数字减影血管造影对肾癌的诊断与介入治疗

为探讨肾功能脉数字减影血管造影（ＤＳＡ）对肾癌的诊断和介入治疗的临床价值，应用ＤＳＡＣ地１９例疑为肾肿瘤的患者进行诊断和介入治疗，并同期施行Ｂ超，静脉尿路造影（ＩＶＵ），ＣＴ检查，结果１９例经ＤＳＡ检查均诊断为肾癌，优于Ｂ超，ＣＴ及ＩＶＵ，１７例行介入治疗，均可见肾动脉分支完全闭塞，给手术治疗提供重要帮助，认为肾动脉ＤＳＡ能明确了解肾肿瘤血供状况及形态，诊断准确率高，且对介入治疗和手术方案的选择及     

肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗及预后

肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗及预后曾进，章咏裳肾细胞癌（ＲＣＣ）容易发生肾静脉和下腔静脉（ＩＶＣ）内癌栓，其发病率约占同期ＲＣＣ总数的３％～１０％［１，２］。近年来，随着影像学的日趋发展和普及，Ｂ超、ＣＴ、ＭＲ以及下腔静脉造影等检查都具有较高的诊断正确...     

肾癌下腔静脉癌栓四例报告

自１９８６～１９９３年手术治疗肾癌下腔静脉癌栓患者４例，其中膈上型１例，膈下型３例。随访３例，１例仍健在。影像学检查对诊断十分重要，Ｂ超可作为初选手段，ＭＲ对确定下腔静脉内栓子大小、性质、远端定位及延伸程度方面优于ＣＴ；当下腔静脉受外源性压迫时，应同时行下腔静脉造影以提高诊断准确性。预后除依据ＴＮＭ分期及术中癌栓摘除完全与否外，尚与瘤细胞分型、胞核分级、术中或术后并发症有关。     

自发性肾破裂的影像学诊断

分析自发性肾破裂致肾包膜下和肾周出血的ＣＴ与选择性肾动脉造影表现，以发现肾破裂病因方面的诊断价值。回顾分析２４例自发性肾破裂伴肾周出血病人，全部经ＣＴ检查，３例行ＤＳＡ检查并栓塞分析。结果２４例自发肾破裂中１９例为肾肿瘤，其中１２例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤，７例肾细胞癌。认为ＣＴ是诊断急性自发肾破裂出血最有价值的检查方法，其病因诊断率可达９０％；而ＤＳＡ在寻找血管性病变致肾破裂病因方面优于ＣＴ，并可行栓     

肾动脉水平以下腹主动脉瘤的诊断和治疗(附261例报告)

为提高腹主动脉瘤手术的安全性，对１９６０年１月～１９９７年１２月２６１例肾动脉水平以下腹主动脉瘤的处理进行了分析。１９７０年以前手术切除７３例，其中５０例经主动脉造影确诊。１９８７年以来的１７８例由Ｂ超和ＣＴ确诊，５例行动脉造影或数字减影造影（ＤＳＡ）、５例经磁共振血管成像明确了动脉瘤上界和肾动脉的关系。结果：患者均行动脉瘤切除人造血管移植，手术死亡率３．８％，５年存活率７４．４１％。腹主动脉瘤诊断中最为关键的是确定动脉瘤上界与肾动脉间的距离，若Ｂ超与ＣＴ不能肯定，主动脉造影或ＤＳＡ极有帮助。提示：手术操作和麻醉技术的改进使腹主动脉瘤修补术变得更为迅速、安全和方便。     

肾细胞癌下腔静脉癌栓的影像学诊断评价

目的评价影像学检查在肾细胞癌合并下腔静脉癌栓诊断中的价值。方法对１８例术前诊断肾细胞癌下腔静脉癌栓病人的影像学检查结果与手术病理结果进行对照分析。结果Ｂ超诊断肾细胞癌下腔静脉癌栓的准确度为４６２％、敏感度４４４％、特异度５０．０％;ＣＴ分别为７２２％、７１４％、７５．０％;彩超为７２７％、７５．０％、６６６％;联合两项以上影像检查则为８３３％、８５７％、７５．０％。结论ＣＴ与彩超对肾细胞癌下腔静脉癌栓的诊断准确度、敏感度、特异度相近,明显优于Ｂ超,两项或三项联合检查可明显提高本病诊断准确度、敏感度和特异度,并可替代创伤性大、不良反应多的下腔静脉造影。     

自发性肾破裂的影像学诊断(附24例报告)

