COPD HRCT影像学表型与肺功能的相关性分析

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺病HRCT影像学表型与肺功能的相关性.方法 分析了入住我院的120例COPD患者的临床资料,根据GOLD方案分级,其中Ⅰ级46例（A组）、Ⅱ级34例（B组）、Ⅲ级23例（C组）以及Ⅳ级17例（D组）.对本组全部入选患者的肺功能、血气分析以及HRCT等方面进行检查,对比上述四组之间的变化与相关性.结果 与A组相比,B、C、D三组患者HRCT异常定量评分呈现出显著性升高的发展趋势,且比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）;而且,上述四组之间HRCT定量评价与肺功能分级具有较好的相关性（P＜0.05）.结论 HRCT能够作为定量评价不同级别COPD患者的有效方法.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的肺功能分级与体质量指数的关系研究

目的讨论COPD的肺功能的各个分级与体质量指数（BMI）之间的相关性。方法选取我院呼吸内科二病房2010年7月-2012年7月确诊为COPD急性加重期患者197例,根据其肺功能的严重程度分级,分别与肺功能正常组进行比较,分析讨论肺功能分级与BMI之间的相关性。结果COPD组、正常组的BMI分别是（21．51±3．90）kg／m^2、（23．02±3．20）kg／m^2。两组之间相比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。COPD按严重程度与年龄分组后比较各组BMI,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论COPD及其严重程度和年龄与BMI存在相关性。     

双能CT对老年男性COPD肺功能分级与胸椎钙(水)密度关系的定量研究

目的探讨双能CT(dual-energy CT,DECT)在定量评估老年男性COPD肺功能分级与胸椎钙(水)密度关系的应用价值。方法选取老年男性COPD患者124例,按肺功能分级结果进行分组,比较不同肺功能分级组间胸椎钙(水)密度值差异性,并分析胸椎钙(水)密度值与肺功能检查及CT肺气肿指数(percentage of attenuation areas voxels, LAV%)结果相关性。结果 COPD 1级和2级组间胸椎钙(水)密度值无统计学差异(P0.05),COPD 1、2级分别与COPD 3级和4级组间胸椎钙(水)密度值有统计学差异(P均0.05),COPD 3级和4级组间胸椎钙(水)密度值有统计学差异(P0.05);胸椎钙(水)密度值与FEV_1/FVC%及FEV_1%pred存在线性关系,分别呈中度和较高度正性相关(r值分别为0.679和0.745,F值分别为111.68和187.07,P均0.05);胸椎钙(水)密度值与LAV%存在线性关系,呈较高度负性相关(r值为-7.23,F值为117.52,P0.05)。结论老年男性COPD患者胸椎钙(水)密度值随肺功能分级进展而减少,利用DECT可定量反应老年男性COPD患者胸椎钙(水)密度变化,对预防此类患者胸椎骨质疏松有重要临床意义。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能与骨密度和炎症因子的关系

目的探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺功能与骨密度(BMD)、炎症因子的关系。方法将89例老年COPD患者按肺功能分级情况分为4组,Ⅰ级组10例,Ⅱ级组43例,Ⅲ级组29例,Ⅳ级组7例,测定各组股骨颈BMD、腰椎L_(2~4)BMD均值,检测各组炎症因子白介素-1(IL-1)、IL-8、IL-18和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的水平,并进行比较。结果患者股骨颈BMD随着COPD严重程度的增加而降低,不同肺功能级别组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),腰椎L_(2~4)BMD差异无统计学意义(P0.05);患者IL-1、IL-8、IL-18和TNF-α水平随着COPD严重程度的增加而升高,不同肺功能级别组间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年COPD患者肺功能越弱,炎症因子水平越高,股骨颈BMD越低。     

慢性阻塞性肺病患者肺功能与左心舒张功能变化的关系

目的 研究COPD患者肺功能变化与左心舒张功能变化的关系.方法 对65例COPD（GOLD分级Ⅰ-Ⅳ级）患者,通过肺功能仪测定肺功能FVC（用力肺活量）、FEV1（1s用力呼气量）、FEV1/FVC、FEV1Pred%1s（用力呼气量占预计值的百分比）、RV/TLC（残总比）、Dlco（一氧化碳弥散量）、DLco/VA（单位肺泡容积的一氧化碳弥散量）;通过经胸超声心动图测定LVIDd（左室舒张末内径）、LVIDs（左室收缩末内径）、SPAP（肺动脉压力）、EF（射血分数）、SV（每搏输出量）、左室短轴缩短率（FS）.分析COPD患者的肺功能受损程度与左心舒张功能变化的相关性.结果 四组间LVIDd、LVSV、FS均有显著性差异,而LVIDs、LVEF各组间无显著性差异.LVIDd、LVSV、FS等参数随着COPD分级的增加有下降.COPD患者的FEV1/FVC、RV/TLC、Dlco与LVIDd呈正相关.结论 左心舒张功能与COPD分级程度有关,随着COPD患者气道阻塞程度、肺残气量的增加左心舒张功能有不同程度的减退.     

