Cerebellar ataxia and severe muscle CoQ10 deficiency in a patient with a novel mutation in ADCK3

Inherited ataxias are a group of heterogeneous disorders in children or adults but their genetic definition remains still undetermined in almost half of the patients. However, CoQ₁₀ deficiency is a rare cause of cerebellar ataxia and ADCK3 is the most frequent gene associated with this defect. We herein report a 48 year old man, who presented with dysarthria and walking difficulties. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed a marked cerebellar atrophy. Serum lactate was elevated. Tissues obtained by muscle and skin biopsies were studied for biochemical and genetic characterization. Skeletal muscle biochemistry revealed decreased activities of complexes I+III and II+III and a severe reduction of CoQ₁₀, while skin fibroblasts showed normal CoQ₁₀ levels. A mild loss of maximal respiration capacity was also found by high‐resolution respirometry. Molecular studies identified a novel homozygous deletion (c.504del_CT) in ADCK3, causing a premature stop codon. Western blot analysis revealed marked reduction of ADCK3 protein levels. Treatment with CoQ₁₀ was started and, after 1 year follow‐up, patient neurological condition slightly improved. This report suggests the importance of investigating mitochondrial function and, in particular, muscle CoQ₁₀ levels, in patients with adult‐onset cerebellar ataxia. Moreover, clinical stabilization by CoQ₁₀ supplementation emphasizes the importance of an early diagnosis.     

辅酶Q10改善大鼠微循环障碍的实验研究

目的研究辅酶 Q10改善大鼠微循环障碍的作用.方法 SD大鼠 12只,实验组、对照组各 6只.用 10%高分子右旋糖酐( MW>20万)复制大鼠微循环障碍模型( 2～ 3 ml/ 100 g B. W-1· d-1),经口灌服 CoQ 10,剂量 1 mg· 100 g B. W-1· d-1,对照组用等量盐水代替. 3 d后作肠系膜微循环活体观察.用活体微循环显微电视电脑系统观察测量微动脉、微静脉口径、 RBC流速、 RBC聚集、白细胞黏附,并测血浆乳酸含量与乳酸脱氢酶( LDH)活力.结果经口灌服 CoQ 10 3 d后心率明显降低 [实验组 (326± 19)次 /min,对照组 (411± 35)次 /min, P<0. 05], 毛细血管红细胞流速明显加快 [(442± 102)μ m/s与 (210± 80)μ m/s, P<0.05],红细胞聚集积分明显减少( 1. 60± 0. 2与 2. 8± 0. 3, P<0.05).白细胞黏附数降低 [( 10. 2± 4.0)个 /min与 (18. 6± 4. 8)个 /min, P<0.05].与此同时血浆乳酸含量 [( 2. 02± 0.15)mmol/L与 (10. 57± 0.17)mmol/L]和 LDH[(1431. 55± 376. 87)μ /L与 (4641.67± 193. 42)μ /L]均有非常显著降低.结论 CoQ 10具有治疗微循环障碍,改善细胞缺氧,减轻细胞损伤的作用.     

BMSC and CoQ10 improve behavioural recovery and histological outcome in rat model of Parkinson's disease

Objective: This study assessed the ability of a combination treatment of bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) graft and oral coenzyme (CoQ10) in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) as an appropriate substitute for current Parkinson treatments. The combination treatment was compared to sole treatments of BMSC and CoQ10. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, there were six groups of male Wistar rats: control, sham, lesion, CoQ10, graft BMSC and graft BMSC plus CoQ10. Oral administration of CoQ10 began 1 week before the PD and continued during the entire treatment period. To simulate PD, we injected 6 hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) in rats. BMSC were labelled by 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (Brdu) before transplantation. We assessed behaviour before PD, 2 weeks after PD and 8 weeks after cell transplantation. At the end of the second month of treatment, immunohistochemistry, histology and molecular studies were performed. Results: Behavioural assessment of the CoQ10 group and BMSC group indicated equal recovery in comparison with the lesion group (P < 0.01), while the combined treatment of BMSC and CoQ10 showed considerably better recovery compared with the lesion group (P < 0.001). There were no signs of gliosis and graft rejection. Immunohistochemistry analysis of Brdu indicated that cells were alive after 2 months of application in host tissue. Cell counts showed significantly greater numbers of neural cells in the combination treatment of BMSC and CoQ10 compared to the other groups. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene expression levels in the combined therapy group was significantly more than the other experimental groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The combined use of two neuroprotective treatments and cell replacement therapy can be effective in the treatment of PD, at least in experimental settings.     

