食管癌血管内皮生长因子和受体的表达及在癌转移中的作用

目的观察人食管癌组织和淋巴管中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF-C)及其受体-3(VEGFR-3)的表达,探讨食管癌的淋巴道转移机制。方法取临床手术切除的食管癌组织,用免疫组化方法检测人食管癌早期和进展期癌细胞或淋巴管对VEGF-C及其VEGFR-3的表达情况。结果在食管癌的癌细胞中可见VEGF-C阳性表达,阳性颗粒主要定位于肿瘤细胞胞浆内。淋巴管内皮细胞仅见VEGFR-3阳性表达,VEGFR-3在血管和癌细胞中也存在少量阳性表达。进展期食管癌VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的表达率和表达强度均强于早期。结论食管癌癌细胞VEGF-C的表达和淋巴管内皮细胞上VEGFR-3的表达均与肿瘤进展呈正相关,推测VEGF-C通过受体VEGFR-3促进食管癌组织淋巴管生成,从而引起癌淋巴道转移。     

血管内皮生长因子C及其受体在MNNG诱发的大鼠大肠癌细胞及淋巴管的表达

目的 观察大鼠大肠癌组织内血管内皮生长因子-C(VEGF-C)及其受体3(VEGFR-3)的表达情况,探讨VEGF-C及其受体VEGFR-3在肿瘤淋巴转移中的作用.方法 采用甲基硝基亚硝基胍(MNNG)诱发的大鼠大肠癌模型,应用免疫组织化学(SABC法)技术检测29例大鼠原发性大肠癌组织中VEGF-C及VEGFR-3蛋白,观察VEGF-C及VEGFR-3在大肠癌组织内的表达.结果 正常大肠组织内未见VEGF-C阳性表达,但可见淋巴管内皮细胞VEGFR-3阳性表达.在大肠癌组织内,VEGF-C蛋白表达于癌细胞,早期和中晚期癌的阳性表达率分别是75%和100%,(P＜0.05).VEGFR-3主要表达于淋巴管内皮细胞,早期和中晚期癌组织内淋巴管的阳性表达率分别是58.33%和94.12%(P＜0.05).结论 大鼠大肠癌VEGF-C的表达与肿瘤进展有关,推测VEGF-C通过受体VEGFR-3诱导淋巴管生成:VEGFR-3在淋巴管的阳性表达均随肿瘤进展增高,可能与大肠癌淋巴转移有关.     

组成型一氧化氮合酶的表达与胃癌的侵袭转移和预后的关系

目的　观察胃癌组织中cNOSmRNA表达分布情况 ,探讨其与胃癌侵袭转移和预后的关系。　方法　运用原位杂交技术 ,检测 119例原发性胃癌标本中cNOSmRNA的表达 ,并对所获得的 82份病例随访资料进行生存分析。　结果　胃癌组织中胃腺癌细胞、血管 淋巴管内皮细胞及巨噬细胞中均可见有cNOSmRNA表达 ;肿瘤细胞分化程度越低、恶性度越高 ,胃腺癌细胞和血管 淋巴管内皮细胞cNOSmRNA阳性表达率就越高 ;胃腺癌细胞和血管 淋巴管内皮细胞cNOSmRNA阳性表达率与胃癌侵袭深度、淋巴结转移以及TNM分期呈正相关 ;胃癌血管 淋巴管内皮细胞cNOSmRNA阳性表达者术后生存率较低 ;巨噬细胞中cNOSmRNA表达与胃癌组织学分型、侵袭深度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期及患者术后生存期无关。　结论　胃腺癌细胞和血管 淋巴管内皮细胞cNOSmRNA表达情况与肿瘤恶性程度、侵袭和转移潜能有关 ,血管 淋巴管内皮细胞上cNOSmRNA阳性表达提示患者预后不良     

