ESWL治疗复杂性尿路结石

ＥＳＷＬ治疗复杂性尿路结石郑虹李香铁李慎勤作者单位：２５００３１济南，济南军区总医院泌尿外科自１９８８年８月以来采用体外冲击波碎石术（ＥＳＷＬ）治疗泌尿系结石２４４６例，其中复杂性尿路结石４７３例，占１９３４％。针对复杂性尿路结石的不同特点，采取相...     

输尿管结石的治疗:体外冲击波碎石与内腔镜体内碎石的比较

输尿管结石可用体外冲击波碎石（ＥＳＷＬ）或内腔镜体内碎石两种常用的方法治疗，体内碎石又可选用液电（ＥＨＬ）、超声（ＵＳＬ）、激光（ＬＬ）和气压弹道（ＰＬ）等能源，医生和病人应如何选择？作者总结了１９８８～１９９７年共１９７０例输尿管结石的治疗经验，其中，１５８０例行ＥＳＷＬ，结石粉碎率为７１％，排净率为４９９％，４８４例行输尿管镜体内碎石（包括ＥＳＷＬ失败病例），体内碎石病人中，３１１例（占６４３％）用ＵＳＬ，１４０例（２８９％）用ＰＬ，３３例（６８％）用ＥＨＬ，其结石粉碎率分别为８９…     

输尿管结石ESWL失败后手术治疗31例报告

输尿管结石ＥＳＷＬ失败后手术治疗３１例报告肖友光，张明１９８８～１９９３年应用国产ＪＴ－ＥＳＷＬ－Ⅱ型机治疗输尿管结石１７５２例，３２例（１．８％）无效，其中６例改行输尿管镜取石，１例取出，５例又转开放手术；余２６例均转开放手术取石。３２例中男性１７...     

腔内技术联合ESWL治疗孤立肾结石的疗效观察

目的 探讨孤立肾结石更完全高效的治疗方法。方法 应用腔内技术联合体外冲击波碎石术（ＥＳＷＬ）治疗孤立肾结石８８例，结果 ８５例成功击碎结石。成功率达９６．６％，手术痛苦轻微，肾功能损害少，无一例因手术原因输血，术后随访１－６个月，结石排净率达９１．８％，无输尿管狭窄或闭锁等严重并发症出现。结论 腔内技术联合ＥＳＷＬ治疗孤立肾结石具有高效安全，并发症少的优点，是治疗孤立肾结石，预防其术后复发的重要手     

ESWL治疗泌尿系结石术后复发性结石

１９９３年８月至１９９５年３月，应用体外冲击波碎石术治疗泌尿系取石术后复发性结石１１２例，结石粉碎率１００％，复发性肾结石２周内排净率９２％，复发性输尿管结石４周内排净率７６％，复发性膀胱结石１周内排净率９６％。提示ＥＳＷＬ为治疗泌尿系取石术后复发性结石有效的方法。     

EWSL治疗泌尿系结石术后复发性结石

１９９３年８月至１９９５年３月，应用体外冲击波碎石术治疗水系取石术后复发性结石１１２例，结石粉碎率１００％，复发性肾结石２周内排净率９２％，复发性输尿管结石４周内排净率７６％，复发出膀胱结石１周排净率９６％。提示ＥＳＷＬ为治疗泌尿系取石术后复发性结石有效的方法。     

ESWL治疗上尿路结石3060例总结

ＥＳＷＬ治疗上尿路结石３０６０例总结符庆吉刘悦王越郑洪柱安京顺郑淑梅自１９８８年８月～１９９５年７月，应用ＷＤ－ＥＳＷＬ９１型Ｂ超定位体外冲击波碎石机治疗上尿路结石３０６０例，配合输尿管镜术（ＵＲＳ）和中西医排石疗法，结石排净率达９９．１％。总结如下...     

上尿路结石ESWL治疗后再行开放手术原因分析（附37例报告）

报告上尿路结石经ＥＳＷＬ治疗后仍需行开放手术者３７例，占同期上尿路结石开放手术的１２．５％，其中肾切除１０例。提示经ＥＳＷＬ治疗后再行开放手术时需行肾切除的可能性明显高于未经ＥＳＷＬ治疗者。肾周粘连、输尿管增粗、僵硬是术中所见的主要病理改变，占４８．６％。并着重讨论了ＥＳＷＬ治疗后开放手术的原因，认为结石残留、ＥＳＷＬ对组织的损伤是造成ＥＳＷＬ后仍需开放手术的重要因素。     

ESWL在孤肾结石中的应用

ＥＳＷＬ在孤肾结石中的应用蒋志振，石炳毅，梁春泉，蔡明，王燕，张华君１９８８年７月至１９９４年１２月对１５例孤肾结石患者采用ＥＳＷＬ治疗后，效果满意。报告如下。临床资料本组１５例。男１３例，女２例。年龄３８～６３岁，平均４７岁。结石位置：左肾９例，右...     