改良英国医学研究委员会呼吸困难量表评分、慢性阻塞性肺疾病评估测试评分与慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能的相关性及其对肺动脉高压的预测价值

目的分析改良英国医学研究委员会呼吸困难量表(mMRC)评分、慢性阻塞性肺疾病评估测试(CAT)评分与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺功能的相关性,并比较二者对肺动脉高压的预测价值。方法选取2016年1月—2018年1月廊坊市人民医院收治的COPD患者163例,其中肺功能分级Ⅰ级26例,Ⅱ级47例,Ⅲ级56例,Ⅳ级34例。比较不同肺功能分级患者性别、年龄、肺动脉高压发生情况、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV_1)/用力肺活量(FVC)、m MRC评分、CAT评分;mMRC评分、CAT评分与COPD患者肺功能分级的相关性分析采用Spearman秩相关分析;m MRC评分、CAT评分与COPD患者肺功能指标的相关性分析采用Pearson相关分析;绘制ROC曲线以评价mMRC评分、CAT评分对COPD患者肺动脉高压的预测价值。结果 (1)不同肺功能分级患者中男性所占比例、年龄比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);肺功能分级Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级患者肺动脉高压发生率高于肺功能分级Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级患者,肺功能分级Ⅱ级患者肺动脉高压发生率高于肺功能分级Ⅰ级患者(P0.05);肺功能分级Ⅳ级患者FEV_1/FVC、mMRC评分、CAT评分高于肺功能分级Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级患者,肺功能分级Ⅲ级患者FEV_1/FVC、m MRC评分、CAT评分高于肺功能分级Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级患者,肺功能分级Ⅱ级患者FEV_1/FVC、mMRC评分、CAT评分高于肺功能分级Ⅰ级患者(P0.05)。(2)Spearman秩相关分析结果显示,mMRC评分(r_s=0.906)、CAT评分(r_s=0.847)与COPD患者肺功能分级呈正相关(P0.05);Pearson相关分析结果显示,mMRC评分与COPD患者FEV_1/FVC(r=-0.712)、第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值的百分比(FEV_1%pred)(r=-0.813)呈负相关(P0.05),CAT评分亦与COPD患者FEV_1/FVC(r=-0.801)、FEV_1%pred(r=-0.894)呈负相关(P0.05)。(3)ROC曲线显示,mMRC评分、CAT评分预测COPD患者肺动脉高压的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.545[95%CI(0.278,0.803)]、0.870[95%CI(0.000,1.000)],最佳截断值分别为3.00分、21.00分,CAT评分预测COPD患者肺动脉高压的AUC大于mMRC(P0.05)。结论 m MRC、CAT评分与COPD患者肺功能分级呈正相关,与肺功能指标呈负相关,且对肺动脉高压具有一定预测价值;与mMRC评分相比,CAT评分可更准确地反映COPD患者肺功能,且对肺动脉高压的预测价值较高,更适用于患者整体病情评估。     

COPD患者血清hs-CRP、TNF-α和IL-6的检测及其与肺功能和生活质量的相关性研究

目的探讨COPD患者血清hs-CRP、TNF-α和IL-6的检测及其与肺功能和生活质量的相关性。方法选择120例COPD患者为观察组研究对象,选取同期体检的80例健康者为对照组。采用国内COPD生活质量评分表评估生活质量,比较两组血清hs-CRP、TNF-α和IL-6的差别,并对三者与COPD患者肺功能及生活质量的相关性进行探讨。结果观察组血清hs-CRP、TNF-α和IL-6水平显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）;在COPDⅡ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级患者中,血清hs-CRP、TNF-α和IL-6水平逐渐升高（P〈0.05）,肺功能FEV1%、FEV1/FVC%逐渐降低（P〈0.05）,COPD生活质量评分逐渐减少（P〈0.05）;血清hs-CRP、TNF-α和IL-6水平与患者肺功能、生活质量呈负相关（P〈0.05）。结论 COPD患者血清hs-CRP、TNF-α和IL-6水平异常升高,且与肺功能及生活质量显著相关。     