巴金森病与多系统萎缩患者的交感神经皮肤反应研究

目的：研究原发性巴金森病（IPD）与多系统萎缩（MSA）交感神经皮肤反应（SSR）,以探讨它们自主神经功能障碍的差异。方法：对31例IPD、17例MSA和83位正常人的SSR结果比较,分析PD组和MSA组SSR异常特征和与病程、自主神经症状的相关性。结果：MSA组SSR异常率（76％）显著高于IPD组（45％）,以双侧异常多见。3年内病程的SSR异常率为73％,并与自主神经症状相关。IPD组SSR异常与病程显著相关,与自主神经症状无完全对应关系,SSR异常更多见于震颤侧。结论：MSA广泛而严重的自主神经系统受累可能是SSR异常显著有别于IPD的基础。SSR异常出现早,呈双侧改变,且与自主神经症状有对应关系,则更多提示MSA的可能。     

人IL-10基因的克隆表达及表达产物活性的初步鉴定

目的:构建含人IL-10全基因序列的原核表达载体,并进行表达及产物活性的鉴定。方法:利用RT-PCR方法,从人肝癌细胞系HepG2的总RNA中扩增IL-10的全长编码序列。编码序列经测序验证后,将其克隆入表达载体PET-28 a( ),构建IL-10基因的重组原核表达载体。在大肠杆菌中诱导表达目的蛋白,表达产物采用Western blot和ELISA进行鉴定。结果:表达产物主要位于包涵体内。经Western blot分析和ELISA检测显示,表达产物的相对分子质量(Mr)同预期的结果相符,有结合抗体活性。结论:成功地扩增人IL-10全基因序列,并构建了含该基因序列的原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌中高效表达的表达产物具有抗原活性,为下一步制备抗IL-10的单克隆抗体(mAb)提供了必要的前提。     

人缺血脑组织中IP-10和IFN-γ的表达

目的：探讨趋化因子IP-10和细胞因子IFN-γ是否参与人缺血脑损伤过程。方法：将21例脑梗死死亡病例按发病持续时间分为〈7天、7～14天和15～21天3组，以非缺血侧半球做对照，用HE染色法观察炎性细胞浸润情况；通过免疫组织化学方法检测缺血半球脑组织与非缺血半球脑组织中趋化因子IP-10和细胞因子IFN-γ的表达。结果：在〈7天组和7～14天组中，缺血脑组织可见大量炎性细胞浸润。在〈7天组、7～14天组和15～2l天组中，趋化因子IP-10在缺血半球脑组织中的表达高于非缺血半球（分别是1．74倍增高，P〈0．01；1．41倍增高，P〈0．05和1．52倍增高，P〈0．01）。在对细胞因子IFN-γ的检测中发现〈7天和7～14天组中，IFN-γ在缺血半球脑组织中的表达高于非缺血半球（分别是1．65倍增高，P〈0．05和1．32倍增高，P〈0．05）；在15～21天组中，IFN-γ在缺血半球与非缺血半球中的表达没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：在人缺血脑组织中观察到IP-10和IFN-γ的表达，提示IP-10和IFN-γ参与了炎症反应对脑组织的损伤过程。同时也提示IP-10可能参与后期对损伤脑组织的修复。     

Identification of human IgG autoantibodies specific for IL-10

Since autoantibodies to IL-1α, interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and IL-6 have been described, this study concentrated on the search for autoantibodies to hIL-10 using an assay based on the precipitation of ¹²⁵I-hIL-10 anti-IL-10 autoantibody complexes using Protein G-Sepharose. Among 1860 tested sera, only seven were found to specifically precipitate IL-10, thus indicating the rare occurrence of such autoantibodies. Four of those seven anti-IL-10 autoantibody sera were specific for hIL-10, two recognized both human and viral IL-10, while the last one recognized human, viral and murine IL-10, thus suggesting the existence of at least three different epitopic specificities. The purification of anti-IL-10 autoantibody from one serum demonstrated the existence of a single (IgG1, λ) autoantibody that neutralized IL-10 biological activity. Thus, autoantibodies to IL-10 may represent natural antagonists to IL-10.     