分析自发性肾破裂致肾包膜下和肾周出血的ＣＴ与选择性肾动脉造影（ＤＳＡ）表现，以发现肾破裂病因方面的诊断价值。回顾分析２４例自发性肾破裂伴肾周出血病人，全部经ＣＴ检查，３例行ＤＳＡ检查并栓塞治疗。结果２４例自发肾破裂中１９例为肾肿瘤（７９％），其中１２例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（５０％），７例肾细胞癌（２９％）。认为ＣＴ是诊断急性自发性肾破裂出血最有价值的检查方法，其病因诊断率可达９０％；而ＤＳＡ在寻找血管性病变致肾破裂病因方面优于ＣＴ，并可行栓塞治疗。自发性肾破裂出血常见原因是肾肿瘤，而国人最常见是肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤     

动脉数字减影造影诊断肾肿瘤

动脉数字减影造影诊断肾肿瘤李景敏，宋依群１９８８～１９９０年对１０例肾脏肿瘤患者行动脉造影，应用数字减影（ＤＳＡ）方法诊断，准确率１００％，报告如下。资料和方法本组１０例，男８例，女２例。年龄３２～７４岁，平均５３岁。ＤＳＡ之前行ＩＶＵ、Ｂ超、ＣＴ等...     

肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的诊断和治疗（附8例报告文献复习）

目的 提高肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的诊治水平。方法 回顾性分析8例肾癌下腔静脉癌栓患的临床资料。结果 所有病人均明确诊断。手术4例均完整取出癌栓。术后随访9-56个月，其中2例分别于术后34、56个月死于肝转移和骨骼转移，另2例仍健在，存活时间分别为22个月和9个月。结论 影响学检查对诊断十分重要，B超可作为初选手段，MRI对确定下腔静脉内癌栓的大小及延伸程度优于CT。无淋巴结转移及远处扩散应积极手术治疗。对较大的肾癌，术前可行肾动脉化疗栓塞辅助治疗。癌栓水平除肝上型外对预后影响不大。     

影像学检查对壶腹周围癌诊断价值的临床研究

目的评价各种检查手段对壶腹周围癌的诊断价值,帮助临床医师合理地选择检查方法。方法对胰头及壶腹周围癌患者３４例施行二维超声（Ｂｕｓ）、彩色多普勒超声（ＣＤＩ）、内镜超声（ＥＵＳ）、逆行性胆胰管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）、电子计算机断层扫描（ＣＴ）、核磁共振显像（ＭＲＩ）、血管造影（Ａｎｇｉｏ）及术中超声（ＯＵＳ）检查,比较它们的诊断效能。结果除Ａｎｇｉｏ的诊断符合率不足５０％外,Ｂｕｓ与ＣＤＩ,ＣＴ,ＭＲＩ的诊断符合率相当,约８０％（２７／３４）,ＥＵＳ,ＯＵＳ,ＥＲＣＰ的诊断率均达９０％（３２／３４）以上,检出全部直径大于和等于２ｃｍ的癌灶。直径小于２ｃｍ的癌灶１０例,ＥＵＳ及ＯＵＳ均检出８／１０例,ＥＲＣＰ在加用活体组织检查后全部检出,Ｂｕｓ、ＣＤＩ、ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ分别检出３例、３例、２例、４例,Ａｎｇｉｏ则无检出病例。结论ＥＵＳ和ＥＲＣＰ是目前检测微小癌灶最有效的方法,Ｂｕｓ因方便经济可做为首选的检查手段,ＣＤＩ从检测癌灶内血流信号有助判断癌灶来源     

肾细胞癌伴静脉癌栓15例临床分析

１９８５～１９９４年治疗肾细胞癌伴静脉癌栓１５例。按癌栓水平分为肾型１０例，肝下型４例，肝上型１例。Ｂ超和ＣＴ检查总确诊率７３％。手术１４例均完整取出癌栓，术后１３例接受５－ＦＵ加ＭＭＣ方案化疗。随访３个月～５年，１例肝下型和２例肾型无瘤存活分别３６、４３、５２个月，余均在术后２年内死亡。认为Ｂ超与ＣＴ互补应用可基本确诊静脉癌栓，除肝上型和已有血管壁浸润者外大部分癌栓可采用松解游离同时渐渐拉出的方式取出，癌栓水平除肝上型外对预后影响不大。     

Transesophageal echocardiography in renal cell carcinoma: an accurate diagnostic technique for intracaval neoplastic extension