HRCT评价COPD剑鞘样气管指数与肺功能的相关性研究

目的 应用HRCT探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic objective pulmonary disease,COPD)患者剑鞘样气管指数与肺功能检查结果的相关性.方法 从129例经临床诊断为COPD并全部行HRCT和肺功能检查的患者中,根据剑鞘样气管的评定标准,从中选出具有剑鞘样气管改变的患者30例.按照COPD临床严重度分级,其中0级患者5例,1级患者7例,2级患者8例,3级患者6例,4级患者4例.在PASC系统软件上测量其内冠状径、矢状径,计算出气管指数.分析其与肺功能的相关性.结果 剑鞘样气管内冠状径的长度范围是7.0～15.7 mm,均值为(11.8±2.2)mm,内矢状径的长度范围是17.2～25.4 mm,均值为(21.3±2.2)mm,气管指数范围是0.33～0.67,均值为0.56±0.10.剑鞘样气管指数与FEV1/FVC%呈正相关,(r=0.50,P＜0.01)、与FEV1呈正相关(r=0.42,P<0.05),与患者临床严重度分级呈负相关(r=-0.38,P<0.05),与FVC、FRC、TLC、RV、RV/TLC无相关性.结论 HRCT可以精确测量其气管指数,可作为评估气流受限较敏感的指标.     

老年COPD患者肺功能与血清甲状腺激素的相关性分析

目的探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者的肺功能与血清甲状腺激素水平之间的关系。方法选取老年COPD患者(分4级)75例及健康对照组25例,分别测定血清TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4和TSH水平及肺功能。另选老年COPDⅣ级患者24例,分为死亡组和存活组。比较不同组别间血清甲状腺激素水平,分析甲状腺激素水平与肺功能的相关性。结果老年COPD患者Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级TT3、FT3均值低于对照组(P<0.01)。24例Ⅳ级COPD患者中死亡组TT3、FT3、TT4均值低于存活组(P<0.05或<0.01),而组间TSH均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。应用Spearson相关分析显示,TT3、FT3与FVC、FEV1、FEV1/FVC、FEV1%、TLC、IC均呈正相关,与RV、FRC呈负相关;TT4与FVC、FEV1、FEV1/FVC、FEV1%均呈正相关,与RV呈负相关;FT4与FVC、FEV1呈正相关;TSH与RV、FRC呈负相关。结论老年COPD患者随着病情加重会出现血清甲状腺激素水平的异常,甲状腺激素水平与肺功能有相关性,检测血清甲状腺激素水平有助于判断COPD病情严重程度及估计预后。     

吸烟对COPD患者肺功能的影响

目的探讨吸烟与慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）病因及肺功能受损严重程度间的关系。方法对我院住院的1013名有肺功能测定记录中肺功能异常的134例缓解期COPD患者进行研究,调查吸烟与COPD患者肺功能的关系。按2002年中华呼吸学会制定的标准进行COPD诊断与严重程度分级。结果肺功能异常134例中、轻度异常49例（36.6%）,中度44例（32.8%）,重度41例（30.6%）。在肺功能轻度异常的患者中,不吸烟人数为20人（40.8%）,吸烟人数为29人（59.2%）。在肺功能中度异常患者中,不吸烟人数为7人（17.1%）,吸烟人数为34人（82.9%）。表明吸烟者较不吸烟者肺功能更差,吸烟者较不吸烟者FEV1/FVC更低,RV%增加,TLC增加。结论吸烟与COPD发病有着密切的关系,吸烟人群中重度COPD发病人数明显增多。因此对于COPD患者应该加强戒烟教育。     

