回肠新膀胱术的临床疗效观察

为客观地评价回肠新膀胱术的远期疗效，对５２例术后病人的可控性、尿动力学、肾功能、贮尿囊组织学变化及尿ｓＩｇＡ等进行随访研究。４９例获随访３～６６个月，平均随访３５个月。日间可控率为９４％，夜间为８１％。平均最大膀胱容积为４２４．５ｍｌ，最大内压为２．７０ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝１０．２０ｃｍＨ２Ｏ），平均剩余尿２４．８ｍｌ，最大尿流率为１８．０ｍｌ／ｓ。ＩＶＵ示８例１１条输尿管轻中度扩张，膀胱造影２例轻度返流，血肌酐、尿素氮保持正常，尿ＮＡＧ２例升高。术后病人尿ｓＩｇＡ较高。随术后时间延长，贮尿囊绒毛及微绒毛逐渐萎缩，酸中毒发生率下降，尿内粘液减少。肿瘤尿道复发１例。认为回肠新膀胱术是一种可选择的手术。     

乙状结肠直肠膀胱术

膀胱全切术后采用乙状结肠直肠膀胱术（ＭａｉｎｚＰｏｕｃｈＩＩ）作为可控性尿流改道。该术式以乙状结肠直肠交界为中点将肠管纵行剖开２０～２４ｃｍ，做乙状结肠直肠侧侧吻合形成大容量低压贮尿囊，输尿管采用粘膜下隧道方式做抗逆流吻合，利用肛门括约肌控制排尿。本组１１例，平均随访１０．５个月。肠代膀胱容量平均５５３ｍｌ，基础压力平均１．４７ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝１０．２０ｃｍＨ２Ｏ），最大充盈压力平均２．１６ｋＰａ。在肠袋充盈过程中顺应性良好。拔除肛管１周～２个月后可获得满意的尿便分流，２个月后排尿次数稳定，白天４～５次，夜间０～３次。无夜间尿失禁，无逆行感染及高氯性酸中毒。１例出现双侧输尿管梗阻。该术式满足了可控膀胱的基本条件，易于被患者接受，术后生活质量较高     

不同术式可控膀胱的尿动力学分析

自１９９２年以来，对三种术式２９例可控膀胱术后１、３及６个月分别行尿动力学检查，结果表明三种术式术后６个月均能达到高容、低压，可控、无输尿管返流。平均充盈容量＞４７０ｍｌ，平均充盈囊内压＜１．９７ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝１０．２０ｃｍＨ２Ｏ），且术后随着时间的延长和增加容量训练，贮尿囊容量逐渐增大、囊内压逐渐降低。此外，术后尿动力学监控对明确溢尿原因和输尿管返流有重要意义。     

回肠新膀胱术60例报告

目的　总结１０ 年来行回肠新膀胱术的手术体会。　方法　对６０ 例行回肠新膀胱术患者进行尿流可控性、尿动力学、影像学、核医学及生化检查,手术并发症及生存情况的随访观察。随诊时间６ ～９６ 个月,平均３ 年。　结果　病人白天均可自控排尿,仅有２ 例夜间尿失控。尿动力学检查显示新膀胱容量为２５０ ～４００ｍｌ（ 平均３００ｍｌ） ,膀胱充盈时最大内压１５ ～２５ｃｍＨ２Ｏ（ 平均２０ｃｍ Ｈ２Ｏ） ,排尿膀胱压力为５０ ～７０ｃｍ Ｈ２Ｏ（ 平均５６ｃｍ Ｈ２Ｏ） ,平均最大尿流率１６ｍｌ／ｓ,剩余尿为０ ～１２０ｍｌ（ 平均２０ｍｌ） 。影像学检查仅发现２ 例上尿路轻度扩张,肾功能均正常,无电解质紊乱现象,肾图无梗阻。再次手术修补尿瘘２ 例,肾盂输尿管轻度扩张２ 例,围手术期死亡１ 例。肿瘤转移死亡１２ 例,尿道肿瘤复发１ 例,与肿瘤无关死亡３ 例。　结论　对于肿瘤未侵犯前列腺或尿道的膀胱肿瘤病人和结核性挛缩小膀胱的病人,回肠新膀胱是一种低并发症的膀胱替代手术方法。     

经尿道前列腺电汽化术治疗前列腺增生症

应用经尿道前列腺电汽化术（ＴＶＰ）治疗良性前列腺增生症１２０例。手术时间平均５０分钟，出血量平均３０ｍｌ，术后不需要膀胱持续冲洗。留置导尿管时间平均２６．５小时，拔管后病人排尿通畅。前列腺症状评分从术前２０．９降至术后３个月的５．１，最大尿流率从术前１０．６ｍｌ／ｓ增加至术后３个月的１９．２ｍｌ／ｓ。ＴＶＰ具有疗效显著，并发症少、技术简单易掌握，价格较低和住院时间短等优点。     