Between 4 and 10% of patients with renal cell carcinoma have tumor involving the inferior vena cava and many of these patients have suprahepatic extension. In patients with intracaval neoplastic extension precise definition of the superior aspect of the tumor thrombus is critical. Transabdominal ultrasonography, computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and inferior venacavography are all currently used to evaluate the inferior vena cava in these patients. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was used to image the inferior vena cava in 5 patients with renal cell carcinoma and intracaval neoplastic extension. In each patient transesophageal echocardiography correctly revealed the superior extent of tumor thrombus. In 3 patients tumor thrombus was found at a higher level by transesophageal echocardiography than by CT, MRI and inferior venacavography. In all patients tumor imaging by transesophageal echocardiography correlated well with the gross appearance and extent of tumor found at operation. Echocardiography also documented the absence of residual gross tumor after resection. Transesophageal echocardiography was also useful to assess left ventricular function. Although each of these patients had a pulmonary artery catheter as well transesophageal echocardiography can be useful in situations when right atrial tumor thrombus prevents right heart catheterization. This small series demonstrates that intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography can accurately evaluate the extent of tumor thrombus and provides a means to assess myocardial function complementary to the pulmonary artery catheter.     

腹腔镜下根治性肾切除并肾静脉及腔静脉取栓术

目的 探讨腹腔镜下根治性肾切除并肾静脉及腔静脉取栓术的可行性. 方法 右肾占位病变患者2例.增强CT显示1例肿物部分延伸至肾静脉及腔静脉内,1例右肾静脉内可见充盈缺损并突入腔静脉内.均在全麻下行经后腹腔镜下根治性右肾切除及肾静脉、腔静脉取栓术.术中放置4个穿刺套管针,切断肾动脉后游离腔静脉及肾静脉,腔镜血管阻断钳部分阻断腔静脉,切开腔静脉取出瘤栓,缝合腔静脉,完整切除肾脏及瘤栓. 结果 2例患者的腔静脉瘤栓长度分别为0.3和1.0 cm,均安全取出,术后恢复良好,5 d出院.病理诊断分别为上皮样肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤和肾透明细胞癌1～2级.术后随访5个月未见肿瘤复发和转移. 结论 对选择性肾肿瘤并肾静脉及腔静脉瘤栓患者行腹腔镜下根治性肾切除并肾静脉及腔静脉取栓术安全可行.     

肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的多学科联合治疗

目的 探讨肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓多学科联合治疗的临床意义.方法 经B超和CT检查诊断为右肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的患者2例,下腔静脉癌栓Ⅱ级和Ⅳ级各1例.全麻下取腹部人字形切口.泌尿外科行右肾切除;肝胆外科游离腔静脉至第二肝门,于癌栓上下阻断腔静脉和周围分支静脉;血管外科切开腔静脉完整取出癌栓,缝合腔静脉.例2患者腔静脉癌栓距右心房2-3cm,肿瘤侵及腔静脉血管壁及血管内膜,术中建立左股静脉-右心房转流,心肺转流241 min,阻断主动脉18 min,行自体血液回输、腔静脉置换及第二肝门肝静脉-人工血管吻合.分析手术适应证、手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间等.结果 2例均成功行根治性右肾切除术,完整取出癌栓.2例分别于术后15、27 d出院.分别随访1、16个月,未发现肿瘤局部复发及远处转移.结论 对于没有淋巴结侵犯和远处转移的肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓患者,应积极行根治性肾切除术及癌栓取出术,多学科联合协作可缩短手术时间、降低手术风险、减少肿瘤复发、提高患者生存率.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus and the clinical significance of multidisciplinary treatment. Methods Two cases of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus diagnosed by Doppler ultrasonography and CT were included in this retrospective analysis. The tumor thrombus was in level Ⅱ in one case and in level Ⅳ in the other. Coagulation test and complete blood count were done again before surgery. Human albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin complex, plasma, platelet, UW and irrigating solution were prepared before the operation.Under general anesthesia, surgery was performed using abdomen inverted Y shaped incision. Right radical nephrectomy was finished by the urological surgeon; the vena cava was completely dissected from the renal vein level to the secondary porta of the liver by the hepatobiliary surgeon, the vena cava and the surrounding branch vein were blocked in the upper and lower vena cava tumor thrombus; tumor thrombus was removed completely by the vascular surgeon. In one case (patient with level Ⅳ thrombus ) where the tumour thrombus invaded the wall of the vena cava, the thrombus was found to be extending to the cavo-atrial junction but not into the right atrium. The left femoral venous-right atrial bypass was established, the cardiopulmonary bypass lasted for 241 mia, and the aorta was blocked for 18 min. Salvage autotransfusion was used during surgery, and the hepatic vein of the secondary liver porta was anastomosed to artificial vascular graft.The data for surgical indication, operation time, operative blood loss and postoperative hospital stay were analyzed. Results Right radical nephrectomy and inferior vena cava thrombectomy were performed successfully, and the two patients were discharged on the 15th and 27th day after surgery, respectively. The two patients were followed up for 1 and 16 months after surgery, respectively, and both survived without local recurrence and distant metastasis. Conclusion Radical nephrectomy and inferior vena cava thrombectomy is the preferred method for patients without metastasis, and multidisciplinary cooperation could shorten the operation time, reduce the tumor recurrence and increase the survival rate of patients.     

