经静脉入路治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的疗效分析

目的 探讨静脉入路栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的有效性及安全性。方法 回顾性分析宁波大学附属第一医院神经外科2015年6月至2022年6月期间收治的71例海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘（CS-DAVF）患者，其中女性47例，男性24例，年龄范围为21～77岁，平均年龄为55岁。所有患者均通过静脉入路途径，并使用Onyx胶结合弹簧圈栓塞治疗。结果 术后即刻造影显示所有患者瘘口完全闭塞，栓塞术后所有颅内杂音均消失，头痛症状明显改善或消失，术后出现眼睑下垂加重8例，眼球活动障碍5例，眼部症状均在随后6个月随访过程中缓解。结论 经静脉入路使用Onyx胶结合弹簧圈治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘，疗效好且安全性高。     

海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者血管内栓塞治疗的护理

目的 探讨海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者血管内栓塞治疗的护理.方法 对13例海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者行血管内栓塞治疗;术前做好眼部护理、心理护理,术后密切观察病情变化、注意体位护理,饮食护理及并发症的护理.结果 10例患者瘘口完全消失;3例栓塞后瘘口残余,予颈动脉压迫治疗后2例瘘口消失;平均住院治疗18.3 d出院.结论 血管内栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘效果较好,优质的围术期护理可保证治疗效果.     

海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的血管内栓塞治疗

目的　探讨海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的诊治方法。　方法　 3 2例采用微导管超选择性插管 ,将微导管前端送入硬脑膜动静脉瘘瘘口处 ,经微导管造影证实并无危险吻合支 ,然后经微导管注入微粒行瘘的供血动脉及瘘口栓塞 ,其中 12例同时并经岩上、下窦采用钨丝微螺旋圈行海绵窦内栓塞。　结果　 2 8例栓塞后造影瘘口完全闭塞 ,4例栓塞后造影瘘口有少许显影 ,术后采取压迫患侧颈总动脉 ,1周后造影瘘口消失。经 6个月～ 8年的随访未见瘘口再通。　结论　血管内栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘是行之有效的方法。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断和治疗

目的：总结硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊治经验。方法：回顾性分析经脊髓MRI和血管造影确诊的110例硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者的临床及随访资料。结果：本组患者首选经全椎板切除入路夹闭瘘口至脊髓表面的引流静脉61例,经半椎板切除入路手术37例,经血管内栓塞12例,栓塞后复发再手术3例。患者术后采用了抗凝、血液稀释、早期康复等辅助治疗。106例患者术后复查脊髓血管造影证实瘘口全部闭塞。89例复查脊髓MRI显示髓周血管流空信号全部消失,其中74例髓内T2高信号消失、15例缩小。术后98例患者获随访,随访时间3-120个月,54例症状完全消失,34例症状改善,10例无变化,其中3例栓塞1-5年后瘘口再通而手术。结论：硬脊膜动静脉瘘早期诊断、早期治疗,预后良好。经单侧半椎板切除入路,夹闭自瘘口到脊髓表面的引流静脉是本病道选的治疗方法。     

联合动静脉瘘对流出道不良患者动脉旁路术通畅率的影响

目的通过对流出道不良患者行动脉旁路术联合动静脉瘘通畅率的分析,强调对流出道不良患者积极手术抢救患肢的重要性,并探讨合理的手术方式。方法回顾性分析行动脉旁路术(ePTFE)联合动静脉瘘手术治疗的26例下肢流出道严重不良患者的临床资料。结果26例(28条肢体)患者中,有14例行浅组(膝部大隐静脉)动静脉瘘,有12例联合行深组(腘、胫腓干、胫后静脉)动静脉瘘。24例获随访,平均随访8个月,近期通畅率两组均为78·6%,远期通畅率深组为78·6%,浅组为57·1%。结论动脉旁路术联合动静脉瘘可提高流出道不良的下肢缺血患者术后通畅率。     