脾肾分流加贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症：附8例报告

从１９９１年９月～１９９２年４月共为８例病人进行了脾肾分流加贲门周围血管离断术，８例均为男性，年龄１８～４１ａ，平均３２．２ａ．本组８例肝功Ｃｈｉｌｄ分级均Ａ级，术前脉冲多普勒Ｂ超检查门静脉向肝血流量７４７～１３２０ｍｌ·ｍｉｎ－１．平均１０５０ｍｌ·ｍｉｎ－１．术中测ＦＰＰ为３．５～４．２ｋＰａ，平均３．８ｋＰａ．切脾后门静脉压为２．５～３．５ｋＰａ，平均２．９ｋＰａ，分流和断流后门静脉压２．５～３．５ｋＰａ．平均２．８ｋＰａ．全组病例随访２４～４２ｍｏｎ，８例均能参加正常工作．除１例有轻食道静脉曲张外，其余７例食道静脉曲张均消失，多普勒Ｂ超检查脾肾吻合口均通畅．     

选择性括约肌切断术治疗脊髓损伤性膀胱尿道功能障碍

行经尿道选择性括约肌切断术２０例，采用膀胱尿道造影尿流动力学同步检查，定位诊断和选择切断。术前间歇导尿控制尿路感染，术后辅以正确手法排尿。２０例术后随访１２～２５个月。剩余尿量降至３０ｍｌ以下，尿路感染控制，中段尿培养阳性率降至１７．６％；ＢＵＮ正常；１１例肾盂输尿管扩张，积水改善；７例有膀胱输尿管返流者中，４例基本恢复，３例明显减轻；最大尿道闭合压平均下降６．３１ｋＰａ；功能性尿道长度平均缩短１．８９ｃｍ；１１例尿失禁得到控制，６例无明显变化，３例加重。     

脊髓发育不良和隐性骶椎裂致神经源性膀胱功能障碍的尿动力学表现

为了解脊髓发育不良和隐性骶椎裂对泌尿系统的影响，对３４例有泌尿系统症状的患者行尿动力学检查和辅助检查。结果显示有反射性膀胱２１例（６１．７％），其中逼尿肌外括约肌协同失调１３例，排尿困难为主要表现；逼尿肌外括约肌协同正常８例，急迫性尿失禁为主要表现。无反射性膀胱１３例（３８．５％），排尿困难、尿潴留为主要表现。１２例膀胱颈口开放患者９例有尿失禁，最大尿道闭合压为３．１７±１．４０ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝１０．２０ｃｍＨ２Ｏ），２２例膀胱颈口闭合患者最大尿道闭合压为７．７７±３．５０ｋＰａ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。１５例ＩＶＵ显示有上尿路损害的患者排尿期膀胱压力为平均８．０１±４．３０ｋＰａ，１９例无上尿路损害的患者排尿期膀胱压力平均为３．０６±１．２０ｋＰａ，（Ｐ＜０．０１）。综合分析显示患者临床症状和尿动力学表现与脊髓损伤平面无对应关系。     

四种可控性肠膀胱术手术体会

分别采用四种可控性膀胱术治疗膀胱肿瘤或严重膀胱功能障碍及尿道病变患者２３例。随访２０例，３例术后出现腹壁造口处漏尿，２例经手术处理治愈，１例长期保留尿管。术后可控性良好，插管顺利１９例，膀胱容量出院时２５０～４００ｍｌ，１年后５００～８５０ｍｌ，无输尿管肾盂返流，肾功能均获改善或稳定。认为可控性回结肠膀胱为膀胱替代及尿液转流较好的术式，ＨｅｍｉＫｏｃｋ膀胱及液压回肠瓣亦有一定优点。     

女性原位膀胱术:功能评估

对女性原位膀胱术后病人的功能恢复进行疗效评估。作者于１９９４～１９９７年共行女性膀胱癌根治性切除原位膀胱术６０例，平均年龄４８３岁。原位膀胱式为Ｗ形折叠回肠代膀胱及输尿管潜行再吻合４７例，半Ｋｏｃｋ尿囊１３例。手术指征为器官局限浸润性膀胱癌。经过平均２年的随访结果显示无手术死亡。术后合并症包括肺动脉栓塞１例，深静脉血栓形成２例，肠梗阻１例，阴道瘘３例，盆腔内肿瘤复发２例，远处转移５例。４３例平均随访２０２个月，其中３２例能完全控尿，１例完全性尿失禁，２例白天压力性尿失禁，６例夜间尿失禁。６例…     

Influence of preoperative bladder capacity and compliance on the outcome of artificial sphincter implantation in patients with neurogenic sphincter incompetence.

