醇的水平;采用冰醋酸致小鼠疼痛出现扭体反应,观察乳宁一号胶囊低剂量(1.3 g生药.kg-1)、中剂量(2.6 g生药.kg-1)、高剂量(5.2生药.kg-1)3个剂量灌胃给药后的镇痛作用。结果乳宁一号胶囊不同剂量组与模型组比较,大鼠血清雌二醇的含量明显降低(P<0.01);乳宁一号胶囊3个剂量组能明显减轻由冰醋酸刺激所致的小鼠疼痛反应(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论乳宁一号胶囊有抗乳腺增生和镇痛作用。     

大剂量静脉用丙种球蛋白治疗成人重型免疫性血小板减少症

目的:探讨大剂量静脉用丙种球蛋白治疗成人重型免疫性血小板减少症的疗效。方法:对重型成人免疫性血小板减少症患者47例随机分为两组:静脉用丙种球蛋白治疗组(静丙组)25例,使用大剂量静脉用丙种球蛋白(0.4g.kg-1.d-1,连续静脉滴注5 d)及泼尼松(1 m g.kg-1.d-1);常规治疗组(常规组)使用地塞米松(40 m g/d),连续观察治疗效果。结果:总有效率静丙组为88.0%,常规组为72.7%,两组比较差异有显著性。结论:大剂量静脉用丙种球蛋白治疗成人重型免疫性血小板减少症疗效确切。     

化痰降气胶囊化痰、止咳、平喘的实验研究

目的初步探讨化痰降气胶囊化痰止咳平喘的功效。方法化痰降气胶囊按小鼠剂量3.8 g生药.kg-1,7.5 g生药.kg-1,15 g生药.kg-1,大鼠和豚鼠剂量2.9 g生药.kg-1,5.8 g生药.kg-1,11.6 g生药.kg-1ig给药,观察化痰降气胶囊的化痰、止咳、平喘作用。结果化痰降气胶囊能明显促进小鼠酚红分泌量,增加大鼠痰液排出量,显著减少浓氨水致小鼠咳嗽次数,延长咳嗽潜伏期,显著减少枸橼酸喷雾致豚鼠咳嗽次数,延长氯化乙酰胆碱和组胺混合液喷雾引喘豚鼠潜伏期。结论化痰降气胶囊具有化痰止咳平喘的作用。     

阿糖胞苷诱发小鼠血小板减少模型的研究

目的:建立阿糖胞苷诱发时间更快和更稳定的小鼠血小板减少模型。方法:小鼠腹腔分别注射2 0 0和10 0mg·kg- 1阿糖胞苷,造成血小板减少,观察两组动物外周血象、骨髓涂片和脾脏、肾上腺、胸腺重量的变化。结果:两种剂量的阿糖胞苷都能成功造成小鼠血小板减少模型,在诱发时间和稳定性方面2 0 0mg·kg- 1阿糖胞苷组优于10 0mg·kg- 1阿糖胞苷组,除血小板数之外,两剂量组的其它观察指标无明显区别。结论:2 0 0mg·kg- 1阿糖胞苷组造成的小鼠血小板减少模型诱发时间更快、稳定性更好。     

丝裂霉素和5-氟尿嘧啶诱发小鼠血小板减少、白细胞减少动物模型的建立

目的建立化疗药物丝裂霉素、5-氟尿嘧啶诱发小鼠血小板减少、白细胞减少的动物模型。方法采用不同用法用量的丝裂霉素、5-氟尿嘧啶给予小鼠,在不同时间进行血液学检查,确定丝裂霉素、5-氟尿嘧啶能够引起小鼠血小板减少、白细胞减少的合适剂量和成模时间。结果腹腔注射丝裂霉素首剂量为25或50mg.kg-1、维持量为12.5mg.kg-1,5-氟尿嘧啶腹腔注射首剂量为125或187.5mg.kg-1、维持量为62.5mg.kg-1,外周血WBC和PLT均显著降低,与空白组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。丝裂霉素首剂量50mg.kg-1、维持量12.5mg.kg-1,5-氟尿嘧啶首剂量187.5mg.kg-1、维持量62.5mg.kg-1,其RBC均降低,与空白组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论采用上述剂量的丝裂霉素、5-氟尿嘧啶可诱发复制小鼠白细胞减少、血小板减少模型,成功率较高,动物死亡率低。     

肾宁冲剂急性毒性试验

小白鼠灌胃(ig)或腹腔注射(ip)给药后观察7天,测定肾宁冲剂在最大允许给药浓度和最大允许容量的情况下,小白鼠的最大耐受剂量(MTD)。结果小鼠的MTD分别为>16.5g·kg-1和>8.25g·kg-1,相当于成人临床日用药量的264倍,表明该制剂安全性较大。     

利血康的活血和止血作用研究

目的用小鼠和家兔对利血康的活血和止血作用进行研究。方法采用胶原蛋白-肾上腺素诱发小鼠体内血栓形成模型、家兔免疫性血小板减少症模型以及环磷酰胺致小鼠血小板减少症模型。结果高、中剂量的利血康对胶原蛋白-肾上腺素诱发小鼠体内血栓形成有明显的保护作用;高、中、低3种剂量均能明显对抗环磷酰胺致小鼠血小板减少,高剂量还能明显缩短环磷酰胺致小鼠出血时间的延长;高、中剂量均能明显对抗免疫性血小板减少症家兔凝血时间的延长。结论利血康具有活血化瘀和止血作用。     

肠得安胶囊对溃疡性结肠炎实验研究

应用豚鼠、大白鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,研究肠得安胶囊的抗溃疡性结肠炎作用.试验结果证明,肠得安胶囊3 g、6g和12g·kg-1·d-1(合生药10.9 g、21.8 g和43.7g·kg-1)3个剂量灌胃给药17 d,对二硝基氟苯(DNFB)引起的豚鼠细胞免疫反应性溃疡性结肠炎有减轻坏死与出血的抗溃疡性结肠炎的作用;对大白鼠溃疡性结肠炎(大肠杆菌皮下注射造模),肠得安胶囊ig给药31 d,有升高淋转率、减轻结肠病变的作用.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.