球囊辅助下治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤合并下腔静脉瘤栓一例报告并文献复习

目的报道球囊辅助下治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓1例,结合文献复习加深对此病的认识。方法20岁女性患者,术前影像学检查提示右肾巨大肿瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓,在球囊辅助阻断下行右肾切除及下腔静脉取栓术。结果病理报告为右肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,伴下腔静脉瘤栓,长6．5cm,术后随访1年未见复发。结论球囊辅助阻断下腔静脉可用于治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓。     

Rapidly growing renal angiomyolipoma during pregnancy with tumor thrombus into the inferior vena cava: a case report

A case of renal angiomyolipoma rapidly growing during pregnancy with tumor thrombus into the inferior vena cava is reported. Angiomyolipoma in a 31-year-old woman was incidentally found by ultrasonography. CT scan revealed a fat-containing tumor in the right kidney with 4 cm in diameter. The patient was followed at outpatient clinic without any treatment. Fifteen months later, the post-delivery follow-up CT scan showed that tumor size had grown up to 11 cm in diameter. Although laparoscopic right nephrectomy was tried, open transperitoneal right nephrectomy was performed because the tumor thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava was found during the laparoscopic procedure. Pathological diagnosis was angiomyolipoma of the kidney. There are several reports that indicate angiomyolipoma grows rapidly during pregnancy. Our case demonstrates that careful follow-up is required for angiomyolipoma in women with possible conception and delivery.     

肾癌并静脉癌栓的影像学诊断与手术方法选择

目的：探讨肾癌并静脉癌栓的影像学诊断与治疗及方法的选择。方法：回顾性分析我科收治的肾癌伴静脉癌栓患者21例的临床资料。结果：MRI精确地诊断出癌栓的范围；20例肾癌根治性切除加癌栓取出术的患者取得了满意的效果。结论：MRI可替代创伤性大、不良反应多的下腔静脉造影，用于确诊肾癌并静脉癌栓；应依据癌栓的类型选择手术方法。     

The removal of renal carcinoma thrombus extending to the right atrium by means of extracorporeal circulation: report of a case]

A case of renal cell carcinoma with a tumor thrombus extending to the right atrium was reported. A 70-year-old woman was admitted with a diagnosis of right renal tumor which had been detected on a routine abdominal ultrasonography. MRI revealed a tumor thrombus extending into the right atrium through the inferior vena cava. A transesophageal echocardiogram confirmed that the tumor extended into the right atrium, and was not adherent to the inferior vena cava and the atrium. Right nephrectomy and removal of the tumor thrombus were performed using extracorporeal circulation. Temporary occlusion of portal venous and hepatic arterial inflow was effective in reducing blood loss. She has been doing well, and there has been no evidence of recurrence during 18 month postoperatively.     

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy incorporating intraoperative ultrasonography for renal cell carcinoma with renal vein tumor thrombus

The purpose of this study was to describe the technique of laparoscopic right radical nephrectomy incorporating intraoperative, real-time ultrasonography in the management of renal cell carcinoma with level 1 renal vein tumor thrombus. With the patient in a modified flank position, a transperitoneal four-port approach was used to laparoscopically resect an 8.5-cm right renal mass with tumor thrombus extending to, but not into, the inferior vena cava. Early arterial control with gentle traction on the right renal vein provided a short proximal renal venous segment devoid of tumor on laparoscopic inspection. Intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography allowed confident identification of the proximal extent of the tumor thrombus. After hilar control, complete resection and intact removal of the renal specimen was performed using standard non-hand-assisted laparoscopic techniques. The actual surgical time was 180 minutes. Surgical resection was successfully performed laparoscopically. No postoperative complications or hospital readmission occurred. Pathologic examination confirmed T3b renal cell carcinoma with negative surgical margins. Laparoscopic right radical nephrectomy incorporating intraoperative, real-time ultrasonography is feasible in the management of renal cell carcinoma with a large-sized level 1 renal vein thrombus. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate its role in urologic oncologic surgery.