卡维地洛治疗老年慢性心力衰竭的临床疗效观察

目的：观察卡维地洛治疗老年慢性充血心力衰竭（CHF）的临床疗效及副作用。方法：72例老年CHF患者随机分为卡维地洛组（治疗组）和常规治疗组（对照组），各36例。对照组使用洋地黄、利尿剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、硝酸酯类等药物治疗。治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用卡维地洛5mg／d，只要能耐受尽可能递增到10～20mg／d，疗程20周。每周测量血压、心率，评定心功能，治疗前后检查超声心动图。结果：治疗组左室射血分数（LVEF）明显升高（P〈0．001），心功能分级、左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、心肌耗氧指数和收缩末期内径（LVESD）明显降低（P〈0．01），心率减慢，血压降低（P〈0．01）．与对照组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：卡维地洛治疗心力衰竭改善心功能，改善左室重塑，安全有效。     

卡维地洛治疗老年心力衰竭患者的耐受性研究

目的评估卡维地洛治疗老年心力衰竭患者的耐受性。方法52例稳定性老年(>70岁)心力衰竭患者接受卡维地洛递增剂量治疗。治疗前后分别对血压、心率,心脏射血分数和纽约心脏病学协会(NYHA)分级进行检测,评判疗效和安全性。结果卡维地洛治疗后,患者收缩压从133.3mmHg降为120.8mmHg,舒张压从78.0mmHg降为70.4mmHg,治疗前后比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);心率从81.9次/min下降为70.7次/min(P<0.01),射血分数从39.8%上升为43.9%(P<0.05),NYHA分级下降;平均剂量为36.8mg/d,其中55.8%的患者可以耐受卡维地洛50mg/d,除2例退出,96.1%的老年患者心力衰竭可坚持卡维地洛治疗。结论老年心力衰竭患者基本可以耐受卡维地洛治疗。     

比索洛尔和卡维地洛治疗慢性心力衰竭的临床疗效观察

目的研究比索洛尔和卡维地洛治疗慢性心力衰竭的临床疗效及安全性。方法选择125例慢性心力衰竭患者,按心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅱ~Ⅳ级,经超声心动图证实左心室射血分数≤40%,将患者随机分配到比索洛尔组(62例)或卡维地洛组(63例),均治疗30周。每次随访评估心功能,记录主要心脏不良事件。结果两组左心室射血分数明显改善,比索洛尔组提高11%,卡维地洛组提高12%,左心室射血分数改善程度组内比较均有显著性意义(P<0.01)。心力衰竭症状两组均较前改善,心功能分级比索洛尔组和卡维地洛组心功能Ⅲ级治疗后减少至5例(8.1%)和6例(9.5%),两组治疗前后组内比较有显著性意义(P<0.01)。比索洛尔组和卡维地洛组主要心脏不良事件发生率分别为32.3%和34.9%,组间比较无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论慢性心力衰竭患者应用比索洛尔和卡维地洛一样安全有效,比索洛尔可以达到与卡维地洛靶剂量长期治疗相同的疗效。     

Mechanisms of carvedilol action in human congestive heart failure

The precise mechanism by which beta-adrenoceptor blockers exert their beneficial actions in patients with heart failure remains unclear. Several possibilities have been proposed, including heart rate reduction, beta2-adrenoceptor-mediated modulation of catecholamine release, antagonism of the receptor-mediated toxic actions of norepinephrine on the myocardium, and favorable effects on myocardial energetics. In the present study we evaluated the effect of 3 months of carvedilol therapy on hemodynamics, total systemic and cardiac norepinephrine spillover (isotope dilution method), and myocardial metabolism (myocardial oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide release) in 10 patients with severe congestive heart failure. Although carvedilol treatment was associated with a significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (17+/-1% to 28+/-3%; P<0.01) and left ventricular stroke work (87+/-13 to 119+/-21 g. m per beat; P<0.05), this effect was unrelated to changes in total systemic or cardiac norepinephrine spillover. The rise in left ventricular stroke work was accompanied by a modest rise in myocardial oxygen consumption per beat (0.33+/-0.04 to 0.42+/-0.04; P=0.05), although contractile efficiency was unchanged. The favorable effects of carvedilol on ventricular function in the failing heart are not explained by alterations in norepinephrine release or by changes in myocardial contractile efficiency.     