喉癌中血管内皮生长因子C与淋巴转移的关系

目的：探讨喉癌中血管内皮生长因子C（Vascular endothelial growth factor-C，VEGF-C）的表达与淋巴道转移的关系。方法：免疫组化SP法，对54例喉癌组织行VEGF-C检测及癌周组织毛细淋巴管计数，应用全自动图像分析仪对染色结果进行定量测定，以平均灰度值表示VEGF-C的染色强度。结果：喉癌组织内VEGF-C表达高于声带息肉（P〈0．05）；颈淋巴结转移组高于非转移组（P〈0．01）。癌周组织毛细淋巴管密度高于对照组正常喉组织（P〈0．01）；颈淋巴结转移组高于非转移组（P〈0．01）。喉癌组织内VEGF-C表达与癌周组织淋巴管密度呈正相关（r=0．603，P〈0．01）。结论：喉癌组织中VEGF-C的表达与癌周毛细淋巴管密度关系密切，VEGF-C高表达促进淋巴管增殖，促进淋巴道转移。     

血管内皮生长因子C和Smad4的表达与膀胱癌淋巴管生成之间的关系

目的观察血管内皮生长因子-C(VEGF-C)和Smad4在膀胱癌的表达,分析VEGF-C和Smad4的表达与膀胱癌淋巴管生成及膀胱癌进展之间的关系。方法取膀胱癌病例56例,其中浅表性膀胱癌(Tis,Ta,T1)32例,浸润性膀胱癌(T2以上)24例。应用免疫组化法和Western blot技术观察VEGF-C和Smad4在膀胱癌组织内的表达。以D2-40作为淋巴管内皮特异性标记物,检测膀胱癌组织内的淋巴管密度(LVD)。结果VEGF-C表达于肿瘤细胞的胞浆内,Smad4表达于肿瘤细胞的胞浆和胞核内。VEGF-C的表达水平与膀胱癌淋巴管密度呈正相关(P0.05),Smad4的表达水平与膀胱癌淋巴管密度呈负相关(P0.05)。VEGF-C和Smad4的表达呈负相关,VEGF-C的高表达和Smad4的低表达与膀胱癌淋巴管生成之间呈显著的相关性。Western blot检测结果表明,VEGF-C在浸润性膀胱癌组织内的表达量与其在浅表性膀胱癌组织内的表达量未见显著差异(P0.05),而Smad4在浅表性膀胱癌组织内的表达量明显高于其在浸润性膀胱癌组织内的表达量(P0.05)。结论 VEGF-C和Smad4在膀胱癌组织内表达水平呈负相关,Smad4可能通过调节VEGF-C蛋白的表达而抑制膀胱癌淋巴管生成。     

VEGF-C和Smad4在结肠癌淋巴管生成和淋巴道转移中的作用

目的研究血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)和Smad4对结肠癌淋巴管生成、淋巴结转移的影响。方法应用免疫组化方法检测79例人结肠癌组织中VEGF-C、VEGFR-3、TGF-β1、TβR-Ⅱ和Smad4的表达和淋巴管密度(LVD)。结果 LVD与VEGF-C表达水平呈正相关、与Smad4表达呈负相关;有淋巴结转移的人结肠癌组织VEGF-C表达水平高于无淋巴结转移者(<0.001)、Smad4表达低于无淋巴结转移者(=0.001);VEGF-C表达与Smad4表达呈负相关(<0.001,R=-0.507)。结论在结肠癌组织中VEGF-C和Smad4与淋巴管生成、淋巴道转移相关。     

JAM-1、E-cadherin及β-catenin在大鼠胃癌组织的表达

目的研究鼠胃癌组织粘附分子JAM-1,E-cadherin及β-catenin的表达情况,探讨胃癌的转移机制。方法诱发大鼠胃癌模型,用免疫组化及免疫印迹方法检测大鼠不同病理分期胃癌组织中JAM-1、Ecadherin及β-catenin的表达。结果 JAM-1表达水平随着胃癌的进展而下降,在癌细胞、血管和淋巴管表达的面密度随着胃癌的进展而下降。E-cadherin和β-catenin在胃癌细胞的阳性表达率随着胃癌的发生、进展而下降,E-cadherin表达于正常胃及胃癌组织的血管,β-catenin阳性表达于淋巴管而未见血管。结论 JAM-1,E-cadherin,β-catenin在胃癌组织表达水平随着胃癌的进展而下降,可能参与癌转移机制。     