High resolution CT and bronchial reversibility test for diagnosing COPD

BACKGROUND: COPD is defined by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible and is associated with relevant risk factors. The diagnosis requires that other causes of chronic airflow limitation (CAL) be excluded. We assessed the diagnostic utility of high resolution thoracic CT (HRCT) and bronchodilator reversibility to assist in making a diagnosis of COPD. METHODOLOGY: We investigated 516 consecutive patients whose FEV1/FVC was less than 70% after inhalation of bronchodilator. HRCT was performed on all subjects and a final diagnosis was made only after 3 months of treatment and repeated spirometry. RESULTS: Of 516 cases, 54.3% had COPD, 19.8% had asthma plus emphysema, and 13.2% had chronic asthma. The remaining 12.7% of patients with CAL had diffuse panbronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis obliterans, or other miscellaneous diseases. In these minor diseases HRCT was essential in making a definitive diagnosis. The sensitivities of emphysema on HRCT and of absence of bronchodilator response for the diagnosis of COPD were 81% and 90%, respectively, and the specificities of the tests were 57% and 37%, respectively. In addition, HRCT revealed considerable heterogeneity of COPD. Emphysema was not recognized on HRCT in 18.6% of COPD patients. HRCT also revealed that 17.5% of COPD patients had other pulmonary complications including lung fibrosis compatible with usual interstitial pneumonia in the lung bases. CONCLUSIONS: HRCT and the bronchial reversibility test had reasonable sensitivities but low specificities for diagnosing COPD. HRCT has some additional advantages in detecting heterogeneity and concomitant lung diseases in COPD.     

Assessment of emphysema in COPD: a functional and radiologic study

OBJECTIVES: A combination of functional measurements reflecting a decrease in maximum flow, a degree of lung hyperinflation, the relationship between maximum inspiratory and expiratory flows, bronchodilator response, and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was used to quantify the extent of emphysema, as assessed by high-resolution CT (HRCT) scanning. DESIGN: Forced inspiratory and expiratory spirometry, lung volumes, reversibility test, and single-breath diffusing capacity were assessed before and after inhaling albuterol, 200 microg. Relationships between lung function variables and emphysema extent, as determined by HRCT scanning, were tested by univariate and multivariate analyses. SUBJECTS: Thirty-nine COPD outpatients with moderate-to-severe obstruction. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Emphysema extent, as assessed by HRCT scanning, ranged from 18 to 70%. All of the lung function parameters that were studied, except for the change in FEV1 percent predicted after salbutamol inhalation, correlated significantly with the extent of emphysema (r2 range, 0.19 to 0.44). Functional residual capacity, forced expiratory flow at 50% of FVC/forced inspiratory flow at 50% of FVC, DLCO/alveolar volume ratio, and bronchodilator-induced change in FEV1/FVC ratio were the only variables retained by stepwise multiple regression analysis. The multiple regression model explained 71% of the variability of emphysema extent measured by HRCT scanning. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of lung function measurements reflecting lung hyperinflation, bronchial collapsibility, lung diffusing capacity, and bronchodilator response provides a good estimate of the extent of emphysema, as evaluated by HRCT scanning. These data suggest that pulmonary function tests are useful in assessing and monitoring parenchymal damage in COPD patients.     

The relationship between pulmonary function tests, thorax HRCT, and quantitative ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

We have evaluated the relationship between pulmonary function tests (PFT), thorax high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images and quantitative ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphic studies in 16 male patients (mean age 65.6 +/- 5.5 years) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The mean forced vital capacity (FVC) value of the patient group was 2352 +/- 642 mL (65.4 +/- 15.8%), whereas mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) was found to be 1150 +/- 442 mL (40.8 +/- 14.9%). The ratio of carbon monoxide diffusion capacity to alveolar ventilation (DLCO/VA) was 3.17 +/- 0.88 mL/min/mmHg/L, and the mean partial oxygen (PaO(2)) and carbon dioxide (PaCO(2)) pressures were 68.5 +/- 11.04 mmHg and 38.9 +/- 5.8 mmHg respectively. For each patient, thorax HRCT and V/Q scintigraphic images of both lungs were divided into upper, mid and lower zones during examination. Visual scoring for the assessment of emphysema on thorax HRCT were used and images were graded from mild to severe (< or = 25% - > or = 76%). Emphysema scores were found to be higher on upper zones with accompanying lowest V/Q ratios. DLCO/VA, DLCO, total emphysema scores, and individual emphysema scores of the upper, mid and lower zones were found to be correlated. As a conclusion, it can be stated that emphysematous changes in COPD patients are more apparent in the upper lung zones, which also have the lowest V/Q ratios.     

Tomographic and functional findings in severe COPD: comparison between the wood smoke-related and smoking-related disease

OBJECTIVE:

Wood smoke exposure is a risk factor for COPD. For a given degree of airway obstruction, the reduction in DLCO is smaller in individuals with wood smoke-related COPD than in those with smoking-related COPD, suggesting that there is less emphysema in the former. The objective of this study was to compare HRCT findings between women with wood smoke-related COPD and women with smoking-related COPD.

