儿童心脏外科重症监护病房医院感染临床研究

目的:探讨先天性心脏病患儿术后PICU医院感染的发生情况。方法:回顾性分析行心脏手术的2 258例先天性心脏病患儿的临床资料,观察术后PICU医院感染发生率、发生部位、病原菌分布及耐药性,并进行统计分析。结果:198例患儿术后发生PICU医院感染,发生率8.77%,其中呼吸机相关性肺炎181例(8.02%)、脓毒血症10例(0.44%)、血管相关性感染7例(0.31%)。198例患儿标本中共检出病原菌242株,包括革兰阴性杆菌174株(71.9%),革兰阳性球菌30株(12.4%),真菌38株(15.7%)。复杂先天性心脏病与简单先天性心脏病患儿术后医院感染发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。不同住院时间患儿医院感染发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。随体外循环时间延长,医院感染发生率增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。常见的革兰阴性杆菌是肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌等;常见革兰阳性球菌是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等;真菌以白色假丝酵母菌为主。结论:先天性心脏病术后PICU医院感染发生率较高,不同感染部位病原菌分布有其自身特点。体外循环时间延长、住院时间延长可能会增加术后医院感染发生率。     

心脏外科重症监护病房医院感染的临床探讨

目的研究心外科重症监护病房（CICU）中医院感染的发生情况。方法选取我科2002年1月至2004年12月收治1263例心脏手术后患者，对术后医院感染发生率和不同病种、手术方式、手术时间、CICU入住时间与医院感染发生关系以及细菌学培养结果进行统计学分析。结果大血管组及冠心组术后医院感染发生率分别为52．3％和26．2％，明显高于风心组与先心组，呼吸系统感染发生率为4．9%，高于其他系统医院感染的发生率，体外循环术后医院感染率13．2％，高于非体外循环术后感染率6．2％（P〈0．01）。手术时间长于4h者，术后医院感染的发生率为39．3％，高于手术时间小于4h者（P〈0．01）。术后CICU中住院达1周以上者术后发生医院感染率约为58．4％，远高于术后CICU中住院日期小于1周者（P〈0．001）。结论体外循环术后、手术时间大于4h及在心外重症监护病房内时间超过1周者医院感染的发生率高，对此类患者注意防止医院感染的发生。     

重症监护病房医院获得性感染病原菌及耐药性分析

目的 探讨重症监护病房医院获得性感染病原菌分布情况及耐药性特点.方法 2009年11月至2011年6月选择在我院重症监护室接受治疗的患者220例,对其下呼吸道、泌尿道、血液、各种引流液及伤口等部位留取标本中分离出的致病菌株及其药敏试验结果进行回顾性调查分析.结果 我院ICU住院220例患者中发生医院获得性感染66例,发生率为30.00％,分离出菌株132株.其中铜绿假单胞菌所占比例最高,达39.39％,其次是肺炎克雷伯菌,所占比例为22.73％;对病原菌进行分类发现G杆菌120株,占90.91％;G+球菌4株,占3.03％;真菌8株,占6.06％.药敏检测结果显示革兰阴性杆菌对抗生素呈现多重耐药性,其中对阿莫西林克拉维酸钾的耐药性最强;另外,鲍曼不动杆菌对所有抗生素均有耐药性,而铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌均对氨苄青霉素不产生耐药性.结论 了解重症监护病房医院获得性感染病原菌的菌株分布特点及其耐药性,可正确指导临床用药,避免抗生素的滥用,防止细菌耐药性的发展.     