肺动静脉瘘的栓塞治疗和并发症的预防与对策

目的应用介入栓塞的方法治疗肺动静脉瘘,探讨栓塞治疗中并发症产生的应对对策。方法回顾性分析栓塞4例肺动静脉瘘诊治的临床资料。结果4例患者栓塞成功,其相应的临床症状及体征基本消失。1例多支供血的右肺动静脉瘘经2次栓塞封堵了供血动脉;1例右肺动静脉瘘栓塞中微钢圈脱落至左房,经股静脉入路行房间隔穿刺后取出。结论介入栓塞是治疗肺动静脉瘘的有效方法,操作得当可避免并发症的发生。     

大隐静脉交叉转流术治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成后综合征

目的探讨大隐静脉交叉转流术治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成后综合征(PTS)的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2005年12月~2007年12月收治的9例下肢PTS患者经大隐静脉交叉转流加暂时性动静脉瘘手术临床资料。结果 9例患者术后随访12~25(平均15)个月,症状明显缓解6例,症状部分缓解3例。合并有溃疡的3例患者术后3~4周溃疡完全愈合。术后均有皮下隧道处疼痛,1~2个月消失。结论根据准确的血流状态评价,采用大隐静脉交叉转流术能缓解下肢PTS。     

介入栓塞治疗肾动静脉畸形(瘘)11例报道并文献复习

目的通过分析肾动静脉畸形影像学征象并通过介入栓塞治疗,提高肾动静脉畸形的诊断和治疗水平。方法回顾性分析2004年4月至2014年12月期间在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院行肾动脉造影和选择性栓塞治疗的11例肾动静脉畸形患者的临床资料。通过呈现典型的栓塞前后影像特点,对常见栓塞方法及疗效进行讨论。结果 11例肾动静脉畸形患者的影像特点可分为2类:1一个或多个小动脉和一个或多个引流静脉之间成迂曲血管团状病灶,共6例;2单个动脉和扩张静脉间交通,肾动静脉之间直接形成瘘而无畸形血管团,5例。其中治疗后1例患者在栓塞8d后复发,行肾切除后血尿消失,对侧肾功能代偿正常;1例患者在栓塞1d复发后加用无水乙醇,随访6年无复发。结论选择性肾动脉造影和栓塞术是肾动静脉畸形主要的诊断和治疗方法,组合使用栓塞材料较使用单一栓塞材料临床效果更好,但仍需要密切随访。     

带膜支架治疗颅内动脉瘤及颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的护理

目的探讨带膜支架治疗颅内动脉瘤及颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的护理。方法对11例颅内动脉瘤及颈内动脉海绵窦瘘患者应用带膜支架治疗,围术期严密监测患者的生命体征及神经功能状况,加强抗血小板药物应用的护理,心理护理,穿刺部位的护理,防止脑卒中及脑过度灌注综合征等并发症。结果 10例患者带膜支架被成功释放于靶动脉,动脉瘤或瘘消失,并保持载瘤(瘘)动脉畅通,临床效果满意,1例支架未能置入。10例患者均未发生手术相关并发症(如动脉穿孔、血管痉挛或血栓栓塞等)。术后6个月获造影随访,除1例颈内动脉闭塞外,9例患者载瘤(瘘)动脉畅通。结论带膜支架是治疗颅内动脉瘤及颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的有效手段,充分做好支架置入围术期护理是保障治疗效果的关键措施之一。     

先天性肾动静脉瘘的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨先天性肾动静脉瘘的诊断与治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析以突发性、持续性严重血尿为主要症状的5例先天性肾动静脉瘘患者的临床资料。均行彩色多普勒超声、静脉肾盂造影(IVU)、CT及膀胱镜检查，未能明确病因。1例行肾切除术，术后病理检查证实为肾动静脉瘘；4例行超选择性肾动脉造影确诊，同时行栓塞治疗。结果：4例栓塞治疗患者术后肉眼血尿立即得到控制，5天后尿常规检查正常，随访3个月～8年，均无复发，无高血压情况，双肾放射性核素扫描提示患侧肾小球滤过率轻度降低。1例肾切除患者术后血尿消失，对侧肾功能代偿正常。结论：超选择性肾动脉造影是诊断先天性肾动静脉瘘的关键检查，同时行栓塞治疗是最佳方法，具有创伤性小、疗效确切、并发症少的特点，可最大限度地保留患侧肾功能。     