体外震波碎石致腹主动脉瘤破裂

体外震波碎石致腹主动脉瘤破裂［英］／Ｔａｙｌｏｒ　ＪＤ…／／Ｂｒｉｔ　Ｊ　Ｕｒｏｌ－１９９５．７６．－２６２～２６３例１，７７岁男性，７年前行右肾盂取石术，残留结石引起输尿管绞痛几次入院，１９９０年右肾结石体外震波碎石（ＥＳＷＬ）后回家感到疼痛，ＥＳ...     

复杂性肾结石治疗方法的比较

目的：探讨复杂性肾结石的首选治疗方法。方法：分别应用ESWL、开放手术、经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）及微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）治疗复杂性肾结石患者132例,并随访观察其疗效及并发症发生率。结果：采用ESWL治疗56例,3个月后结石排净率53．6％;采用开放手术治疗37冽,手术均获成功,结石排净率达96％;采用PCNI。治疗39例,3个月后结石排净率为92％。结论：PcNL＋MPCNL＋ESWL为复杂性。肾结石的首选治疗方法,可适合于绝大部分复杂性肾结石患者,其中ESWI。适用于无肾盂肾盏扩张的复杂性且硬度较低的肾结石。开放手术可作为其他治疗方法的适当补充术式。     

经皮肾镜治疗体外震波碎石失败的上尿路结石的临床研究（附视频）

目的探讨经皮肾镜技术应用于体外震波碎石（EswL）治疗失败的上尿路结石的疗效和安全性。方法本组共26例,男19例,女7例,年龄25～67岁,结石直径1～2．5cm,既往均有不同次数ESWL史,行肾镜下超声或气压弹道碎石,对于较低位置输尿管结石者则更换输尿管镜下碎石。结果全部病例均一次性成功建立单通道,通道建立时间6～17min,结石处理时间20～105min,出血量10～30ml。术中发现游离型结石7侧,其余25侧结石周围均有不同程度炎性息肉包裹,结石与周围管壁粘连,6例结石中心有大量基质成分堆积。术后复查清石率75％（24／32）,无临床意义残石率25％（8／32）。结论肾镜可有效治疗ESWL治疗失败的上尿路结石。     

Management of pediatric urolithiasis in Pakistan: experience with 1,440 children

PURPOSE: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of different modalities for pediatric urolithiasis in a developing country in 2 eras, namely before and after the advent of minimally invasive surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 1,440 children younger than 14 years treated with various modalities during a 14-year period. From 1987 to 1995, 486 and 50 patients were treated with open surgery, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL, Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Marietta, Georgia) and minimally invasive methods, respectively. Between 1996 and 2000, 518 and 386 children were treated with surgery and minimally invasive methods, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 1,440 children 795 (55.2%) had renal, 198 (13.8%) had ureteral and 447 (31%) had bladder calculi. Of the renal stones 556 (70%), 177 (22%) and 62 (7.8%) were treated with open surgery, ESWL and percutaneous nephrolithotomy, respectively. Of the ureteral calculi 85 (43%), 37 (18.6%) and 76 (38%) were managed by ESWL, ureterorenoscopy and open surgery, respectively. Of the bladder calculi 307 (68%), 77 (17.2%) and 63 (14%) were treated with open vesicolithotomy, transurethral pneumatic cystolithotripsy and ESWL, respectively. The renal stone clearance rate was 98% after open surgery, 84% after ESWL and 68% after percutaneous nephrolithotomy monotherapy at 3 months of followup. Similarly the ureteral stone-free rate was 54% after ESWL and 86.9% after ureterorenoscopy. Of the patients with bladder calculi 48% and 93% become stone-free after ESWL and transurethral pneumatic cystolithotripsy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ESWL, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureterorenoscopy has resulted in treating a large number of children with a short hospital stay and early return to school. Open surgery is reserved only for complex stones.     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for large renal stones. To what size is extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy alone feasible?

The complications after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for large renal calculi could be reduced by insertion of ureteral stents. In a prospective study, the critical stone size for ESWL combined with ureteral stenting was looked for. Sixty consecutive patients entered the study, 17 patients suffered from renal calculi with a length of greater than 4 cm and a width of greater than 3 cm (group 1), and in 43 patients the calculi measured between 4 x 3 and 2.5 x 1.5 cm2 (group 2). ESWL was performed with the Dornier apparatus HM-3. A ureteral stent was placed immediately before ESWL. In group 1 with very large stones, significantly more obstructive problems were encountered. Three months after ESWL, only 6 of 14 (43%) were free of stones or with stone material likely to discharge spontaneously. In group 2, a success rate of 25 of 29 (86%) was noticed, which was considered satisfactory. For most stones greater than 4 x 3 cm2 the combination of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ESWL seems to be the preferred treatment.     