Extracellular vesicles: structure,function, and potential clinical uses in renal diseases

Interest in the role of extracellular vesicles in various diseases including cancer has been increasing. Extracellular vesicles include microvesicles, exosomes, apoptotic bodies, and argosomes, and are classified by size, content, synthesis, and function. Currently, the best characterized are exosomes and microvesicles. Exosomes are small vesicles (40-100 nm) involved in intercellular communication regardless of the distance between them. They are found in various biological fluids such as plasma, serum, and breast milk, and are formed from multivesicular bodies through the inward budding of the endosome membrane. Microvesicles are 100-1000 nm vesicles released from the cell by the outward budding of the plasma membrane. The therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles is very broad, with applications including a route of drug delivery and as biomarkers for diagnosis. Extracellular vesicles extracted from stem cells may be used for treatment of many diseases including kidney diseases. This review highlights mechanisms of synthesis and function, and the potential uses of well-characterized extracellular vesicles, mainly exosomes, with a special focus on renal functions and diseases.     

反义人IL-10和反义病毒性IL-10抗鼻咽癌细胞成瘤效应的研究

目的:探讨反义人IL-10和反义病毒性IL-10抑制鼻咽癌细胞成瘤的效果。方法:扩增及克隆hIL-10 cDNA和 vIL-10基因,构建反义hIL-10和反义vIL-10双价真核表达载体pcDNA3/AS hIL-10 AS vIL-10,转染鼻咽癌细胞株SUNE。将转染阳性的SUNE细胞克隆和未转染的SUNE细胞接种SCID小鼠和经健康人外周血白细胞免疫重建的SCID小鼠（hu-PBL-SCID鼠）,观察成瘤效应。结果:ELISA法测得未转染SUNE细胞培养上清液中IL-10和vIL-10的总含量为242±23pg/ml,而转染阳性的SUNE细胞培养上清液中hIL-10和vIL-10的总含量仅为22±6pg/ml。在SCID鼠体内,vIL-10和hIL-10的表达与否,并不影响鼻咽癌细胞的成瘤活性,但在hu-PBL-SCID鼠体内,抑制vIL-10和hIL-10的表达则可明显抑制鼻咽癌细胞的成瘤作用。结论:反义人IL-10和反义病毒性IL-10可显著抑制鼻咽癌细胞在血hu-PBL-SCID鼠体内的成瘤作用,鼻咽癌组织表达vIL-10和hIL-10的确与鼻咽癌免疫耐受有关。     

Enhanced monocyte Fc phagocytosis by a homologue of interleukin-10 encoded by human cytomegalovirus

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) expresses several homologues of human interleukin 10 (hIL-10) possessing immunomodulatory properties which may promote viral infection by modulating the function of myeloid cells. We examined the phenotype and phagocytic capability of human monocytes exposed to hIL-10, an HCMV-encoded hIL-10 homologue expressed during the productive phase of infection (cmvIL-10), and a differentially spliced form of cmvIL-10 expressed during latent and productive phases of infection, (LAcmvIL-10). hIL-10 and cmvIL-10 upregulated expression of Fcγ receptors, stimulated phagocytosis of IgG-opsonised erythrocytes and decreased MHC class II (HLA-DR) expression on purified monocytes within 24 h. In contrast, LAcmvIL-10 decreased HLA-DR expression at later times (48 h and 72 h) but did not increase Fcγ receptor expression. We conclude that cmvIL-10 promotes differentiation of monocytes towards a pro-phagocytic phenotype and that LAcmvIL-10 does not affect monocytes by the same mechanism as cmvIL-10. The significance of these properties to cytomegalovirus pathogenesis is discussed.     

CD10分子的研究进展及临床应用

CD10分子最初作为普通急性淋巴细胞白血病抗原(CALLA)被发现,是一个相对分子质量为90 000-110 000Ⅱ型单链穿膜糖蛋白.CD10分子广泛分布在各种组织,具有中性肽链内切酶(NEP)的功能,并且表达在不同的组织,其功能不尽相同.目前广泛应用于用血液系统肿瘤以及部分实体肿瘤的诊断和预后判断,还用于造血细胞分化发育研究和部分组织干细胞的研究.     