Endovascular treatment for dural arteriovenous fistulae of the superior petrosal sinus

OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of endovascular embolization for treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulae of the superior petrosal sinus. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 18 patients treated during a 16-year period. Transarterial and/or transvenous embolizations were performed as a preoperative adjunct or definitive therapy. Clinical follow-up status was supplemented by telephone interviews to determine Glasgow Outcome Scale scores. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (78%) were treated with a combination of endovascular therapy and open surgery, and 4 were treated by embolization alone (22%). Angiographic cure was achieved in all patients (100%). Thirty-day morbidity and mortality were 11 and 0%, respectively. The mean follow-up period was 5.4 years. At the latest follow-up examination, all patients had returned to independent clinical status (Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 1 or 2). CONCLUSION: Endovascular treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulae of the superior petrosal sinus can result in cure when access to the site of the fistula can be achieved. Preoperative embolization is a safe and effective adjunct to minimize bleeding during open neurosurgery.     

Endovascular recanalization with balloon angioplasty and stenting of an occluded occipital sinus for treatment of intracranial venous hypertension: technical case report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Dural sinus thrombosis can lead to intracranial venous hypertension and can be complicated by intracranial hemorrhage. We present a case report of a patient who underwent endovascular recanalization and stenting of a thrombosed occipital sinus. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 13-year-old patient with a history of chronic sinus thrombosis refractory to anticoagulant therapy presented with acute onset of aphasia and hemiparesis. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed hydrocephalus and cerebral edema. Angiography delineated multiple dural arteriovenous fistulae and persistent occlusion of the posterior sagittal, occipital, and bilateral transverse dural sinuses with retrograde cortical venous drainage. INTERVENTION: After embolization of the dural arteriovenous fistulae, a transvenous approach was used to recanalize and perform balloon angioplasty of the right internal jugular vein and the occipital and left transverse sinuses, resulting in subsequent clinical improvement. The patient's condition deteriorated 3 days later with reocclusion of both balloon-dilated sinuses. Repeat angioplasty and then deployment of an endovascular stent in the occipital sinus were performed, and reestablishment of venous outflow was achieved, resulting in a decrease of intracranial venous pressure from 41 to 14 mm Hg and neurological improvement. At the 3-month follow-up examination, the stented occipital sinus remained patent and served as the only conduit for extracranial venous outflow; the patient remained neurologically intact at the 12-month follow-up examination. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of mechanical recanalization, balloon angioplasty, and stent deployment in the occipital sinus to provide sustained venous outflow for the treatment of venous hypertension with retrograde cortical venous drainage in a patient with dural pansinus thrombosis refractory to anticoagulant therapy.     

Acquired Pial and Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae following Superior Sagittal Sinus Thrombosis in Patients with Protein S Deficiency: A Report of Two Cases

Two patients with protein S deficiency with acquired multiple pial and dural arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) following superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis are reported. Case 1 is a 38-year-old male with protein S deficiency who developed generalized seizure due to SSS thrombosis. Local fibrinolysis was achieved in the acute stage. His 10-month follow-up angiogram revealed an asymptomatic acquired dural AVF arising from the middle meningeal artery and the anterior cerebral artery with drainage to the thrombosed cortical vein in the right frontal lobe. Furthermore, his 2-year follow-up angiogram revealed a de novo pial AVF from the middle cerebral artery in the Sylvian fissure with drainage to the cortical vein initially thrombosed. However, this asymptomatic pial AVF caused bleeding in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere 12 years after onset, whereas the dural AVF spontaneously disappeared. Surgical disconnection was successfully performed to eliminate the source of hemorrhage. Case 2 is a 50-year-old male with a past history of SSS thrombosis with protein S deficiency who developed pulsatile tinnitus and generalized seizure. His angiogram showed a cortical dural AVF in the left parietal lobe and a sporadic dural AVF involving the right sigmoid sinus. The parietal lesion was eliminated by transarterial embolization followed by craniotomy. However, a de novo pial AVF emerged from the middle cerebral artery adjacent to the previously treated lesion. Of four cortical AVFs in two patients, thrombosis of cortical veins caused by protein S deficiency might play an important role in their formation. Long-term follow-up is required because this peculiar disorder has an unusual clinical course.     