微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石(附706例报告)

目的:探讨与评价微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石治疗肾脏与输尿管上段结石的方法与疗效。方法:采用微创经皮肾镜下气压弹道碎石上尿路结石706例。结果:1999年9月～2005年8月,采用Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期或分步微创经皮肾镜手术成功处理706例上尿路结石,其中包括鹿角形结石、多发性肾结石、ESWL治疗失败、孤立肾结石、开放取石手术后复发、输尿管上段结石,肾结石清除率91.6%,输尿管结石清除率98.4%;随访1～12个月,无严重手术并发症发生。结论:微创经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗上尿路结石具有微创损伤、恢复快、并发症少、安全高效、结石清除率高的优点。     

大功率钬激光经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜治疗复杂性肾结石（附65例报告）

目的：探讨大功率钬激光经皮肾输尿管镜治疗复杂性肾结石的方法与效果。方法：应用大功率（60w,3．0J,20Hz）钬激光经皮肾输尿管镜治疗复杂性肾结石65例,其中多发性肾盂肾盏结石48例（平均直径3．1cm）,鹿角状结石17例（平均直径5．3cm）,统计大功率钬激光碎石术碎石时间、结石取净率以及手术并发症等。结果：平均每次手术碎石取石时间为65（36～128）min,一次治疗结石取净率为69％（45／65）,总的取净率为91％（59／65）,术后5例出现发热,6例结合ESWL排净,3例有少量残留结石,1例术后出血较多行超选择性动脉栓塞后治愈,无其他并发症。结论：大功率钬激光经皮肾输尿管镜治疗复杂性肾结石能快速粉碎结石,缩短手术时间,出血量少,效率高,是治疗结石的安全、有效方法。     

小切口辅助经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的评价小切口辅助经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析2005年3月至2009年7月采用小切口辅助经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石患者57例的资料。结果手术时间2.0~3.0h,平均2.5h。术中出血50~300ml,平均170ml,术后结石总取净率91.2%,一期结石完全清除率56.1%,肾盂梗阻解除率100%。术中、术后无严重并发症。结论小切口辅助经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石具有安全、有效、微创的优点。     

一种简易吸附系统在经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术中的运用

目的 介绍经皮肾镜碎石取石术(PCNL)中应用自制清石吸附系统的初步体会.方法 在经皮肾穿刺造瘘钦激光碎石术中运用一种自制简易吸附系统,由一只类似于腹腔镜直径0.5 cm Trocar的金属鞘,通过直径1.5 cm硅胶管接结石收集瓶再接负压吸引瓶制成.共治疗复杂性肾铸型结石51例,观察并记录碎石效果、手术并发症、术后结石残留情况等.结果 1例患者因术中出血多需中转开放,其余50例顺利完成手术,平均手术时间75.5 min.9例肾盏内小结石残留于难以到达的肾盏,术后联合体外震波碎石术治疗,3个月内排净.41例无结石残留,结石清除率82％.结论 在微创经皮肾穿刺造瘘钬激光碎石术中运用前文介绍的自制简易吸附系统治疗复杂性肾铸型结石,具有操作简便、碎石清石效率高、手术时间短的优点,手术安全,有临床应用价值.     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy and the solitary kidney

We reviewed 53 patients with stones in a solitary kidney who had undergone percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Previous surgery on that kidney had been performed in 35.8%, and 50.9% had other medical conditions including 26.4% who had impaired renal function. Staghorn or partial staghorn calculi were present in 52.9% and an additional 18.8% had multiple stones. Postoperative complications in 18.8% of the patients included sepsis, the need for transfusion and 1 death of bronchopneumonia. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy alone resulted in a 77.3% rate free of stone or fragments of 2 mm, or less. This rate increased to 86.8% with the addition of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy or open surgery (2 patients). Only 1 patient suffered long-term deterioration in renal function. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a safe procedure in the solitary kidney. It should be considered in those patients with complex stone burdens and impaired renal function when reduction in stone bulk and improved renal function may allow other treatment modalities to be used.     

Long-term comparison of renal function in patients with solitary kidneys and/or moderate renal insufficiency undergoing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

We compared the long-term effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy monotherapy on renal function in 31 patients with a solitary kidney and/or chronic renal insufficiency who were all more than 2 years after treatment (mean 41.5 months). The change in the reciprocal of serum creatinine was used as an index to estimate changes in the glomerular filtration rate. A change of 20% or greater in the glomerular filtration rate was considered a clinically significant deterioration of renal function. The rate of deterioration of renal function in patients with a solitary kidney and creatinine of less than 2 mg./dl. was 22% for ESWL and 29% for percutaneous nephrolithotomy, respectively. All patients with a creatinine between 2 and 3 mg./dl. demonstrated long-term improvement of renal function regardless of the treatment modality. All 4 patients with creatinine greater than 3 mg./dl. undergoing ESWL had short-term improvement but eventual long-term deterioration of renal function. Indeed, 3 of these patients required dialysis within 2 years from the treatment dates. One patient with creatinine greater than 3 mg./dl. who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy demonstrated stabilization of the renal function after treatment. From our data, no convincing evidence could be found to suggest that ESWL results in long-term deterioration of renal function in patients with chronic renal insufficiency or a solitary kidney. We conclude that the choice between ESWL and percutaneous nephrolithotomy should be based on the stone composition, stone location and stone burden, rather than on the preexisting renal function or presence of a solitary kidney.