直肠腺癌VEGF-C及VEGFR-3的表达与淋巴转移的关系

目的为探讨癌细胞淋巴管转移机理,观察血管内皮生长因子-C(VEGF-C)和血管内皮生长因子受体-3(VEGFR-3)在直肠腺癌组织及淋巴管的表达。方法取人直肠腺癌手术材料30例,用免疫组化方法检测癌区和癌周正常区VEGF-C和VEGFR-3的表达情况。结果VEGF-C主要表达在直肠腺癌的癌细胞胞浆,VEGFR-3主要在淋巴管内皮细胞有阳性表达,两者在癌区的表达率均高于正常区直肠组织;癌区淋巴管的平均面密度(33.81±5.67)高于正常区平均面密度(20.13±3.27)。结论VEGF-C和VEGFR-3在人直肠腺癌中的过表达,可能与淋巴管增生和扩张,促进癌细胞的淋巴转移有关。     

VEGF-A和C在人结肠癌淋巴管生成和淋巴道转移中的作用

目的分析血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)-A和VEGF-C在人结肠癌组织的表达及与结肠癌淋巴管生成和淋巴道转移的关系。方法取人结肠癌组织91例,应用免疫组化方法检测VEGF-A和VEGF-C在结肠癌组织中的表达。应用D2-40标记结肠癌组织的淋巴管,观察结肠癌组织的淋巴管生成情况。结果结肠癌组织中VEGF-A和VEGF-C的表达水平明显高于正常组织,VEGF-A和VEGF-C表达阳性的结肠癌组织的淋巴管密度(LVD)明显高于阴性组织,VEGF-A和VEGF-C的表达及LVD均与淋巴结转移及Duke's分期相关。结论结肠癌组织VEGF-A和VEGF-C过表达与结肠癌的淋巴管生成和淋巴道转移相关。     

VEGF-C在淋巴管生成及乳腺癌淋巴道转移中的作用

目的： 探讨阻断VEGF-C/Flt-4调控系统对淋巴管生成和乳腺癌淋巴道转移的影响。方法： 体外培养胎牛胸导管内皮细胞，观察VEGF-C和抗Flt-4抗体对淋巴管内皮细胞增殖的影响；设计合成VEGF-C反义脱氧寡核苷酸（ASODN），体外实验观察其对VEGF-C基因表达的影响；建立乳腺癌裸鼠原位移植瘤模型并观察ASODN对肿瘤淋巴管生成及肿瘤生长转移的影响。结果： 加入前列腺癌细胞PC3(高表达VEGF-C)上清后，淋巴管内皮细胞增殖活跃；加入抗Flt-4抗体后各时段细胞计数均明显少于其它各组。体外实验RT-PCR及 Western blotting显示ASODN作用的MCF-7细胞组VEGF-C mRNA及蛋白表达均低于对照组。体内RT-PCR检测表明ASODN组移植瘤VEGF-C mRNA表达明显受抑制；5-Nase-ALPase双重酶组织化学法结果显示ASODN组移植瘤的淋巴管生成明显减少；ASODN组肿瘤生长速度较对照组缓慢，且肿瘤体积、淋巴结转移明显低于对照组。结论： VEGF-C/Flt-4调控系统与乳腺癌组织的淋巴管生成及肿瘤的淋巴道转移密切相关。阻断淋巴管内皮细胞Flt-4表达，可在一定程度上抑制肿瘤细胞诱导的淋巴管内皮细胞增殖；ASODN通过下调乳腺癌VEGF-C的表达，减少肿瘤淋巴管的生成及淋巴结转移。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and -C, and receptors 1 and 3: correlation with lymph node metastasis and prognosis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma

We determined whether the expression of VEGF-A and -C and their receptors, Flt-1 and Flt-4, are associated with primary tumor size, regional lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and prognosis in patients with tongue carcinoma. The expression of VEGF-A and -C, and their receptors, Flt-1 and Flt-4, in biopsy specimens taken from 73 patients with tongue carcinoma were examined by immunohistochemical staining. VEGF-A expression was associated with distant failure and VEGF-C expression correlated with locoregional recurrence and distant failure. Furthermore, VEGF-C expression was associated with lymph node recurrence in N0 cases. Multivariate analysis revealed that VEGF-C expression was an exclusively independent factor influencing lymph node metastasis. In terms of the overall 5-year survival rate, there was no significance correlation between the overall 5-year survival rate and expression of VEGF-A, Flt-1 and Flt-4 expression, whereas there was a significant difference between VEGF-C-positive and VEGF-C-negative cases (VEGF-C-positive, 51.7% vs VEGF-C-negative, 94.2%). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between positive and negative expression for both VEGF-A and VEGF-C. Multivariate analysis revealed that lymph node metastasis and VEGF-C expression were exclusive, independent factors influencing the overall survival rate. VEGF-C expression may be a predictive factor of regional lymph node recurrence and prognosis in patients with tongue carcinoma.     

CPEB4和VEGF-C在胃癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的:分析胞质多聚腺苷酸化成分结合蛋白4(cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 4,CPEB4)和血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor-C,VEGF-C)在胃癌中的表达及其与临床病理因素及预后的关系.方法:Western印迹检测胃癌细胞株及正常胃黏膜细胞株中蛋白的表达,免疫组织化学分析胃癌石蜡标本蛋白的表达,运用统计学方法研究蛋白表达与胃癌临床病理的相关性.运用相关分析分析蛋白表达与临床相关性,Log-rank单因素分析和Cox多因素分析对预后进行分析.结果:Western印迹检测CPEB4和VEGF-C蛋白在GES-1胃黏膜细胞株相对表达量明显低于HGC-27,SGC7901和MGC803胃癌细胞株,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).CPEB4阳性表达率为55.0%,VEGF-C阳性表达率为41.4%;相关分析显示肿瘤大小、肿瘤部位和T分期与CPEB4表达相关,肿瘤大小和N分期与VEGF-C表达密切相关,预后生存Cox多因素分析结果显示分化程度、淋巴结转移N分期、CPEB4表达与VEGF-C表达是胃癌患者的独立预后因素.结论:CPEB4和VEGF-C表达在胃癌的侵袭中起重要作用,其表达为胃癌预后独立因素,可作为胃癌预后指标.     

Mammary cancer gene therapy targeting lymphangiogenesis: VEGF-C siRNA and soluble VEGF receptor-2, a splicing variant

Metastasis contributes significantly to cancer mortality, and the most common pathway of initial dissemination is via the afferent ducts of the lymphatics. Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C has been associated with lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in a multitude of human neoplasms, including breast cancers. We recently reported that both VEGF-C siRNA and endogenous soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (esVEGFR-2, a new splicing variant) inhibit VEGF-C function and metastasis in a mouse model of metastatic mammary cancer. Here we briefly review our previous experimental work, specifically targeting tumor lymphangiogenesis, in which metastatic mouse mammary cancers received direct intratumoral injections of either expression vectors VEGF-C siRNA or esVEGFR-2, or the empty plasmid vector, once a week for 6 or 8 weeks, followed by in vivo gene electrotransfer of the injected tumors. Throughout our study, both tumor lymphangiogenesis and the multiplicity of lymph node metastasis were significantly inhibited, with an overall reduction in tumor growth, by both VEGF-C siRNA and esVEGFR-2; further, a significant reduction in the number of dilated lymphatic vessels containing intraluminal cancer cells was observed with both treatments. Thus, therapeutic strategies targeting lymphangiogenesis may have great clinical significance for the treatment of metastatic human breast cancer.     