Intraoperative microdoppler monitoring for spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae

BACKGROUND: One of the most important goals in the surgical treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae is complete interruption of the flow in the fistula. To confirm complete interruption, we use intraoperative microdoppler monitoring. METHODS: Three patients with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae with perimedullary venous drainage underwent surgical treatment using microdoppler monitoring. All of them suffered from congestive myelopathy before treatment. Microdoppler monitoring was performed on the perimedullary draining vein to detect the arterial spectrum before and after the interruption of the arteriovenous shunt. RESULTS: In all patients, an arterial spectrum was detected on the dorsal perimedullary vein. Sequential monitoring demonstrated the effects of each surgical procedure, which included epidural coagulation of the fistulae or intradural ligation of the retrogradely draining radiculomedullary veins. After complete interruption of the fistula, the arterial spectrum disappeared completely. In a patient with duplicated dural arteriovenous fistulae, the direction of the flow of the second arteriovenous shunt could be demonstrated by microdoppler monitoring combined with temporary clipping. This is especially useful in a complex case with duplicated fistulae. In all patients, postoperative angiography demonstrated complete disappearance of the arteriovenous fistulae. The patients all showed remarkable improvement with no therapeutic morbidity. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative microdoppler monitoring is an easily available and useful technique to safely confirm complete obliteration of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae.     

Pretreatment and posttreatment evaluation of hemodynamic and metabolic parameters in intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae with cortical venous reflux

OBJECTIVE: Retrograde drainage into the cortical veins results in poor outcome in patients with an intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula. However, the pathophysiological features of dural arteriovenous fistulae remain obscure. This study aimed to clarify hemodynamic and metabolic conditions in these patients using positron emission tomography. METHODS: This study included eight patients with an intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula. All patients had cortical venous reflux, as demonstrated by angiography. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), regional cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen, and regional oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF) were measured before and after surgical or endovascular treatment using positron emission tomography. RESULTS: Pretreatment positron emission tomographic studies revealed that all patients had abnormal hemodynamic and metabolic parameters in the area that was drained by the involved cortical veins. A severe increase in rCBV was noted in seven of the eight patients. A significant decrease in rCBF also was observed in all eight patients. A negative correlation was observed between rCBF and rCBV. Three patients had an elevated rOEF. Oxygen metabolism was impaired in seven patients. All patients underwent successful treatment. Follow-up studies demonstrated significant improvements in rCBF, rCBV, and regional cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen. The improvement in regional cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen varied among the patients. Normalization of rOEF also was confirmed in three patients who had increased rOEF before the treatment. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that hemodynamic and metabolic characteristics vary widely among patients with cortical venous reflux. It is essential to precisely evaluate hemodynamic and metabolic conditions to predict their outcomes and therapeutic effects.     

Transvenous embolization for dural transverse sinus fistulas with occluded sigmoid sinus

Summary Dural transverse sinus arteriovenous fistulas with cortical venous drainage were associated with a high hemorrhagic risk. Dural transverse sinus arteriovenous dural fistulas could be treated by embolization (transarterial or transvenous), surgery or a combination of both. Transvenous packing of the diseased sinus was considered to be a less invasive and effective method of treatment. Occluded sigmoid sinus proximally, especially cases with isolated transverse sinus, could make the transvenous approach difficult. Craniotomy for sinus packing or surgical excision remained the treatment of choice when the percutaneous transvenous approach was not feasible. We reviewed the techniques of transvenous embolization described in the literature and illustrated our techniques in two consecutive cases of transvenous embolization of the dural arteriovenous fistulas through the occluded sigmoid sinus. We concluded that transvenous embolization remains a safe and feasible technique other than surgery for patients with transverse sinus dural fistula, achieving a long-term occlusion of the pathology.     