重症监护病房医院感染患者病原菌分布及耐药性监测

重症监护病房患者多为危重病人,加之长期大量应用广谱抗菌药物及免疫抑制剂的广泛应用．以及频繁接受各种侵入性操作,造成ICU患者感染发生率高,病原微生物耐药性强,增加临床治疗的难度。为了解我院ICU患者医院感染病原菌的分布及耐药性变迁．对我院2006年-2008年ICU医院感染患者的各种标本分离出的病原菌分布及耐药性变迁进行统计分析,现报道如下：     

我国重症监护病房医院感染研究进展

综述了我国重症监护病房医院感染概况、感染原因、传播途径以及感染的控制与预防措施。     

重症监护病房医院感染病原菌特点及耐药性分析

目的了解重症监护病房（ICU）医院感染病原菌及其药敏特征,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法对我院2008年1月至2009年6月在ICU发生的感染送检标本所分离的细菌及药敏特征进行回顾性分析。结果 ICU的医院感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,占76.5%,其中大肠埃希菌42株,占第一位（30.00%）;革兰阳性菌20株,占10.93%,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌23株,占12.57%,以白色假丝酵母菌为主;大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）株分别为29株和13株,各占20.71%和9.29%。未发现产ESBLs株对亚胺培南的耐药株。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球（MRSA）6株,占54.54%;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌8株,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRSCON）6株,耐药率75.0%。未检出耐万古霉素菌株（VRE）。结论 ICU感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,但革兰阳性球菌仍是重要的致病菌。碳青霉烯类抗生素仍是目前耐药性最低的一类抗生素。尽早行细菌培养,根据药敏结果及时选用敏感抗生素是减少耐药性的有效方法 。     

急诊重症监护病房患者医院感染病原菌监测及耐药性

<正>随着抗菌药物在临床上的使用,耐药菌株、多重耐药菌株不断增多,多重耐药菌株已成为临床治疗面临的棘手问题,也是抗感染失败的原因,为合理、有效的使用抗菌药物,减少耐药菌株的产生,笔者对     

重症监护病房非发酵菌医院感染的耐药性监测

目的了解重症监护病房（ICU）非发酵菌的临床分离状况及常见菌株的耐药性，指导临床合理选用抗菌药物。方法分离出的非发酵菌采用VITEK-60AMS细菌鉴定仪鉴定，用K—B法进行体外药敏试验。结果2005年1月至2007年8月共检出非发酵菌366株，其中铜绿假单胞菌（PAE）最为常见（45．36％），其次为鲍氏不动杆菌（ABA）（23．22％）和嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌（SPM）（15．30％）；标本来源主要为痰液、引流液、尿液，分别占42．62％、20．77％、15．85％．居前3位的非发酵菌耐药较为严重，且呈多重耐药性。结论ICU非发酵菌以呼吸道感染常见，其耐药现象严重，宜根椐药敏结果选用敏感抗菌药物治疗。     

新生儿重症监护病房医院感染监测

目的了解新生儿重症监护病房医院感染发病情况及其危险因素。方法通过前瞻性监测方法,对入住该医院新生儿重症监护病房的患儿进行监测。结果该医院新生儿重症监护病房在调查期间共入住新生儿患者1 634例,发生医院感染61例,医院感染发生率为3.7%。感染部位以呼吸道感染为主,占70.5%;其次为皮肤感染,占14.8%。呼吸道感染患儿有86.2%实施过气管插管和吸痰操作,皮肤感染的患儿有65.7%实施过深静脉留置操作。结论新生儿重症监护病房患者医院感染主要为呼吸道感染,侵入性操作是医院感染的主要危险因素。     

Nosocomial infections in a pediatric intensive care unit

In a prospective 30-month study of nosocomial infections in a pediatric ICU (PICU), the incidence, sites, and causes of infection were determined. Factors associated with increased risk of infection were investigated. In 1,388 patients who remained in the PICU for a minimum of 72 h, 116 infections occurred (6.1 infections/100 admissions). Primary bacteremias comprised 38% of PICU infections and lower respiratory infections comprised 15%. The remaining infections were divided equally among GI, skin, eye, upper respiratory, postoperative wounds, and other sites. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were the most prevalent pathogens. Surgical patients had similar rates of infection to medical patients. Patients in the first 2 yr of life, particularly those between 7 and 30 days of age, had the highest rate of infection. Onset of infection was more common after the first week in the PICU with 11% of patients staying 14 to 20 days, 27% of patients staying 21 to 27 days, 48% of patients staying 28 to 34 days, and 52% of patients staying more than 35 days before the onset of infection. The risk of nosocomial infection increases with arterial and central line use, prolonged intubation, ventilation, intracranial pressure monitoring, and paralysis.     