We performed a retrospective study of 23 patients with neurogenic sphincteric incompetence who had undergone implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter to determine if bladder capacity and compliance as determined by cystometrography could predict the need for enterocystoplasty. Study criteria were neurogenic sphincteric incompetence, no previous operations on the lower urinary tract, and performance of preoperative and postoperative cystometrography. Patients were 5 to 17 years old at implantation. Incontinence was caused by myelomeningocele (18 patients), sacral agenesis (3) and spinal cord tumor (2). The 8 patients for whom preoperative cystometric bladder capacity was greater than 60% of the expected capacity for age have been followed for a mean of 60 months. All 8 patients are continent and none required enterocystoplasty. Preoperative bladder compliance exceeded 2 ml./cm. water in all patients (group 1). Of the 15 patients for whom preoperative cystometric bladder capacity was less than 60% of the expected value (group 2, small bladders) 8 followed an average of 72 months had a compliance greater than 2 ml./cm. water and have done well without bladder augmentation. In contrast, 7 patients in this group (46%) required enterocystoplasty: 6 for persistent or recurrent incontinence and 1 for upper tract changes. The average interval between artificial sphincter placement and enterocystoplasty was 14 months. Patients with a small bladder that required augmentation had a preoperative bladder compliance of less than 2 ml./cm. water. We conclude that small bladder capacity, as determined by cystometrography in patients with neurogenic sphincteric incompetence but a bladder compliance of less than 2 ml./cm. water predicts the future need for bladder augmentation. In all other patients, with good medical treatment and followup, the possible adverse effects of a small capacity bladder can be prevented or corrected. With this strategy we have been able to avoid enterocystoplasty with its attending potential complications in 70% of our patients with neurogenic incontinence and favorable urodynamics regardless of preoperative cystometric bladder capacity.     

腹腔镜肿瘤剜除术治疗浆膜下型膀胱平滑肌瘤的临床体会

目的探讨腹腔镜肿瘤剜除术治疗浆膜下型膀胱平滑肌瘤的疗效及安全性。 方法回顾性分析2010年9月到2016年11月腹腔镜治疗膀胱浆膜下平滑肌瘤8例患者资料,其中男性5例,女性3例,年龄31~65（平均47±10）岁,主诉为膀胱刺激症状者3例,下腹痛者2例,无临床症状、体检发现者3例。病程1周至3年,平均21个月。所有患者术前均行尿常规、超声、CT尿路成像（CTU）、膀胱镜等检查,尿常规均正常。 结果8例患者均行腹腔镜膀胱肿瘤剜除治疗且完整剜出肿块,快速病理均示平滑肌瘤,术后病理示膀胱平滑肌瘤,其中7例患者因膀胱黏膜完好未予缝合。手术时间40~70（53±10）min,术中出血20~50（34±10）ml,术后随访3~12个月（平均7.5个月）均未见肿瘤复发且未诉尿瘘等常见并发症。 结论对于浆膜下型膀胱平滑肌瘤,腹腔镜下膀胱肿瘤剜除术是安全、有效的手术方法。     

经尿道电汽化术治疗中晚期前列腺癌

目的探讨经尿道前列腺电汽化术(TVP)治疗中晚期前列腺癌(Pca)所致膀胱出口梗阻的安全性、有效性和并发症。方法应用TVP治疗40例中晚期Pca所致膀胱出口梗阻患者,其中35例同时行双侧睾丸切除术。结果术前平均Qmax5．6ml／sec,25例尿潴留。平均手术时间：单纯TVP为55分钟,TVP 双侧睾丸切除术为135分钟。未发生术中大出血和TURS。术后平均随访24个月,2例死亡,余38例均排尿通畅,平均Qmax为17．8ml／sec,2例后尿道狭窄经尿道扩张治愈,无尿失禁。结论TVP能迅速、有效、安全地解除Pca引起的膀胱出口梗阻。     