Fistule durale intracrânienne à drainage veineux périmédullaire : considérations anatomiques,cliniques et thérapeutiques à propos d’un cas,et revue de la littérature

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae with perimedullary venous drainage are unusual type of vascular brain malformations. Patients may present with a rapidly progressive ascending myelopathy associated with autonomic dysfunction, which can cause a misdiagnosis and delay the therapeutic management. These clinical signs must be quickly recognized to avoid a poor outcome. The authors report the case of a 60-year-old woman presenting with a progressive myelopathy due to a dural arteriovenous fistula with perimedullary venous drainage. The diagnosis was suspected on brain-spinal MRI and confirmed by brain arteriography visualizing the arteriovenous shunt in the middle segment of the superior petrous sinus. MRI showed edema in the medulla oblongata. The treatment was performed early by endovascular glue embolization of the arteriovenous shunt and of the origin of the vein. Brain arteriography and clinical follow-up, one month later, showed complete disappearance of the dural fistula and regression of clinical symptoms. MRI control showed the reduction of the brain stem edema. Because of the early pejorative prognosis of these kinds of fistulae, early diagnosis and treatment are needed.     

Case of traumatic dural arteriovenous fistula presenting as an acute subdural hematoma and an intracerebral hematoma. A case report

A rare case of traumatic dural arteriovenous fistula presenting as an acute subdural hematoma and an intracerebral hematoma is reported. A 57-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of aphasia and right hemiparesis. A CT on admission demonstrated a left frontotemporal subdural hematoma and an intracerebral hematoma in the left frontal lobe. Left external carotid angiographies revealed a dural arteriovenous fistula, fed by the left middle meningeal artery and draining the middle meningeal vein. A retrograde drainage into the cortical vein was also revealed. The patient had sudden loss of consciousness after cerebral angiography and demonstrated increased subdural hematoma and severe midline shift. We performed emergency decompressive craniectomy, coagulation of the dural vessels, and evacuation of the subdural hematoma. Postoperative left external carotid angiographies revealed the disappearance of the dural arteriovenous fistula. This case suggested a dural arteriovenous fistula, between the middle meningeal artery and the middle meningeal vein close to the sinus (sphenoparietal or superior sagital sinus), and resulted in a subdural hematoma and an intracerebral hematoma, due to the retrograde venous drainage into cortical veins.     

A case of bleeding dural arteriovenous fistula of the transverse-sigmoid sinus with pure leptomeningeal drainage,varix: case report

We reported a case of bleeding from the varix of a transverse-sigmoid sinus dural arteriovenous fistula with pure leptomeningeal drainage. A 55-year-old man presented with visual disturbance. neurological examination revealed left homonymous hemianopsia. CT scans demonstrated a subcortical hemorrhage in the right occipital lobe. Right external carotid angiograms showed a dural arteriovenous fistula of the transverse-sigmoid sinus fed by middle meningeal arteries and the occipital artery. The draining vein was the cortical vein with a varix. Transverse and sigmoid sinuses were patent. We concluded that the cause of the subcortical hemorrhage was a varix of the dural arteriovenous fistula. Initially, we embolized the dural arteriovenous fistula using a transarterial approach with GDC. Additionally, we interrupted the draining vein of the dural arteriovenous malformation. Angiographic cure was obtained and the postoperative course was uneventful. We discussed the clinical features, and the management of this case.     

Cerebral arteriovenous malformations associated with a straight sinus anomaly.

Nine cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) associated with straight sinus anomaly were demonstrated on angiograms. All 10 AVM (1 patient had two AVM) occupied deep cerebral structures: Seven were totally or partially located in the basal ganglia or the corpus callosum, and 3 were in the medial occipital or temporal lobe. In 6 patients, almost no filling of the straight sinus was observed, although the AVM were located deeply and the main drainage was via the vein of Galen. All 6 patients showed retrograde flow in the deep cerebral veins or venous drainage through a persistent facial sinus. The other 3 patients had duplication or septal formation of the straight sinus. Straight sinus anomaly is extremely rare in the normal population but seems not uncommon in patients with deep-seated AVM.