METHODS:

Twenty-two women with severe COPD (FEV₁/FVC ratio < 70% and FEV₁ < 50%) were divided into two groups: those with wood smoke-related COPD (n = 12) and those with smoking-related COPD (n = 10). The two groups were compared regarding emphysema scores and airway involvement (as determined by HRCT); and functional abnormalities-spirometry results, DLCO, alveolar volume (VA), the DLCO/VA ratio, lung volumes, and specific airway resistance (sRaw).

RESULTS:

There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of FEV₁, sRaw, or lung hyperinflation. Decreases in DLCO and in the DLCO/VA ratio were greater in the smoking-related COPD group subjects, who also had higher emphysema scores, in comparison with the wood smoke-related COPD group subjects. In the wood smoke-related COPD group, HRCT scans showed no significant emphysema, the main findings being peribronchial thickening, bronchial dilation, and subsegmental atelectasis.

CONCLUSIONS:

Female patients with severe wood smoke-related COPD do not appear to develop emphysema, although they do show severe airway involvement. The reduction in DLCO and VA, with a normal DLCO/VA ratio, is probably due to severe bronchial obstruction and incomplete mixing of inspired gas during the determination of single-breath DLCO.     

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 promoter polymorphism associated with upper lung dominant emphysema

RATIONALE: Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) has proteolytic activity against connective tissue proteins and appears to play an important role in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The functional polymorphism of MMP-9 (C-1562T) is considered as one of the candidate genes in the susceptibility to COPD. OBJECTIVES: To determine if MMP-9 (C-1562T) is related to the development of COPD in the Japanese population and whether it is associated with development of pulmonary emphysema assessed by high-resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) parameters. METHODS: MMP-9 (C-1562T) genotypes of 84 patients with COPD and 85 healthy smokers (control subjects) were determined by the restriction fragment length polymorphism method. We investigated the relationship between the genotypes using automatically analyzed HRCT parameters, such as percentage of low attenuation area (LAA%) and average computed tomography (CT) value density (Hounsfield units; mean CTv) in upper, middle, and lower lung fields in all patients with COPD. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: There was no difference in polymorphism of MMP-9 (C-1562T) between patients with COPD and control subjects. In the HRCT study, patients with COPD with a T allele (C/T or T/T) showed larger LAA% (95% confidence interval of difference, 0.5-18.7; p = 0.04), and smaller mean CTv (confidence interval, -34.3 to -1.0; p = 0.04) in the upper lung compared with patients without T alleles (C/C). However, pulmonary function tests showed no difference between the two patient groups. Patients with a T allele showed a decrease in LAA% and an increase in mean CTv from upper to lower lung fields (p = 0.006 and p = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Polymorphism of MMP-9 (C-1562T) was associated with upper lung dominant emphysema in patients with COPD.     

慢阻肺患者支气管肺泡灌洗液中Cat S水平与肺功能和HRCT表型的相关性分析

目的检测慢阻肺患者支气管肺泡灌洗液中组织蛋白酶S的水平及与慢阻肺患者肺功能和高分辨CT表型的相关性研究。方法收集2014年1月至2018年1月在我院门诊治疗的稳定期慢阻肺患者72例,根据FEV 1占预计值%和FEV 1/FVC数值对患者进行GOLD分级,GOLDⅠ级17例、GOLDⅡ级25例、GOLDⅢ级21例、GOLDⅣ级9例,以及同期来我院就诊的并进行纤维支气管镜和BALF检测的健康志愿者23例;酶联免疫吸附试验检测BALF中组织蛋白酶S和γ-干扰素的水平;高分辨CT测量患者低衰减区域(LAA)占全肺体积的百分比(LAA%)、管壁面积占总横截面积比(WA)和2倍气道壁厚度与气道直径比(2T/D);组织蛋白酶S水平与患者肺功能指标和HRCT指标之间的相关性采用Pearson分析。结果对照组、GOLDⅠ级、GOLDⅡ级、GOLDⅢ级和GOLDⅣ级患者BALF中组织蛋白酶S的水平分别为(0.4±0.1)μg/L、(2.1±0.7)μg/L、(2.9±1.0)μg/L、(3.7±1.2)μg/L和(5.7±1.5)μg/L,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(F=12.47,P=0.000),且随着GOLD等级的增加而逐渐升高;对照组、GOLDⅠ级、GOLDⅡ级、GOLDⅢ级和GOLDⅣ级患者的肺功能检测指标FEV 1占预计值%、FEV 1/FVC、RV/TLC、DLCO和HRCT参数LAA%、2T/D和WA数值之间均有统计学差异;组织蛋白酶S水平与FEV 1占预计值%、FEV 1/FVC和DLCO占预计值的数值成负相关,(P<0.001)。组织蛋白酶S水平与RV/TLC、LAA、2T/D、WA和γ-干扰素的水平呈正相关,(P<0.001)。结论组织蛋白酶S的水平反应慢阻肺患者气流受限程度和肺气肿的表型,可能通过γ-干扰素参与慢阻肺的发生发展,有望成为慢阻肺的潜在标记物。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者影像学表型的临床治疗及疗效探究