卡维地洛治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭的临床观察

目的：探讨卡维地洛疗慢性充血性心力衰竭的有效性及安全性。方法：选择40例缺血性心肌病患者，随机分为卡维地洛治疗组和对照组，治疗12个月。治疗前、后分别应用超声心动图测量左室射血分数（LVEF）左室收缩末直经（LVESd）和左室舒张末直径（LVEDd）。结果：所有病例治疗后，LVEF升高，LVESd、LVEDd降低，与治疗前相比差异显著（P〈0．01）。与对照组相比，卡维地洛治疗组治疗后各参数明显改善，差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论：卡维地洛治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭安全有效。     

Beta-blocker treatment of chronic heart failure: comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol

Beta blockers have been shown to prolong survival in chronic heart failure. It is currently a matter of debate whether any beta blocker is superior to the other in terms of improving symptoms, left ventricular function, or prognosis. A number of comparative studies have been performed with metoprolol, a beta1-selective second-generation beta blocker, and carvedilol, a nonselective and vasodilatative third-generation beta blocker. This review will focus on the different pharmacological profiles of carvedilol and metoprolol as well as on the clinical consequences derived from these differences. The results indicate that in some studies carvedilol is superior to metoprolol in improving left ventricular ejection fraction. However, because there is no conclusive evidence that carvedilol is superior to metoprolol in terms of prognosis, it is not justified to substitute metoprolol with carvedilol. Comparative data on mortality reduction are not available before termination of the Carvedilol or Metoprolol European Trial. Nevertheless, the different effects of both beta blockers on the beta-adrenergic system have an impact on tolerability and beta-adrenergic responsiveness and thus exercise tolerance in heart-failure patients.     

卡维地洛治疗慢性心力衰竭的疗效观察

目的观察卡维地洛(carvedilor)治疗充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者的临床疗效。方法选择慢性CHF患者92例随机分为两组:对照组(46例)给予洋地黄制剂、利尿剂、血管扩张剂、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI);卡维地洛组(46例)在常规治疗基础上加用卡维地洛(25mgbid×90d)治疗。结果卡维地洛组心功能改善的临床显效率(47.8%)和总有效率(91.3%)均较对照组(26.1%和65.2%)显著提高(P<0.01),且无不良反应出现。卡维地洛组治疗后与治疗前相比,心率、血压、左室射血分数、左室舒张末期容积、左室收缩末期容积均有显著改善(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论用卡维地洛辅助治疗CHF是一种安全有效的方法。     

Current insights into the modern treatment of decompensated heart failure

Treatment of DHF is a challenge even for the experienced physician. Advances in research have brought new treatment options that are helping change paradigms. The available evidence suggests that new drugs like levosimendan and nesiritide will assume relevant positions as alternatives or complements to treatment with traditional inotropic drugs like dobutamine. The physician responsible for treating these patients should learn how to use the best available evidence, in order to tailor treatment with safety and efficacy.     

卡维地洛治疗国人慢性心力衰竭的疗效观察

目的:评价卡维地洛治疗慢性心力衰竭的有效性和安全性。方法:46例慢性心力衰竭(NYHA心功能Ⅱ-Ⅲ级)病人常规应用利尿剂、ACEI、或地高辛等药物,病情稳定后随机分两组:治疗组23例加用卡维地洛,从3.125mg,1次/d开始,2周后加量至6.25mg,1次/d,再2周后加量至目标剂量12.5mg,1次/d;对照组23例接受安慰剂治疗。结果:卡维地洛治疗组有效18例,有效率78.3％;对照组有效11例,有效率47.8％,两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。两组死亡率、再次入院率无显著性差别(P>0.05)。卡维地洛治疗组平均心率比基线值分别下降了8.2次/min。结论:目标剂量的卡维地洛治疗国人慢性心力衰竭有效,且安全。     