碱化利多卡因膀胱灌注治疗氯胺酮相关性膀胱炎

目的 探讨碱化利多卡因膀胱灌注扩张治疗氯胺酮相关性膀胱炎的临床价值.方法 2008-2009年收治氯胺酮相关性膀胱炎7例.男6例,女1例.平均年龄26(19～38)岁.其中复发病例3例共10次.患者均有氯胺酮滥用史,伴有严重尿频、尿急、尿痛等下尿路症状(LUTS);白天排尿间隔时间(20±15)min,夜尿12～20次,每次尿量(50±15)ml.B超检查示膀胱壁增厚、容积缩小;上尿路积水3例.尿动力学检查功能性膀胱容量平均50(20～100)ml,Qmax3.7～10.8 ml/s,残余尿量0～24 ml.膀胱感觉敏感性增高、顺应性下降3例.蛛网膜下腔加硬膜外麻醉下行膀胱镜检查术,见膀胱黏膜呈广泛出血样改变.患者均在麻醉下行膀胱水压扩张、术后留置硬膜外导管镇痛和2%碳酸利多卡因20 ml加5%碳酸氧钠10 ml膀胱灌注并口服清除氧自由基药物等综合治疗.结果 2例膀胱活检提示慢性炎症伴肉芽肿样增生改变.膀胱灌注治疗7～10 d后患者LUTS均明显改善,膀胱容量平均(150±30)ml,排尿间隔(85±25)min,Qmax(11.5±3.8)ml/s,夜尿3～5次.3例复发者重复上述治疗.平均随访7(2～17)个月,患者症状均明显好转,每次排尿量平均(250±80)ml,夜尿0～2次.结果 麻醉状态下以碱化利多卡因膀胱灌注扩张能迅速、有效地增加膀胱容量,改善LUTS,是治疗氯胺酮相关性膀胱炎一种简单有效的方法.     

功能性膀胱出口梗阻的诊断与治疗

目的　探讨功能性膀胱出口梗阻的诊断和治疗方法。　方法　 1995年 10月至 2 0 0 2年10月 ,因排尿困难就诊的男性患者 39例 ,经尿动力学检查、排尿期膀胱尿道造影及尿道扩张器探查尿道等确诊为功能性膀胱出口梗阻。国际前列腺症状评分 (IPSS)平均 2 2 .5分 ,最大尿流率平均 10 .2ml/s,剩余尿量平均 12 4ml。所有患者应用经尿道内括约肌切开术及α 受体阻滞剂治疗。　结果　平均手术时间 15min ;平均出血 5 0ml;术后平均住院 3.5d。所有患者疗效满意 ,排尿症状明显改善。术后 1年随访平均IPSS 10 .1分 ,平均最大尿流率 2 2 .1ml/s,剩余尿量平均 4 9ml,与治疗前比较差异均有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论　联合应用尿动力学检查、排尿期膀胱尿道造影及尿道扩张器探查尿道等方法可准确诊断功能性膀胱出口梗阻。经尿道内括约肌切开术及α 受体阻滞剂是有效的治疗方法。     

Bladder sensation in peripheral nerve lesions

OBJECTIVE: To present bladder sensory data of three common peripheral nerve lesions (e.g., distal, intermediate/focal, and proximal). METHODS: We measured first sensation (FS) and bladder capacity (BC) (not exceeding 600 ml) in 71 patients with peripheral nerve lesions: 35 diabetic neuropathy (D group), 6 post-pelvic surgery (S), and 27 cauda equina syndrome due to lumbar spondylosis (L). We excluded those with detrusor overactivity or low compliance that might affect bladder sensation. RESULTS: The mean FS was 301.7 ml (D), 271.3 ml (S), and 189.4 ml (L), with the largest being in the D group (P < 0.05); the mean BC was 495.2, 475.4, and 391.4 ml, with the largest being in the D group (P < 0.05); who commonly had less frequent toileting. The mean post-void residual volume was 106.5, 29.0, and 42.0 ml; the values tended to increase along with BC. In the D group, the mean FS in patients with skin hypoalgesia as detected by pin prick and in those without it was 407.8 and 210.0 ml. The percentage of patients with FS < 100 ml was 5.7%, 0%, and 7.4%, respectively, who commonly had urinary urgency and frequency. CONCLUSIONS: Bladder sensation is affected in diabetic neuropathy more severely than in intermediate/proximal lesions, together with somatic sensory disturbance. Bladder sensory disturbance leads to less frequent toileting, resulting in bladder over-distension and large post-void residuals. A small proportion of patients with peripheral nerve lesions develop urinary urgency, presumably reflecting irritation of the afferent nerve fibers or the urothelium.     