Nosocomial infection among immunosuppressed patients in the intensive care unit

Advances in technology and development of multidrug-resistant antibiotics have increased the number of immunosuppressed patients in need of crisis care and the incidence of nosocomial infection in the nation's hospitals. Nosocomial infections are proving particularly difficult to prevent in intensive care units (ICUs), where special care must be taken to avoid transmission of any infection. The authors present an overview of this problem in the ICU, outlining basic measures to be taken in preventing nosocomial infections and ensuring the safety of the patients.     

Nosocomial infection in a resuscitation and intensive care unit for patients with surgical infection

The study was undertaken to define the main causes of nosocomial infection and the possible ways of its prevention in a resuscitation and intensive care unit (RICU). In 1999 to 2004, intensive therapy was performed in 408 patients (244 males and 163 females) aged 18 to 60 years (54%) and above 60 years (45%) who had severe surgical infection (severe sepsis). Most patients aged over 60 years had one concomitant disease or more. Wound biopsy specimens were bacteriologically tested for the microflora. If there were clinical indications, cavitary puncture specimens, urine and blood samples were also bacteriologically tested. Wound discharges were cultured on liquid and solid nutrient media. Microbial sensitivity to antibacterial agents was estimated by the agar diffusion method using standard paper disks. Bacteriological monitoring was made in 408 patients with surgical infection in RICU in 1999 to 2004. The task of this monitoring was to analyze changes in the microbial picture and to determine the antimicrobial activity of antibacterial agents, and to detect resistant strains of the microflora. Analysis of the results of the bacteriological monitoring makes it possible to develop effective starting and programmed antibacterial therapy and to prevent the development of nosocomial infection in patients in RICU.     

浅谈手卫生与儿童重症监护病房医院感染率及三管感染率的相关性

目的探讨手卫生与儿童重症监护病房(PICU)医院感染率及三管感染率的相关性。方法选择2017年4月至2019年9月我院儿内二科PICU医护人员与所有患儿为研究对象。观察调查期间各季度医院感染、三管感染发生情况及医护人员手卫生依从率、正确率与合格率;分析医护人员手卫生与PICU医院感染率、呼吸机相关肺部感染率的相关性。结果我院2017年4月至2019年9月PICU医院感染率在0~9.91%,2017年第三季度、2018年第一季度医院感染率最突出;呼吸机相关肺部感染在2017年第三季度明显增加;PICU医护人员手卫生依从率在68.57%~92.83%,正确率在81.98%~92.95%,合格率在79.07%~91.67%。相关性分析结果显示,医护人员手卫生依从率与PICU医院感染率、呼吸机相关肺部感染率均有显著的负相关性(P<0.001)。结论医护人员手卫生依从性与PICU医院感染率、呼吸机相关肺部感染率有显著的负相关性,严格执行手卫生可明显降低医院感染率与三管感染率。     

Adiponectin plasma levels decrease after surgery in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease

ObjectiveAdiponectin is a protein secreted by adipose tissue and involved in inflammatory process as well as in metabolic regulation. The aim of this study was to examine the response of plasma adiponectin to cardiac surgery in children with congenital defects to determine whether its measurement is associated to the response to injury.Design and methodsTwenty-five pediatric patients undergoing heart surgery for correction of congenital defects were studied. Adiponectin plasma levels, obtained pre- and three times postoperatively, were determined by dedicated ELISA. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) plasma levels were also determined.ResultsAdiponectin levels are highest in the first month of life (p = 0.004 newborns vs. children) with a progressive fall in the next few years. After surgery, adiponectin increased slowly over a 1-month period, following an initial decrease in the first 3 days.ConclusionsAdiponectin could be involved in the acute response to injury although further investigation into the relationship between adiponectin, glucose regulation and inflammatory process is necessary to examine the issue of the adiponectin decrease after surgery from a more integrated prospective.     