Cardiac contractility modulation: mechanisms of action in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and beyond

Heart failure (HF) is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality and is increasing in prevalence. Although there has been remarkable progress in the treatment of HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), morbidity and mortality are still substantial. Cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) signals, consisting of biphasic high‐voltage bipolar signals delivered to the right ventricular septum during the absolute refractory period, have been shown to improve symptoms, exercise tolerance and quality of life and reduce the rate of HF hospitalizations in patients with ejection fractions (EF) between 25% and 45%. CCM therapy is currently approved in the European Union, China, India, Australia and Brazil for use in symptomatic HFrEF patients with normal or slightly prolonged QRS duration. CCM is particularly beneficial in patients with baseline EF between 35% and 45%, which includes half the range of HF patients with mid‐range EFs (HFmrEF). At the cellular level, CCM has been shown in HFrEF patients to improve calcium handling, to reverse the foetal myocyte gene programme associated with HF, and to facilitate reverse remodelling. This review highlights the preclinical and clinical literature related to CCM in HFrEF and HFmrEF and outlines the potential of CCM for HF with preserved EF, concluding that CCM may fill an important unmet need in the therapeutic approach to HF across the range of EFs.     

美托洛尔和卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭的影响

目的比较选择性β1受体阻滞剂美托洛尔和非选择性β受体阻滞剂卡维地洛治疗对慢性心力衰竭(CHF)代谢底物、细胞因子及心脏功能的影响。方法选择CHF患者86例(CHF组)及健康体检者25例(正常对照组)。CHF组患者又随机分为美托洛尔组(43例)和卡维地洛组(43例)。记录两组CHF患者治疗前后心功能分级及不良事件次数及TNF-α、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量。所有入选者均测定血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)含量。结果美托洛尔组和卡维地洛组患者经过治疗后心功能明显改善(P<0.01),其中卡维地洛组更加明显(P<0.01)。美托洛尔组不良事件40次,卡维地洛组不良事件24次(P<0.01)。血浆TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05)。卡维地洛组较美托洛尔组TNFα和IL-1β降低更明显(P<0.01,P<0.05)。CHF组患者血清FFA含量同正常对照组比较明显升高(P<0.01)。治疗后卡维地洛组血清FFA较美托洛尔组降低更明显(P<0.01)。结论β受体阻滞剂可以改善CHF患者心功能,降低血浆细胞因子及FFA水平,非选择性的β受体阻滞剂卡维地洛优于选择性的β1受体阻滞剂美托洛尔。     

正确掌握β受体阻滞剂在慢性心力衰竭的应用时机

随着对慢性收缩性心力衰竭（慢性心衰）发病机制认识的深入,β受体阻滞剂——这种曾禁用于心衰患的药物,在慢性心衰中的治疗地位逐渐被认可,并以无可辩驳的事实证明了其卓越的疗效。     

小剂量卡维地洛治疗慢性心力衰竭的疗效观察

目的:探讨小剂量卡维地洛治疗慢性心力衰竭的疗效。方法:90例慢性心力衰竭患者被随机分为两组:卡维地洛组(45例,在原有治疗的基础上加用卡维地洛,起始剂量为3.125mg,2次/d,持续两周,无不良反应则加至6.25mg,2次/d,直到6个月)。对照组(45例,进行常规治疗)。分别检测两组患者治疗前后心率(HR),左室射血分数(EF),左室舒张末期内径(LVDED),左室收缩末期内径(LVESD),心胸比例及心功能变化。结果:与常规治疗组相比卡维地洛组患者的HR变慢,LVEF增加,LVDED,LVESD及心胸比减少,心功能改善(P<0.05～<0.01),总有效率达91%。结论:卡维地洛治疗慢性心功能不全能安全、有效。     

预防控制心脑血管病多重危险因素

心脑血管病包括脑中风和心脏病在大部分西方国家及我国是引起死亡和致残的头号杀手。我国每年心脑血管死亡率占城市居民总死亡率的40． 72％,换句话说每13秒就有一位被心脑血管病夺去生命。每年新发脑卒中150多万人,生存的500-