女性功能性膀胱出口梗阻的诊断与治疗

目的探讨女性功能性膀胱出口梗阻的诊断与治疗方法。方法28例因排尿困难就诊的女性患者,经尿流动力学检查,排尿期膀胱造影及膀胱镜检查等确诊为功能性膀胱出口梗阻。平均最大尿流率11.3ml/s,平均剩余尿量180ml。所有患者接受经尿道内括约肌切开术和α鄄受体阻滞剂治疗。结果平均手术时间15min;术后平均住院4d,所有患者排尿顺畅,症状明显改善。术后10月随访,平均最大尿流率25.7ml/s,平均剩余尿量30ml,与治疗前相比差异显著(P<0.05)。结论联合应用尿流动力学检查,排尿期膀胱尿道造影及膀胱镜检查可准确诊断功能性膀胱出口梗阻。经尿道内括约肌切开术及α鄄受体阻滞剂治疗是较理想的治疗方法之一。     

Massive haemorrhage of inoperable bladder carcinomas: Treatment by intravesical formalin solution

Numerous modalities of treatment have been used in the past to control massive bladder haematuria, with varying degrees of success. Formalin has been used in urology only for the treatment of intractable haematuria of inoperable bladder carcinomas, usually as the last resort when all other nonsurgical attempts have failed and before more aggressive surgical measures are considered. Eight patients with bladder tumours classified T₂ (2 cases), T₃ (2 cases) or T₄ (4 cases) and 2 patients with radiation cystitis were assessed as being beyond the scope of even palliative, surgery, severe haemorrhage being present in all cases. The treatment was instituted in all cases by intravesical instillation of a 10 per cent formalin solution under general anaesthesia. Four patients received 4 and 6 instillations, respectively, the former over 4 weeks and the latter over 10 months. The bladder was filled completely and an indwelling catheter introduced, the formalin solution being left in the bladder for 5 to 30 min (mean: 12 min). Haematuria was absent after 1 to 25 days (mean: 11 days) in 9 cases. The 10th patient died before arrest of haemorrhage. Survival after instillation was 65 days to 27 months (mean: 11.5 months). The outcome was fatal within 4 months or less in 3 cases and 4 patients died of renal failure within 3 months, one within 65 days after instillation. In 4 cases, treatment with formalin reduced bladder capacity to less than 100 ml. Other complications included retroperitoneal fibrosis (1 case), urinary incontinence (3 cases) and severe frequency and nocturia (3 cases). This procedure should therefore be reserved for terminal cases unable to support more aggressive therapy.     

经尿道前列腺电切联合小切口膀胱取石术治疗BPH并膀胱结石

目的：探讨BPH合并膀胱结石进行同期治疗更为有效的方法。方法：采用TURP联合经皮小切口卵圆钳膀胱取石术治疗BPH合并膀胱结石患者25例。即在电切镜监视引导下,将卵圆钳经耻骨上小切口插入膀胱腔内取石,再行TURP。结果：25例均一次手术成功,取石率100％,手术时间35～90min,平均65min,其中取石时间3～15min,平均7min;术后留置膀胱造瘘管1～3天,留置尿管3～5天;术后住院时间5～8天,平均6．2天。术后随访3～26个月,无结石复发,Qmax〉15ml／s。结论：TURP联合小切口卵圆钳膀胱取石术治疗BPH合并膀胱结石,具有取石时间短、创伤小、操作简单及安全有效等优点,尤其适合膀胱较大结石或多发结石患者。     

Three years' experience with an ileal low pressure bladder substitute

At the beginning of this century it was realised that peristalsis would cause incontinence if bowel was used for augmentation or substitution of the bladder. Trans-section of the antimesenteric border and cross-folding of the intestinal segments (Goodwin's cup-patch technique) is an efficient means of solving this problem and has been successfully used in the Kock pouch. We anastomosed the ileal low pressure reservoir to the membranous urethra in 22 male patients following radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer. The mean observation time was 16 months (range 3-36). The capacity of the bladder substitute increased with time, the average being 450 ml after 6 months. In the first 4 patients with a short (2-5 cm) intestinal segment between the pouch and the urethra, micturition was prolonged, residual urine varied from 50 to 300 ml and bacteriuria was found. Occasional expulsions of several ml of urine were caused by peristalsis within this short tubular segment. In the following 18 patients, the low pressure reservoir was anastomosed directly to the membranous urethra. Micturition was good, with no notable residual urine, no bacteriuria and no paroxysmal urinary incontinence. However, a safety pad is used by half of the patients because once or twice a week, mainly at night, a few ml of urine may be lost. No significant changes in serum electrolytes, bicarbonate or creatinine were noted. With the three different antireflux techniques used, no obstructive or inflammatory changes in the upper urinary tracts were found, although no long-term antibiotic prophylaxis was given.