Outcome of cardiac surgery patients with complicated intensive care unit stay

Risk stratification has become an essential element in the practice of cardiac surgery. Several studies have identified preoperative risk factors for adverse outcome. However, outcome is mostly defined by 30-day mortality and morbidity. These data reflect poorly the benefit for the patient. Long-term survival, quality of life, and functional status should be included in a more global analysis of the outcome, particularly in patients with complicated ICU stay. By reviewing the recent data reported in the literature, we can identify a number of preoperative predictive factors for complicated ICU stay, including advanced age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, preoperative low ejection fraction, previous myocardial infarction, reoperation, renal failure, combined surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting plus valve surgery), low hematocrit, and neurologic impairment. Short- and long-term outcomes are dependent on the type of postoperative complication. Unfortunately, data regarding the long-term outcome in these situations are very scarce.     

重症监护病房铜绿假单胞菌医院感染病例对照研究

目的 探讨重症监护病房(ICU)铜绿假单胞菌医院感染的危险因素,为制定医院感染的防治策略、措施提供依据.方法 采用回顾性病例对照研究和非条件Logistic多元回归分析方法,分析2002年1月至2006年12月1 950例ICU患者铜绿假单胞菌医院感染危险因素.结果 64例患者发生铜绿假单胞菌医院感染(作为感染组),发生率为3.3%.同期与感染组同一科室的37例发生大肠埃希菌医院感染患者作为对照组.单因素分析结果:使用激素、昏迷或颅脑损伤、腹部手术、有胸腹引流管、机械通气、开放气道是铜绿假单胞菌医院感染的危险因素[使用激素:相对比值比(OR)=3.364,95%可信区间(95%CI)1.445～7.830;昏迷或颅脑损伤:OR=4.026,95%CI 1.545～10.490;腹部手术,OR=0.166,95%CI 0.068～0.403;有胸腹引流管:OR=0.350,95%CI 0.150～0.818;开放气道:OR=4.095,95%CI 1.638～10.740].多因素Logistic分析结果:铜绿假单胞菌医院感染的独立危险因素有使用激素、机械通气(使用激素:OR=3.143,95%CI 1.115～8.856;机械通气:OR=3.195,95%CI 1.607～6.353,P＜0.05和P＜0.01).结论 使用激素和机械通气是铜绿假单胞菌医院感染的独立危险因素,应针对危险因素采取措施以控制医院感染.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the risk factors of nosocomial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care unit (ICU), in order to provide reference for an effective measure of infection control. Methods A retrospective study of cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection occurring in ICU was made with multivariable Logistic regression analysis. The clinical data of 1 950 cases admitted from January 2002 to December 2006 were found to have nosocomial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were analyzed in order to identify its independent risk factors. Results Sixty-four out of 1 950 patients were found to suffer from nosocomial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the morbidity rate was 3.3%. At the same time, and in the same department, 37 patients suffering from infection caused by Escherichia coli, served as control group. Univariate analysis showed that the risk factors for nosocomial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the use of corticosteroid, unconsciousness or craniocerebral trauma, abdominal surgery, thorax/abdomen drainage tube, mechanical ventilation, and tracheostomy [the use of corticosteroid: odds ratio (OR)=3.364, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.4457.830; unconsciousness or craniocerebral trauma: OR=4.026, 95%CI 1.54510.490; abdominal surgery: OR=0.166, 95%CI 0.0680.403; thorax/abdomen drainage tube: OR=0.350, 95%CI 0.1500.818;tracheostomy: OR=4.095, 95%CI 1.63810.740]. Multivariate analysis showed that the independent risk factors of nosocomial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in ICU were: the use of corticosteroid and mechanical ventilation [the use of corticosteroid: OR=3.143, 95%CI 1.1158.856; mechanical ventilation: OR=3.195, 95%CI 1.6076.353, P<0.05 and P<0.01]. Conclusion The independent risk factors of nosocomial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in ICU are the use of corticosteroid and mechanical ventilation. Measures should be taken to take care of the risk factors in order to prevent nosocomial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in ICU.