Strategies for use of IL-10 or its antagonists in human disease

Summary: Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine with broad anti-inflammatory properties by its suppression of both macrophage and dendritic cell function, including antigen-presenting cell function and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. This can result subsequently in the feedback regulation of both T-helper 1 (Th1)-type and Th2-type responses. This review discusses the potential use of IL-10 or agents that induce IL-10 as potential anti-inflammatory therapies in inflammatory diseases. Although IL-10-deficient mice develop colitis in the presence of normal gut flora and clear certain intracellular pathogens more efficiently, this is often accompanied by immunopathology, which can be lethal to the host. This reinforces the anti-inflammatory properties of IL-10, although it should be noted that as discussed below, IL-10 can also promote B-cell and other immune responses under particular settings. A penalty of its role to limit the immune and inflammatory responses to pathogens and prevent damage to the host is that high or dysregulated levels of IL-10 may result in chronic infection. Thus, antagonists of IL-10 show great potential as adjuvants in preventative or therapeutic vaccines against chronic infection or cancer. This article reviews basic published studies on IL-10, which may lead to potential uses of IL-10 or its antagonists in human disease.     

人白细胞介素10重组腺病毒载体的构建

目的构建人白细胞介素 10重组腺病毒载体 ,为真核表达及其临床研究提供实验基础。方法自行设计一对引物 ,应用逆转录多聚酶链式反应 ( RT- PCR )技术 ,从活化的正常人外周血单个核细胞中扩增出 h IL - 10 c DNA,并将h IL - 10 c DNA克隆到腺病毒载体 p Ad CMV - L ink1中 ,构建 p Ad CMV/ h IL - 10表达质粒。将此表达质粒与腺病毒重组质粒p JM17共转染 2 93细胞 ,通过同源重组产生 h IL - 10重组腺病毒。结果扩增到的 c DNA片段经酶切鉴定、PCR扩增、DNA测序最终确定为 h IL- 10 c DNA;所得人白细胞介素 10重组腺病毒滴度为 1.9× 10 9pfu/ m L。结论本实验为今后研究 h IL- 10的生物学活性及炎症性疾病的基因治疗提供了基础     

alpha-synuclein from platelets is not phosphorylated at serine 129 in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy

Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) are characterized pathologically by inclusions in the brain containing alpha-synuclein, which is phosphorylated at serine 129. alpha-Synuclein is present not only in the brain but also in platelets; platelets have previously been used to study mitochondrial function in PD. We undertook to determine whether alpha-synuclein extracted from platelets of patients with PD and MSA is phosphorylated at serine 129 and could be used as a peripheral marker of these disorders. Immunoblots indicated that platelet alpha-synuclein is not phosphorylated at serine 129 in PD and MSA.     

Family with partial monosomy 10p and trisomy 10p

We report on a family with an abnormality of 10p. The propositus has monosomy for the distal region of 10p and severe psychomotor delay, growth failure, congenital heart defect, multicystic kidney, grade V vesicoureteric reflux, and neurosensory hearing loss. The mother and the elder brother of the propositus carry a balanced reciprocal translocation (5q;10p)(q35.3;p12.3). A retarded and epileptic maternal aunt was found to have dup(10p). Study of the family history led to the successful obstetric management of a subsequent twin pregnancy in which an affected fetus with dup(10p) was identified and selectively terminated, while the other normal twin was delivered at term without problems. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

重组人白细胞介素-10诱导瘤细胞凋亡

目的 研究重组人白细胞介素-10诱导瘤细胞凋亡的作用。方法利用基因工程技术制备的rhIL-10,分别作用于体外培养的ScaBer、NCIS446、U937瘤细胞,观察瘤细胞的形态改变,MTT法检测rhIL-10对瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用,电泳观察rhIL-10诱导瘤细胞凋亡的情况,TUNEL法检测瘤细胞凋亡百分率。结果电泳出现典型的DNA“lader”,ScaBe,、NCIS446、U937三种瘤细胞的凋亡率为48．5％、45．6％、47．1％,IC50分别为0．043、0．052、0．058mg／mL。结论rhIL-10具有显著抑制瘤细胞生长活性、诱导瘤细胞凋亡的作用。