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者影像学表型个体化治疗的临床效果。方法按照2012年慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议[1],选取符合C、D组稳定期COPD患者75例,收集入组者胸部高分辨率CT资料,将患者分为A型、E型、M型三型,分别予布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂,布地奈德/福莫特罗粉吸入剂(160μg/4.5μg,2次/d)治疗。分别于用药前,用药3个月后测定:肺功能指标(FEV1、RV/TCL、FEV1%Pre);检测C反应蛋白(CRP),并做COPD评估测试问卷(CAT评分)评价。结论 A型、E型、M型经ICS+LABA治疗后,A型对ICS+LABA反应优于M和E型,M型的患者对ICS+LABA的反应优于E型。A型、M型对激素的反应优于E型。提示E型患者的病情较重、生活质量差、肺通气明显减退,单一支气管扩张剂改善患者疗效不佳,对于E型患者需要更大剂量或多种作用途径药物联合治疗。     

The Rapid FEV1 Decline in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Is Associated with Predominant Emphysema: A Longitudinal Study

Abstract

Background: Early identification of patients with COPD and prone to more rapid decline in lung function is of particular interest from both a prognostic and therapeutic point of view. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical, functional and imaging characteristics associated with the rapid FEV₁ decline in COPD. Methods: Between 2001 and 2005, 131 outpatients with moderate COPD in stable condition under maximum inhaled therapy underwent clinical interview, pulmonary function tests and HRCT imaging of the chest and were followed for at least 3 years. Results: Twenty-six percent of patients had emphysema detected visually using HRCT. The FEV₁ decline was 42 ± 66 mL/y in the total sample, 88 ± 76 mL/y among rapid decliners and 6 ± 54 mL/y among the other patients. In the univariable analysis, the decline of FEV₁ was positively associated with pack-years (p < 0.05), emphysema at HRCT (p < 0.001), RV (p < 0.05), FRC (p < 0.05), FEV₁ (p < 0.01) at baseline and with number of hospitalizations per year (p < 0.05) during the follow-up. Using multivariable analysis, the presence of emphysema proved to be an independent prognostic factor of rapid decline (p = 0.001). When emphysema was replaced by RV, the model still remained significant. Conclusions: The rapid decline in lung function may be identified by the presence of emphysema at HRCT or increased RV in patients with a long smoking history.     

Clinical characteristics of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema

Background and objective: Patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) are sometimes seen, and we speculate that these patients have some different clinical characteristics from COPD patients. This study clarifies the clinical characteristics of CPFE patients. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 47 stable patients with concurrent emphysema and diffuse parenchymal lung disease with fibrosis, based on the findings of chest CT (CPFE patients). The clinical characteristics of CPFE patients were compared with those of emphysema‐dominant COPD patients without parenchymal lung disease (COPD patients). Results: Forty‐six of the 47 CPFE patients were male. Paraseptal emphysema was particularly common in the CPFE group. Honeycombing, ground‐glass opacities and reticular opacities were present in 75.6%, 62.2% and 84.4% of CPFE patients, respectively. Twenty‐two of the 47 CPFE patients (46.8%) had lung cancer. Pulmonary function tests showed that the CPFE group had milder airflow limitation and lower diffusing capacity than the COPD group. Desaturation during 6‐min walking test in CPFE patients tended to be more severe than in COPD patients, if the level of FEV₁ or 6MWD was equal. Conclusions: CPFE patients had some different clinical characteristics in comparison with COPD patients and may also have a high prevalence of lung cancer.