Liver metastases arising from well-differentiated pancreatic endocrine neoplasms demonstrate increased VEGF-C expression.

Pancreatic endocrine neoplasms (PENs) are uncommon, generally well-differentiated neoplasms that demonstrate prominent endocrine differentiation. Although the majority of PENs remain localized, malignant spread may occur via lymphatic or hematogenous routes. Angiogenic growth factors, including the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, have been implicated in new vessel growth and hematogenous metastases, although this has not been studied in PENs. We therefore examined 19 primary well-differentiated PENs and 7 liver metastases to determine the expression of VEGF-A and its family member VEGF-C by immunolabeling analysis. VEGF-A immunoreactivity was evident only in scattered cells throughout all lesions. VEGF-C, however, demonstrated low-to-moderate expression in primary PENs by semiquantitative histoscore analysis (factor of labeling intensity by percentage of positive cells), with significantly increased expression in liver metastases (mean histoscore indices: primary PEN, 4.7 versus liver metastases, 9.5; Student's t test; P =.002773). Microvascular density of primary PENs and liver metastases did not appear to linearly correlate with VEGF-C expression. Examination of the VEGF-C-specific receptors VEGFR-2/KDR/Flk-1 and VEGFR-3/Flt-4 demonstrated intense endothelial immunoreactivity for VEGFR-2, as well as VEGFR-2 and -3 expression on the majority of neoplastic cells, suggesting a possible role in autocrine/paracrine neoplastic growth regulation. We postulate that the upregulation of VEGF-C may be involved in PEN progression and metastases, although not via a direct proangiogenic mechanism.     

Histopathological predictor for regional lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer

Regional lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer is a definitive indicator of the patient’s prognosis. The goal of this study was to identify the predictors for lymph node metastasis among all the possible histopathological parameters, especially by conducting an objective discrimination of the lymphatic and blood vessels. A total of 210 resected primary gastric cancers with or without lymph node metastasis were evaluated based on the conventional histopathological parameters together with immunohistochemistry using antisera-recognizing lymphatic endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1), von Willebrand factor, and lymphangiogenesis promoter vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) antibodies. A multivariate regression analyses of the results indicated that only lymphatic invasion was a significant independent predictor of lymph node metastasis at any stage of cancer invasion. VEGF-C expression was partially related to lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer. The identification of lymphatic invasion by LYVE-1 antibody is therefore useful to predict regional lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer.     

胃癌中caspase-3表达及其临床病理意义

目的　研究caspase 3表达在胃癌发生发展中的作用。 方法　采用免疫组化S P法观察 113例胃癌旁上皮细胞、原发灶癌细胞和浸润淋巴细胞以及转移灶癌细胞中caspase 3表达 ,并分析原发灶癌细胞中caspase 3表达与胃癌临床病理特征的关系。结果　caspase 3在 5 0 4 % (5 7/113)的胃癌旁上皮细胞中表达 ,高于原发灶癌细胞中的阳性率 32 7% (37/113) (P <0 0 5 ) ;caspase 3在胃癌原发灶浸润淋巴细胞中的阳性率为 70 8% (80 /113) ,高于胃癌旁上皮细胞和原发灶癌细胞中阳性率(P <0 0 5 ) ;5 8 1% (2 5 /43)的转移灶癌细胞中caspase 3表达阳性 ,其阳性率高于对应原发灶癌细胞 (34 2 % ,13/38) (P <0 0 5 ) ;原发灶癌细胞中caspase 3表达与胃癌患者的年龄、性别以及胃癌肿瘤大小、浸润深度、转移、TNM分期、生长方式和分化程度无相关性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　胃癌原发灶癌细胞中caspase 3表达下调和浸润淋巴细胞中caspase 3表达上调与胃癌发生有关 ,来自原发灶和转移微环境中的化学物质可能通过提高转移灶癌细胞中caspase 3表达 ,进而起到抑制转移灶的作用。